Term
|
Definition
thin but tough;
stratified into several zones:
basal cell layer
horny cell layer
avascular |
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|
Term
epidermis:
basal cell layer |
|
Definition
major ingredient is tough: keratin
melanocytes interspersed in this layer produce pigment melanin |
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Term
epidermis:
horny cell layer |
|
Definition
outer layer
consists of dead keartinized cells
cells are constantly be shed are are replaced with new cells from below |
|
|
Term
skin color
derived from 3 sources |
|
Definition
1) brown pigment melanin
2) yellow-orange tones of carotene
3) red purple tones in underlying vascular bed |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner supportive layer consisting mostly of connective tissue or collagen |
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Term
|
Definition
nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatics
appendages from the epidermis: hair follicles, sebaceous glands
sweat glands |
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Term
|
Definition
adipose tissue
stores fat for energy;
provides insulation for temperature control
aids in protection by its soft cushioning effect |
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Term
|
Definition
vestigial for humans;
no longer needed for protection from cold or trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the visible projecting part |
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Term
|
Definition
| below the surface embedded in the follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| expanded area where new cells are produced at a high rate |
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Term
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Definition
| around the hair follicle, the muscles that contract and elevate the hair to resemble "goose flesh" |
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Term
|
Definition
| fine, faint hair that covers most of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| darker, thicker hair that grows on the scalp and eyebrows; axillae, pubic area; face and chest in males |
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Term
|
Definition
produce a protective lipid substance: sebum -- secreted through the hair follicles
lubricates the skin and hair and forms an emulsion with water
everywhere except palms and soles |
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Term
|
Definition
coiled tubules that open directly onto the skin surface and produce a dilute saline solution called sweat
evaporation of sweat reduces body temperature
mature in 2 month old infant |
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Term
|
Definition
produce a thick milky secretion and open into the hair follicles
located mainly in: axillae, anogenital area, nipples, and navel and are vestigial in humans |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| white, opaque, smilunar area at the proximal end of the nail |
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Term
|
Definition
protection
prevents penetration
perception (sensory surface)
temperature regulation
identification
communication
wound repair
absorption and excretion
production of vitamin D |
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Term
|
Definition
| fine downy hair of the newborn infant |
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Term
|
Definition
| cheesy substance, present at birth, made up of sebum and shed epithelial cells |
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|
Term
several skin conditions found among Black people:
Keloids |
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Definition
| scars that form at the site of a wound and grow beyond the normal boundaries of the wound |
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|
Term
several skin conditions found among Black people:
areas of either post inflammatory hypo pigmentation |
|
Definition
| or hyperpigmentation that appear as dark or light spots |
|
|
Term
several skin conditions found among Black people:
pseudofolliculitis |
|
Definition
| "razor bumps" or "ingrown hairs" caused by shaving too closely with an electric razor or straight razor |
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Term
|
Definition
| the "mask of pregnancy" a patchy tan to dark brown discoloration |
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Term
| hair conditions significant in diagnosing and treating certain disease states: |
|
Definition
dry, brittle and lusterless -- inadequate nutrition
Black children who suffer from malnutrition hair changes not only in texture but in color: |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
skin itching
most common skin symptom; occurs with dry skin, aging drug reactions, allergy, obstructive jaundice, uremia, lice |
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Term
|
Definition
abuse
frequent falls due to dizziness of neurologic or cardiovascular origin
alcoholism or drug abuse |
|
|
Term
| drugs may cause allergic skin eruptions |
|
Definition
| aspirin, antibiotics, barbiturates, some tonics |
|
|
Term
| drugs may increase sunlight sensitivity |
|
Definition
sulfonamides
thiazide diurets
oral hypoglycemic agents
tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| drugs can cause hyperpigmentation |
|
Definition
antimalrials
antineoplastic agents
hormones
metals
tetracycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| majority of skin neoplasms result from occupational or environmental agents |
|
Definition
people at risk: outdoor sports enthusiasts, farmers, sailors, outdoor workers
unprotected sun exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
70% of teens will have acne
cause is unknown
not caused by poor diet, oily complexion or contagion |
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Term
|
Definition
| complete absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin on th face, neck, hands, feet, body folds and around orifices |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| skin assessment is integrated throughout the complete examination; it is not a separate step |
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Term
|
Definition
| ephelides; occur on sun-exposed skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| nevus: proliferation of melanocytes, tan to brown color, flat or raised |
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Term
|
Definition
| macular only (non palpable) and occurs in children and adolescents |
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Term
|
Definition
| macular and papular (young adults) |
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Term
|
Definition
| nevus cells in only the dermis (occurs mainly in older age) |
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|
Term
danger signs of pigmented lesions:
ABCDE |
|
Definition
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variation
Diameter greater than 6 mm (size of pencil eraser)
Elevation or Enlargement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
white
common in acute high-stress states from peripheral vasoconstriction from sympathetic nervous stimulation
vasoconstriction from exposure to cold and cigaretter smoking and in presence of edema |
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Term
|
Definition
red
intense redness from excess blood (hyperemia) in the dilated superficial capillaries
expected with fever, local inflammation or emotional reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
blue
signifies decreased perfusion: tissues do not have enough oxygenated blood
indicated hypoxemia and occurs with shock, heart failure, chronic bronchitis, and congenital heart disease |
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Term
|
Definition
yellow skin color
indicates rising amounts of bilirubin in the blood
first noted in the junction of the hard and soft palate in the mouth and in the sclera (whites of the eyes)
occurs with hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle-cell disease, transfusion reaction and hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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Term
|
Definition
general: accompanies central circulatory problems such as shock
localized: occurs in peripheral arterial insufficiency and Raynaud's disease |
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Term
|
Definition
increased metabolic rate, causing warm, moist skin
a localized area feels hyperthermic with trauma, infection or sunburn |
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Term
|
Definition
profuse perspiration accompanies an increased metabolic rate
occurs with thyrotoxicosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucous membranes are dry and lips look parched and cracked; with extremem dryness skin is fissured |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin feels smoother and softer |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin feels rough, dry and flaky |
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Term
|
Definition
fluid accumulating in the intercellular spaces; it is not present normally
to check: imprint thumbs firmly against the ankle malleolus or the tibia, if pressure leaves a dent i the skin "pitting" edema is present |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1+ mild pitting; slight indentation; no perceptible swelling of leg
2+ moderate pitting, indentation subsides rapidly
3+ deep pitting, indentation subsides rapidly
4+ very deep pitting, indentation lasts a long time, leg is very swollen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pinch up a large fold of skin on the anterior chest under clavicle;
Mobility: skin's ease of rising
turgor: ability to return to place
Reflects elasticity of the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| evident in severe dehydration or extreme weight loss |
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Term
|
Definition
| "hard skin" chronic connective tissue disorder associated with decreased mobility |
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Term
|
Definition
| in dependent parts of the body: where skin looks puffy and tight |
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Term
|
Definition
| edema makes the hair follicles more prominent so you note a pigskin or orange-peel look |
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Term
|
Definition
| consider a local or peripheral cause |
|
|
Term
bilateral edema OR
anasarca |
|
Definition
| edema that is generalized over the whole body; consider a central problem such as heart failure or kidney failure |
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Term
|
Definition
small, smooth, sighlty raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk in all adults older than 30
not significant |
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|
Term
| when do bruises raise concern |
|
Definition
| excessive bruises above knees or elbows |
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Term
|
Definition
| traumatic or pathologic changes in previously normal structures |
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|
Term
| what to note when lesions are present |
|
Definition
1. color
2. elevation
3. pattern or shape
4. size in cm
5 location and distribution
6. any exudate |
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Term
|
Definition
| when it develops on previously unaltered sin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| when a lesion changes over time or changes because of a factor such as scratching or infection |
|
|
Term
| what happens to lesions under Wood's light |
|
Definition
| if they become blue-green flourescence indicates a fungal infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| excess body hair; in females this forms a male pattern on the face and chest and indicates endocrine abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| clubbing of nails occurs when? |
|
Definition
| with congenital cyanotic heart disease and neoplastic and pulmonary diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
| angle straigtens out to 180 degrees and the nail base feels spongy to palpation |
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Term
|
Definition
| common variation of hyperpigmentation in blacks, asians, american indian and hispanic newborns |
|
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Term
|
Definition
large round or oval patch of light brown pigmentation;
abnormal: six more cafe au lait macules; each more than 1.5 cm in diameter are diagnostic of neurofibromatosis and inherited neurocutaneous disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when baby is in side-lying position; lower half of body turns red upper half blanches |
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Term
|
Definition
| common rash that appears in first 3-4 days of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| bluish color around the lips, hands and fingernails, and feet and toenails |
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Term
|
Definition
transient mottling in the trunk and extremities in response to cooler room temperatures
forms a reticulated red or blue pattern over the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on first day: hemolytic disease
2 weeks: bilary tract obstruction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
produces a yellow orange color in light skinned person; no yellowing in the sclera
comes from ingesting large amounts of carotene |
|
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Term
|
Definition
moist white, cream cheese like substance that covers parts of the skin in all newborns
if it's green it's from meconium |
|
|
Term
| excessive sweating in children may accompany: |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia, heart disease, hyperthyroidism |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny white papules on the cheeks and forehead and across the nose and chin caused by sebum that occludes the opening; resolve spontaneously within a few weeks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brownish black line down the midline |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an irregular patch of hyper pigmentation on the face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur in 2/3 or pregnancies in white women
tiney red centers with radiating branches
occur on face, neck, upper chest and arms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
liver spots
small, flat brown macules
not malignant require not reatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raised thickened areas of pigmentation that look crusted, scaly, and warty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
looks dark, greasy and "stuck on"
develop mostly on truck but also n face and hands
do not become cancerous |
|
|
Term
| actinic (senile or solar) keratosis |
|
Definition
less common
red-tan scaly plaques that increase over the years to become raised and roughened
occur on sun-exposed surfaces and are directly related to sun exposure
premalignant and may develop into squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
skin tags
overgrowths of normal skin that form a stalk and are polyp-like
occur frequently on eyelids, cheeks and neck, and axillae and trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of raised yellow papules with a central depression |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
annular |
|
Definition
| circular, begins in center and spreads to periphery (tinea corporis or ringworm) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
confluent |
|
Definition
| lesions run together (e.g. urticaria [hives]) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
discrete |
|
Definition
distinct individual lesions that remain separate
(acrochordon or skin tags, acne) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
gyrate |
|
Definition
| twisted, coiled, spiral snakelike |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
grouped |
|
Definition
| clusters of lesions (vesicles of contact dermatitis) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
linear |
|
Definition
| a scratch, streak, line or stripe |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
target |
|
Definition
or iris
resembles iris of eye, concentric rings of color in the lesions
(erythema multiforme) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
zosteriform |
|
Definition
| linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route (e.g. herpes zoster) |
|
|
Term
Shapes and configurations
polycyclic |
|
Definition
| annular lesions grow together (lichen planus, psoriasis) |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
macule |
|
Definition
solely a color change, flat and circumscribed of less than 1 cm
freckles, flat nevi, hypopigmentation, petechiae, measles, scarlet fever |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
patch |
|
Definition
macules that are larger than 1 cm
mongolian spot, vitiligo, cafe au lait spot, chloasma, measles rash |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
nodule |
|
Definition
solid, elevated, hard or soft
larger than 1 cm may extend deeper into dermis than papule
ex: xanthoma, fibroma, intradermal nevi |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
tumor |
|
Definition
larger than a few cm in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis; may be benign or malignant, although "tumor" implies "cancer to most people
ex: lipoma, hemangioma |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
papule |
|
Definition
something you can feel -- solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1 cm diameter
caused by superficial thickening in the epidermis
ex: elevated nevus, lichen planus, molluscum, wart |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
plaque |
|
Definition
papules coalesce to form surface elevation wider than 1 cm. a plateau-like, disk-shaped lesion
ex: psoriasis, lichen planus |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
wheal |
|
Definition
superficial raised transient and erythematous; slightly irregular shape due to edema (fluid held diffusely in the tissues)
ex: mosquito bite, allergic reaction, dermographism |
|
|
Term
Primary skin lesions:
urticaria (hives) |
|
Definition
| wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction, intensely pruritic (intense itching sensation) |
|
|
Term
primary skin lesions:
cyst |
|
Definition
encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin
ex: sebaceous cyst, wen |
|
|
Term
primary skin lesions:
pustule |
|
Definition
turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity. circumscribed and elevated
ex: impetigo, acne |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions
crust |
|
Definition
thickened, dried out exudate left when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up
color: red-brown, honey, or yellow depending on the fluids ingredients
ex: impetigo, weeping eczematous dermatitis, |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
scale |
|
Definition
compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white, from shedding of dead excess keratin cells
ex: psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, ichthyosis (, dry skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A congenital skin condition that causes the epidermis to become dry and rough like fish scales. |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
break in continuity of surface:
fissure |
|
Definition
linear crack with abrupt edges extends into dermis, dry or moist
ex: cheilosis -- at corners of mouth due to excess moisture, athlete's foot |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
break in continuity of surface:
erosion |
|
Definition
| scooped out but shallow depression. superficial, epidermis lost, moist but no bleeding; heals without scar because erosion does not extend into dermis |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
break in continuity of surface:
ulcer |
|
Definition
deeper depression extending into dermis, irregular shape; may bleed; leaves scar when heals
ex: stasis ulcer, pressure sore, chancre |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
break in continuity of surface:
excoriation |
|
Definition
self-inflicted abrasion; superficial; sometimes crusted; scratches from intense itching
ex: insect bites, scabies, dermatitis, varicella |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
scar |
|
Definition
| after a skin lesion is repaired, normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue (collagen) this is a permanent fibrotic change |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
atrophic scar |
|
Definition
the resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue; a thinning of the epidermis
ex: striae |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
lichenification |
|
Definition
| prolonged intense scratching eventually thickens the skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules; looks like surface of moss (or lichen) |
|
|
Term
secondary skin lesions:
keloid |
|
Definition
a hypertrophic scar
resulting skin level is elevated by excess scar tissue, which is invasive beyond the site of original injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appear on the skin over a bony prominence when circulation is impaired |
|
|
Term
| common sites for pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
back (heel, ischium, sacrum, elbow, scapula, vertebra)
side (ankle, knee, hip, rib, shoulder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
impaired mobility
thin fragile skin of aging
decreased sensory perception
excessive perspiration or wound drainage
shearing injury
poor nutrition
infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intact skin appears red but unbroken, localized redness in lightly pigmented skin will not blanch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
partial thickness skin erosion with loss of epidermis or also the dermis
superficial ulcer looks shallow like an abrasion or open blister with a red-pink wound bed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue and resembling a crater
may see subcutaneous fat, but no muscle, bone or tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
full-thickness pressure ulcer involves all skin layers and extends into supporting tissu
exposes muscle, tendon or bone and may show slough or eschar (black or brown necrotic tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bruise or wound whos shape suggest the instrument or weapon that caused it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin
may occur with prolonged, vigorous crying or coughing raises venous pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mechanical injury results in hemorrhage into tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) red-blue or purple immediately after or within 24 hours
2) blue to purple
3) blue-green
4) yellow
5) brown to disappearing |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
hemangiomas |
|
Definition
| caused by a benign proliferation of blood vessels in teh dermis |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
hemangiomas
port-wine stain (nevus flammeus) |
|
Definition
| large flat macular patch covering the scalp or face, frequently along the distribution of cranial nerve v |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
hemangiomas
strawberry mark (immature hemangioma) |
|
Definition
raised bright red area with well-defined borders about 2-3 cm in diameter
does not blanch with pressure
consists of immature capillaries
present a birth disappears by 5 -7 yrs |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
hemangiomas
cavernous hemangioma |
|
Definition
| reddish blue, irregularly shaped, solid and spongy mass of blood vessels, may be present at birth and will not involute spontaneously |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
telangiectases |
|
Definition
| caused by vascular dilation; permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible on the skin surface |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
telangiectases
spider or star angioma |
|
Definition
fiery red, star-shaped marking with a solid circular center
capillary radiations etend from the central arterial body with pressure, note a ventral pulsating body and blanching of extended legs
associated with: pregnancy, chronic liver disease or estrogen therapy or may be normal |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
telangiectases
venous lake |
|
Definition
blue-purple dilationof venules and capillaries in a star-shaped, linear or flaring pattern
pressure causes them to empty or disappear
located on legs near varicose veins and also on face, lips ears and chest |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
purpuris lesions |
|
Definition
caused by blood flowing out of breaks in the vessels
RBC and blood pigments are deposited in the tissues (extravascular)
difficult to see in dark-skinned people |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
purpuris lesions
petechiae |
|
Definition
tiny punctate hemorrhages 1-3 mm round and discrete, dark red, purple or brown in color
may indicated: abnormal clotting factors
most of the diseases tht cause bleeding and microembolism formation -- thrombocytopenia, subacute bacterial endocarditis and other septicemias are characterized by petechiae in the mucous membranes as well as on the skin |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
purpuris lesions
ecchymosis |
|
Definition
| a puplish patch resulting from extravasation of blood into the skin > 33mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
vascular lesions:
purpuris lesions
purpura |
|
Definition
confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and echymoses
seen in generalized disorders thus as
thromboctytopenia and scurvy
also occurs in old age as blood leaks from capillaries in response to minor trauma |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
diaper dermatitis |
|
Definition
red, moist, maculopapular patch in diaper area
inflammatory disease caused by skin irritation from ammonia, heat, moisture, occlusive diapers |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
intertrigo (candidiasis) |
|
Definition
scalding red, moist patches with sharply demarcated borders, some loose scales
aggraved by urine, feces, heat and moisture
candida fungus infects the superficial skin layers |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
impetigo |
|
Definition
moist, thin-roofed vesicles with thin erythematous base
rupture to form thick, honey-colored crusts
contagious bacterial infection of skin;
most common in infants and children |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
atopic dermatitis |
|
Definition
erythematous papules and vesicles with weeping and oozing crusts
usually on scalp, forehead, cheeks, forearms and wrists, elbows, backs of knees
paroxysmal
severe pruritus |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
Measles (Rubeola) |
|
Definition
appears on third or fourth day of illness
rash appears first behind ears and spreads over face, then neck, trunk, arms, and legs; looks coppery and does not blanch
characterized by Koplik spots in mouth -- bluish white, red-based elevations of 1-3mm |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
German measles (Rubella) |
|
Definition
pink papular rash (similar to measles but paler) first appears on face then spreads
distinguished from measles by presence of neck lymphadenopathy and absence of Koplik spots |
|
|
Term
common skin lesions in children
chicken pox |
|
Definition
small, tight vesicles first appear on trunk, then spread to face, arms, and legs
shiny vesicles on an erythematous base are commonly described as the "dew drop on a rose petal"
vesciles erup in succeeding crops over several days then become pustules and then crusts |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
primary contact dermatitis |
|
Definition
local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the environment or an allergy
erythema shows first, followed by swelling wheals or maculopapular vesicles, scales
frequently accompanied by intense pruritus
ex: poison ivy |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
allergic drug reaction |
|
Definition
| erythematous and symmetric rash usually generalized |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
tinea corporis |
|
Definition
ringworm of the body
scales -- hyperpigmented in whites, depigmented in dark skinned persons
on chest, abdomen, back of arms forming multiple circular lesions with clear centers |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
tinea pedis (ringworm of the foot) |
|
Definition
(ringworm of the foot)
"athlete's foot" a fungal infection
first appears as small vesicles between the toes, sides of feet and soles and then grows scaly and hard |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
labial herpes simplex |
|
Definition
cold sores
herpes simplex virus (HSV)
infection has a prodrome of skin tingling and sensitivity
lesion then erupts with tight vesicles followed by pustules and then produces acute gingivostomatitis with many shallow painful ulcers |
|
|
Term
Common skin lesions
tinea versicolor |
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Definition
| fine, scaling, round patches of pink, tan or white that do not tan in sunlight, caused by a superficial fungal infection; distribution is on neck, trunk and upper arms |
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Term
Common skin lesions
Herpes zoster |
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Definition
Shingles
small grouped vesilces emerge along route of cutaneous snesory nerve, then pustupes then crusts
caused by VZV -- varicella zoster virus
a reactivation of the dormant virus chickenpox
acute appearance, does not cross midline |
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Term
Common skin lesions
erythema migrans of lyme disease |
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Definition
lyme disease (LD) is not fatal but may have serious arthritic, cardiac, or neurologic sequelae
first stage: distinctive bull's eye
rash radiates from site of tick bite
rash fades in 4 weeks
untreated individual then may have disseminated disease wiith fatigue, anorexia, fever, chills, joint or muscle aches
antibiotics shortens symptoms and decreases risk for sequelae |
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Term
Common skin lesions
psoriasis |
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Definition
scaly, erythematous patch, with silvery scales on top
usually on scalp, outside of elbows and knees, low back and anogenital area |
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Term
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Definition
| link between UV radiation and skin cancer is well known; the UV radiation in sunlight promotes all 3 forms of skin cancer shown below |
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Term
Malignant skin lesions
basal cell carcinoma |
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Definition
usually starts as a skin-colored papule with a pearly translucent top and overlying telangiectasia (broken blood vessel)
develops rounded, pearly borders with central red ulcer, or looks like large open pore with central yellowing
most common form of skin cancer; slow but inexorable growth |
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Term
Malignant skin lesions
malignant melanoma and metastatic malignant melanoma |
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Definition
half of these lesions arise from preexisting nevi; usually brown; can be tan, black, pink-red, purple or mixed pigmentation
often irregular or notched borders; may have scaling, flaking, oozing texture; common locations are on the trunk and back in men and women, on the legs in women and on palms, soles of feet and nails in Black people |
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Term
Malignant skin lesions
squamous cell carcinoma |
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Definition
arise from actinic keratoses or de novo
erythematous scaly patch with sharp margins, 1 cm or more
develops central ulcer and surrounding erythema
usually on hands or head areas exposed to UV radiation
less common than basal cell but grows more rapidly |
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Term
Abnormal conditions of hair
AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma (KS): patch stage |
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Definition
vascular tumor and is the most common tumor in HIV-infected persons
considered an AIDS defining illness
KS can occur at any stage of HIV infection
could easily be mistaken for bruises or nevi and be ignored |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
abnormal conditions of hair
toxic alopecia |
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Definition
| patchy asymmetric balding that accompanies severe illness or use of chemotherapy where growing hairs are lost and resting hairs are spared; regrowth occurs after illness or discontinuation of toxin |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
tinea capitis |
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Definition
scalp ringworm
rounded patchy hair loss on scalp, leaving broken-off hairs, pustules and scales on skin
caused by fungal infection
may fluoresce blue-green under Wood's light
highly contagious; may be transmitted by another person, domestic animals or from soil |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
traumatic alopecia: |
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Definition
| linear or oval patch of hair loss along hair line a part or scattered distribution; caused by trauma from hair rollers, tight braiding, tight ponytail, barrettes |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
alopecia areata |
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Definition
sudden appearance of a sharply circumscribed, round or oval balding patch, usually with smooth, soft, hairless skin underneath
unknown cause; when limited to a few patches, person usually has complete regrowth |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap) |
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Definition
thick, yellow to white, greasy adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp and forehead; very common in early infancy
cradle cap is distinguished by absence of pruritus, greasy yellow-pink lesions and negative family history of allergy |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
folliculitis |
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Definition
superficial infection of hair follicles
multiple pustules "whiteheads" with hair visible at center and erythematous base
usually on arms, legs, face and buttocks |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
pediculosis capitis (head lice) |
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Definition
history includes intense itching of scalp, especially the occiput
nits of lice are easier to see in the occipital area and around ears appearing as 2-3 mm oval translucent bodies, adherent to hair shafts
nit removal by daily combing of wet hair with a fine-tooth metal comb is especially important |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
trichotillomania |
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Definition
traumatic self-induced hair loss usually the result of compulsive twisting or plucking
ofrms irregularly shaped patch with broken-off stublike hairs of varying lengths; person is never completely bald |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
hirsutism |
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Definition
| excess body hair in females forming a male sexual patter; caused by endocrine or metabolic dysfunction or occasionally idiopathic |
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Term
abnormal condition of hair
furuncle and abscess |
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Definition
red, swollen, hard, tender, pus-filled lesion caused by acute localized bacterial (usually staphylococcal) infection; usually on back of neck, buttocks, occasionally on wrists or ankels
furuncles are due to infected hair follicles whereas abscesses are due to traumatic introduction of bacteria |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
scabies |
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Definition
an intensely pruritic contagion caused by the scabies mite
mites form a linear or curved elevated burrow on the fingers, web spaces of hands and wrists
patient cannot stop scratching |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
paronychia |
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Definition
red, swollen, tender inflammation of the nail folds
acute paronychia is usually a bacterial infection
chronic paronychia is most often a fungal infection from a break in the cuticle in those who perform "wet" work |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
beu's line |
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Definition
transverse furrow or groove; occurs with any trauma that temporarily impairs nail formation; such as acute illness, toxic reaction or local trauma
dent appears first at cuticle and moves forward as nail grows |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
splinter hemorrhages |
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Definition
| red-brown linear streaks, embolic lesions, occur with subacute bacterial endocarditis; may occur with minor trauma |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
onycholysis |
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Definition
slow persistent fungal infection of fingernails and more often, toenails is common in older adults
causes change in color; texture, thickness, with nail crumbling or breaking and loosening of the nail plate
usually beginning at distal edge and progressing proximally |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
late clubbing |
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Definition
inner edge of nail elevates
nail bed angle is greater than 180 degrees
distal planx looks rounder and wider
clubbing linked with platelet production
diseases that disrupt normal pulmonary circulation:
chronic lung inflammation, bronchial tumors, heart defects with right to lef shunts) cause fragmented platelets to become trapped int he fingertip vasculature, releasing platelet-derived growth factor and promoting growth of vessels |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
pitting |
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Definition
| sharply defined pitting and crumbling of the nails with distal detachment often occurs with psoriasis |
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Term
abnormal conditions of the nails
habit-tic dystrophy |
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Definition
| depression down middle of nail or multiple horizontal ridges, caused by continuous picking of cuticle by another finger of same hand which causes injury to nail base and nail matrix |
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