1. amino acid derivatives (tyrosine) 

2. steroids (synthesized from cholesterol, gonadal and and andrenocortical hormones, fat soluble)

3. peptides/proteins (largest and most diverse class of hormones)

 1. homeostasis (maintain internal environment

2. energy regulation (metabolism, during exercise)

3. growth and development (puberty, aging)

4. reproduction

when hormone A and hormone B are producing the same effects at the target issue, their combined effects are amplified.

i.e. glucagon and epinephrine each cause the liver to release glucose to the blood. together the glucose released is 150% of what is release when each hormone acts alone.

hormone A opposes the action of hormone B

i.e. insulin lowers blood glucose, glucagon raises blood glucose

hyposecretion: too little hormone produced/secreted

hypersecretion: too much hormone produced/secreted

primary: thyroid gland?

secondary: pituitary?

hair: coarse and thin, loss of outer third of eyebrows

face: pale puffy face, coarse features, deafness

brain: mental slowing, apathy, tiredness, psychosis

neck: goitre

heart: slow pulse

muscles: slowing, weakness

bowel: constipation

hands: cold, carpal tunnel

skin: weight gain, intolerance to cold, decreased sweating, dry cold skin

cause: low thyroid hormone levels, loss of tissue, inadequate iodine intake

graves symptoms: eyes bulge from swelling

swelling of the skin

difficulty sleeping

muscular weakness

more frequent bowel movements

 cause: overproduction of thyroid hormones, may be caused by tumor

caused by graves disease (antibodies bind to thyroid stimulating hormone receptors) most of the time

hyposecretion

headaches, vision problems

cause: pituitary tumors

men: lower libido

erectile dysfunction

decrease in facial or body hair

women: infertility

no milk for breast feeding

stunted growth in children

cause: any under function of pituitary gland/damage (head injury, brain surgery, stroke etc)

acro: jaw enlarges

forehead thickens

enlarged lips, nose, tongue

deepened voice

body organs, including heart, may enlarge

thick, coarse, oily skin

skin tags

gig: diabetes, hypertension, arthritis

cause of both: chronic excess of growth hormone secreted into the blood, almost always caused by pituitary tumor

acro: tumor arises after puberty (linear growth not possible, bones thicken)

gig: tumor before puberty

increased body fat, decreased muscle mass, fatigue, sexual dysfunction

cause: damage to pituitary gland from tumor or tumor treatments

imbalances in minerals in blood

can lead to hypotension: low bp

cause: tumors or autoimmune attack resulting in destructin of all or part of the adrenal glands

obsesity (excess fat in face and neck (buffalo hump))

hypertension

diabetes

osteo

cause: excess cortisol in blood

primary: testicular failure

secondary: FSH/LH failure

can lead to failure of secondary sex characteristics in puberty

cause:decrese in testosterone, commonly caused by klinefelters syndrome, extra x chromosome

cortical:

compact: volume is 80-90% calcified

function: mechanical and protective

cancellous aka trabecular (spongy) bone

loosely organized, pourous 15-25% calcified

function: metabolic

long bones: loner than they are wide (arms, legs, hands, feet) provide support, serve as levers

short bones: bones in the wrist an ankle, mainly spongy, covered with layer of compact, allow movement and shock absorption

flat bones: located in torso, protect and provide attachment for muscles

irregular bones: skull, pelvis, vertebrae: support weight, protect spine, movemnt, sites for muscle

sesamoid bones: short bone embedded within a tendon or joint capsule, alter angle of insertion of the muscle

give the body shape

protect and support organs

provide levers on which muscles pull

store calcium and other minerals

production of blood cells

osteoclasts: large, multi nucleated bone resorbing cells, "bone cutters", activated when blood calc levels are low

osteoblasts: immature bone cell, "bone builders" formation of new bone, fills in resorption areas left by osteoclasts

osteocytes: mature bone cells: osteoblasts become osteocytes

rate of resorption: rate of formation in healthy adult bones

"coupled process"

"uncoupling" can lead to bone loss

-greater resporption with normal formation

-abnormally low formation with normal resportion

after age 30, bone breaks down faster than formed

more common in women: low estrogen after menopause and women have lower bone mass

also found in young amenorrheic women

attain a high peak bone mass early in life,

lifestyle behaviors are also important to maintain BMD throughout life (high in calcium, weight bearing and resistance training exercises, no smoking or exess alcohol)

hormone relacement therapy

dual energy x ray absorptiometry

assesses BMD bone mass density

normal

osteopenia 1SD < x < 2.5 SD below YAM

osteoporosis

severe osteo

fibrous (allow virtually no movement)

cartilaginous (allow limited movement)

synovial (allow considerablem movement)

osteo: degenerative joint disease with cartalage deterioration caused by injury/overuse

rheum: begins as an autoimmune inflammatory process of the synovial lining of the joint

inflammation results in erosion of the cartilage and bone and causes joint destruction

small probe is placed in the rectum

probe gives off sounds waves that create picture of prostate on a video screen

doctor inserts a narrow needle through the wall of rectum in to the prostate gland

needle removes a piece of tissue

15% of americans have some form, more common in older adults and women

who? most common

symptoms?  pain and loss of joint movement

cause? injury and/or overuse (irritates and inflames the cartilage, causing joint pain and swelling), uncoupling at articular cartilage, possible genetic

treatment: physical activity, drug treatment, braces

who is affected by rheumatoid arthritus, causes, symptoms

affects mostly women, 2.1 million americans

cause: unknown

most RA occurs in a summetrical pattern starting at hands and feet, fatigue, lack of appetite, low grade fever, muscle and joint aches, stiffness, weakness

secondary symptoms: anemia, hand and feet deformities, limited motion, lung inflammation, numbness or tingling, palenss, skin redness

who? 2nd most common cancer among women

diagnosis? pap test and pelvic exam

colposcopy: vinegar in cervix

biopsy: tissue analyzed

cone biopsy: cone shaped tissue exam

endocervical curettage: similar to cerv biop

risk factors? infection with HPV, high number of sexual partners, many pregnancies, oral contraceptives, lack of pap test and exams, smoking

who? 3rd most common cancer in men and women, 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths in US

risk factors? people over 50, polyps, history of cancer, family history, diet (high in cal, low in fiber), lack of exercise

diagnosis? FOBT or FIT test, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, barium enema, rectal exam,

most common cancer in women

risk factors: no pregnancies, late menopause, obesity, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol, smoking, family history

diagnosis: mammogram, clinical breast exam, breast self exam

most common type of cancer found in american men, after skin cancer, 2nd leading cause of death in US, after lung cancer

1 out of 6 men will get prostate cancer

risk factors? age, family history, race, diets, hormone levels, obsesity

diagnosis: testing prostate specific antigen in blood, digital rectal exam, biopsy

relatively rare, 1% of all cancer in men

ages 20-39

risk factors: undescended testicle

congential abnormalties, personal history, family history

diagnosis: history and physical exam, ultrasound, surgery

ovarian cancer: who affected? diagnosis? rare? risk factors?

risk factors: age (mostly after menopause, 50% after 63) 5th in cancer death in women, 5% of deaths

obesity, estrogen replacement

early periods, smoking

not having children

fertility drugs

family history

breast cancer

diagnosis: laparoscopy(pic of ovaries) biopsy