Bones of the skull : Cranium

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

Frontal Bone

Flat bone that forms the forehead.

Parietal Bone

Four sided bone that forms the sides and roof of the skull.

Occipital Bone

Forms the back and part of the base of the skull.

Occipital Boney Landmarks

• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles

Temporal Bone

Forms the sides and part of the base of the skull.

Temporal Boney Landmarks

• External auditory meatus
• Inner ear
• Mastoid process
• Temporomandibular joint
• Zygomatic arch

Sutures of the skull

• Sagittal - middle
• Lambdoidal - last (back of head)
• Squamous - square on side of head
• Coronal - crown

Bones of the skull : Face

• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Zygomatic

Maxilla Bone

The upper jaw

Mandible Bone

The lower jaw

Mabdible Boney Landmarks

• Mandibular Condyle

Zygomatic Arch

Formed by a process of the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone.

Temporomandibular joint

Formed by the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone.

Atlanto-occipital joint

Formed between the occipital condyles and the first cervical vertebra (atlas)

Muscles of Facial Expression

• Orbicularis Oculi
• Orbicularis Oris
• Buccinator

Orbicularis Oculi

Origin: Medial margin of the orbit

Insertion: Inner aspect of the skin

Action: Closes eyes

Orbicularis Oris

• Origin: Maxilla and Mandible
• Insertion: Inner aspect of the skin
• Action: Closes lips

Buccinator

• Origin: Maxilla and Mandible
• Insertion: Fibres of the Orbicularis Oris
• Action: Compressese the cheek (sucking)

Muscles of mastication

• Masseter
• Temporalis

Masseter

• Origin: Zygomatic arch
• Insertion: Mandible
• Action: Elevates the mandible

Temporalis

• Origin: Temporal Bone
• Insertion: Mandible
• Action: Elevates and retracts the mandible

Muscles of the neck

• Sternocleidomastoid
• Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

• Origin: Sternum and sternal end of clavical
• Insertion: Mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Action: Flexes the neck and rotates the head

Trapezius

• Origin: Occipital bone, cervical and thoracic vertebrae
• Insertion: Clavical, acromion and spine of scapula
• Action: Extends the neck when the scapula is fixed.