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| a Democratic expansionist who became president in 1844 |
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| the party formed in opposition to Jackson's policies |
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| Polk's slogan, claiming that America's northern border should be extended to 54°40'; he did not, however, go to war over this issue as he implied |
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| (1846) allowed the US to peacefully acquire Oregon, Washington, and parts of other states; Polk knew that the US could not fight two wars at once |
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| the war between America and Mexico after America annexed Texas, which Mexico refused to recognize as indepedent |
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| the abolitionist term by to describe rich Southerners who were "pulling the strings" in the government |
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| a bill proposing the prohibition of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico |
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| a regional party devoted to the goals of the Wilmot Proviso |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| (1848) Mexico handed a huge portion of the modern Southwest (the Mexican Cession) in return for $15 million |
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| slavery would be decided in a territory/state by a popular vote among the people living there |
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| anti-slavery Whigs who sometimes joined the Free-Soil Party |
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| a military hero who won the election of 1848 |
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| admitted California as a free state; strengthened the fugitive slave law; reinforced popular sovereignty; abolished the slave trade in Washington, DC |
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| (1852) a book that was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe; depicted a horrific plantation life for slaves based on abolitionists' information |
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| a moderate president (by the standards of both the North and South) who was elected in 1852 |
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| (1854) both Kansas and Nebraska were subject to popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue; effectively ignored the Missouri Compromise |
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| laws passed by many northern states to weaken the Fugitive Slave Act; required a trial by jury for all alleged fugitives and guaranteed them the right to a lawyer |
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| a new political party formed from Northern Democrats and Free-Soilers |
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| American (Know-Nothing) Party |
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| a party that united to oppose foreigners; spread anti-Irish, anti-German, and anti-Catholic propaganda |
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| thousands of proslavery Missourians who relocated to Kansas to skew the popular vote deciding the issue of slavery |
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| a radical abolitionist who killed five members of a proslavery camp; incited mass violence |
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| Kansas's name during the fighting between proslavery and antislavery forces |
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| a senator known for brutalizing Senator Charles Sumner with a cane after Sumner spoke out against the Kansas conflict |
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| the Democratic president who was elected in 1856; considered one of the worst presidents due to his inactivity |
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| (1857) under Chief Justice Roger Taney, the Supreme Court decided that slaves were property and no black person could ever be a citizen of the United States; argued that they could no sue and Congress could not regulate slavery |
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| debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat |
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| Douglas's attempt to defend popular sovereignty; destroyed his political career |
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| a raid organized by John Brown in 1859; Brown tried to spark a slave revolt but failed; news spread that Brown had been backed by abolitionists |
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| a Republican president elected in 1860; hated by the proslavery population; after his election, southern states started to secede |
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| Confederate States of America |
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| the nation formed by the seceded Southern states |
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| the president of the Confederate States of America |
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| the site of the first battle of the Civil War (April 12, 1861); the Confederates attacked the fort to start the war |
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| Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware; slave states that fought for the Union; critical to the war |
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| a military draft; the Confederacy instituted one in 1862 |
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| overcharging the government for necessary services and products |
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| worthless food and clothing sold to the government |
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| Lincoln started printing a national currency during the war |
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| wanted immediate emancipation during the war |
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| acts that proposed seizing all slaves in the Confederacy |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| Lincoln's Proclamation stating that (1862) all slaves in states "in rebellion" were free; did not liberate slaves in border states |
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| (1865) an amendment that prohibited slavery |
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| an attempt to negotiate a settlement with leaders of defeated Southern states to have those states rejoin the Union |
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| accused Lincoln of trying to destroy the South |
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| (1865) an organization to help newly freed blacks establish a place in society |
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| a military move where the Union Army destroyed everything in their path to forcibly end the war |
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| Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction; required that 10% of voters swear allegiance to the Union; then, states would be allowed to reorganize their government |
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| (1864) required former Confederate states to be ruled by a military government; required 50% of the electorate to swear an oath of allegiance to the US |
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| Lincoln's vice president who assumed the presidency after Lincoln's assassination; a Southern Democrat who disliked the Southern aristocracy |
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| Johnson's Reconstruction Plan |
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| called for the creation of provisional military governments to run the former Confederacy; required all Southern citizens to swear a loyalty oath before receiving amnesty; barred many Southern elite from that oath |
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| Southern laws that limited freedmen's rights |
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| Congressional Reconstruction |
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| a plan implemented by Radical Republicans, defying Johnson (who claimed Reconstruction was finished) |
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| (1868) prohibited states from depriving any citizen of "equal protection under the law" as well as other measures to ensure equality |
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| "Swing Around the Circle" |
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| a public speaking tour in which Johnson attempted and failed to campaign against the Fourteenth Amendment |
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| Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 |
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| called for new state constitutional conventions and forced the states to allow blacks to vote for convention delegates |
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| Johnson was impeached for trying to counteract the Congressional plan; specifically for violating the Tenure of Office Act |
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| elected in 1868; a Civil War Hero; cooperated more closely with Congress in Reconstruction |
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| (1869) required states to enfranchise black men |
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| Southerners who cooperated with the Reconstruction |
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| Northerners who ran the Reconstruction programs |
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| the Credit Mobilier was a fraudulent construction company that padded federal contracts and took the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad; involved several leading Republicans |
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| the Whiskey Ring was a group of distillers who bribed federal officials and tax collectors to avoid paying taxes on their products; the president's private secretary was involved in the Ring |
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| a Southern white terror group |
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| (1873) the Supreme Court ruled that the 14th Amendment applied only to the federal government and not to state governments |
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| (1876) the Court allowed "grandfather clauses" and other roundabout ways to restrict black suffrage |
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| less extreme Republicans who opposed the Radicals |
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| Rutherford B Hayes won the presidential election, but on the grounds that he would end military reconstruction and pull federal troops out of South Carolina, forcibly ending reconstruction |
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