Term
| What structures pass through the cavernous sinus? Through its walls? |
|
Definition
| 1) Through the middle (sup --> inf): Internal carotid, abducent n. 2) Through the wall (sup --> inf): occulomotor n., trochlear n., V.1, V.2\ |
|
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Term
| What structures pass through the parotid gland? What muscle does it overlie? |
|
Definition
| 1) facial nerve, external carotid artery and its branches, retromandibular vein and its tributaries 2) masseter m. \ |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve(s) innervate(s) the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| Sensory = auriculotemporal n. (V.3) Secretomotor = preganglionic parasympathetic fivers to otic ganglion from glossopharyngeal n. --> postganglionic fibers follow auriculotemporal n.\ |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the platysma m.? |
|
Definition
| Cervical branch of the facial n.} |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the superficial temporal a.? |
|
Definition
| Transverse facial a. (originates in parotid gland --> travels between zygomatic arch and parotid duct)\ |
|
|
Term
| What is the course of the maxillary a. and what are its branches? |
|
Definition
| Runs deep to mandibular rami. Infra-orbital a. (enter face through i-o foramen), Buccal a., Mental a. (enter face thru mental foramen)\ |
|
|
Term
| What arteries provide blood to the anterior scalp? |
|
Definition
| Supraorbital and supratrochlear a. (branches of the ophthalmic a.)\ |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the scalp contains the arteries and veins? |
|
Definition
| The dense connective tissue layer.\ |
|
|
Term
| Which nerves innervate the posterior scalp? |
|
Definition
| Posterior to ear: Great auricular n. (cervical plexus, ant rami C2+C3) & lesser occipital n. (ant ramus C2). Inferoposterior scalp: Third occipital n. (post ramus C3). Superoposterior scalp: Greater occipital n. (post ramus C2)\ |
|
|
Term
| The orbital septum connects to the ___1___ in the upper eyelid and the ___2___ in the lower eyelid. |
|
Definition
| 1) Tendon of levator palpebrae superioris 2) Tarsus\ |
|
|
Term
| Ptosis can result from damage to different muscles that attach to the superior tarsus. What are these muscles and what nerves innervate them? |
|
Definition
| 1) Levator palpebrae superioris \'d0 occulomotor nerve (superior branch) 2) Superior tarsal muscle \'d0 pass from inferior surface of levator to the upper edge of superior tarsus \'d0 innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the cervical ganglion\ |
|
|
Term
| The junction between the 2 parts of the retina (the _____ and _____) is called the ______. |
|
Definition
| Optic part of the retina and the nonvisual part of the retina. Ora serrata. \ |
|
|
Term
| The facial a. travels (pick one) superficial/deep to the submandibular gland while the facial v. travels (pick one) superficial/deep to it. |
|
Definition
| Facial a. = deep. Facial v. = superficial |
|
|
Term
| How does blood get to the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| 1) short ciliary arteries from ophthalmic a. pierce scelera and enter choroid layer. 2) long ciliary arteries from ophthalmic a. 3) central retinal a.\ |
|
|
Term
| How does blood drain from the eyeball? |
|
Definition
| 4 vorticose veins empty into ophthalmic veins + central retinal v.\ |
|
|
Term
| Describe how accommodation of the lens for near vision works. |
|
Definition
| Short ciliary n. carry postganglionic fibers from CN III innervate ciliary muscle tension reduced in suspensory ligament of the lens (zonular fibers connected to ciliary processes which are ridges on ciliary m.) lens more rounded accommodation for near vision\ |
|
|
Term
| What is a detached retina? |
|
Definition
| Retina has outer pigmented layer and inner neural layer. Pigmented layer is firmly attached to inner surface of choroid, ciliary body and iris. Neural layer is only attached to the pigmented layer around the optic n. and at the ora serrata. Neural layer separates in a case of detached retina. |
|
|
Term
| The macula lutea is (pick on) medial/lateral to the optic disc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: styloid process.
I: body of hyoid.
In: facial n.
F: pulls hyoid posterosuperior\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: ant: digastric fossa on inside of mandible; post: mastoid notch of temporal bone.
I: body of hyoid.
In: ant: mylohyoid n. from inferior alveolar n. of V.3; post: facial n.
F: if manible fixed, raises hyoid; if hyoid fixed, lower mandible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: mylohyoid line of mandible.
I: body of hyoid.
In: mylohyoid n. from inferior alveolar n. of V.3.
F: supports and elevates floor of mouth; elevates hyoid\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: sternoclavicular joint.
I: body of hyoid (medial to attachment of omohyoid m.).
In: ansa cervicalis (ant rami C1-C3).
F: depresses hyoid after swallowing\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: superior border scapula (medial to suprascapular notch).
I: body of hyoid (lateral to attachment of sternohyoid m.).
In: ansa cervicalis (ant rami C1-C3).
F: depresses and fixes hyoid\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: posterior surface of manubrium.
I: oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage.
In: ansa cervicalis (ant rami C1-C3).
F: draws larynx downward\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: zygomatic arch.
I: lateral surface of ramus of mandible.
In: masseteric n. from anterior trunk of mandibular n. (V.3). F: elevates mandible\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: bone of temporal fossa.
I: coronoid process of mandible.
In: deep temporal nerves from anterior trunk of mandibular n. (V.3).
F: elevates and retracts mandible\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: deep head: medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process and pyramidal process of palatine bone; Superficial head: tuberosity and pyramidal process of maxilla.
I: medial surface mandible near angle.
In: n. to medial ptygoid from V.3.
F: elevation and side-to-side of mandible\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O: upper head: roof of infratemporal fossa; Lower head: lateral surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process.
I: capsule of TMJ.
In: n. to lateral pterygoid from anterior trunk of V.3.
F: protrusion and side-to-side of mandible\ |
|
|
Term
| After arising from the external carotid a., the lingual a. passes (pick one) superficial/deep to the hypoglossal n. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After arising from the external carotid a., the lingual a. passes (pick one) superficial/deep to the submandibular gland and (pick one) superficial/deep to the mandible. |
|
Definition
| Passes between the submandibular gland and the mandible (superficial to gland, deep to bone)\ |
|
|
Term
| The external carotid and all of its branches pass (pick one) superficial/deep to the posterior belly of digastric and (pick one) superficial/deep to the stylohyoid m. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superficial temporal a. passes (pick one) superficial/deep to the zygomatic arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The maxillary a. passes (pick one) medial/lateral to the neck of the mandible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous innervation of the neck is provided by ___________. |
|
Definition
| Transverse cervical n. (cervical plexus, ant rami C2+C3)\ |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arterial supply to the thyroid (2). |
|
Definition
| 1) common carotid --> external carotid a. --> superior thyroid a. 2) subclavian a. --> thyrocervical trunk --> inferior thyroid a. (supplies parathyroids as well)\ |
|
|
Term
| Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid. |
|
Definition
| 1) superior thyroid v. --> internal jugular v. 2) middle thyroid v. --> internal jugular v. 3) inferior thyroid v. --> brachiocephalic v.\ |
|
|
Term
| The right recurrent laryngeal n. loops around the _____1____ while the left recurrent laryngeal n. loops around the ____2____. They ascend in a groove between the ___3__ and ___3__. |
|
Definition
| 1) subclavian a. 2) arch of the aorta 3) esophagus and trachea\ |
|
|
Term
| The pterygomandibular raphe spans the distance between __1__ and __2__. It joins which two muscles? |
|
Definition
| 1) pterygoid hamulus 2) posterior to the third molar on mandible 3) buccinator and superior constrictor\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ant: pterygomandibular raphe and adjacent bone on the mandible and pterygoid hamulus. Post: pharyngeal raphe.
In: Vagus n.
F: constriction of pharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ant: hyoid and stylohyoid ligament. Post: pharyngeal raphe.
In: Vagus n.
F: constriction of pharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ant: cricoid cartilage and oblique line thyroid cartilage. Post: pharyngeal raphe.
In: Vagus n.
F: constriction of pharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: styloid process (descends between superior and middle constrictors). I: deep surface of pharyngeal wall. In: glossopharyngeal n. F: elevation of the pharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: pharyngeal end of pharyngotympanic tube. I: deep surface of pharyngeal wall. In: vagus n. F: elevation of the pharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: soft palate; upper surface of palatine aponeurosis. I: deep surface of pharyngeal wall. In: vagus n. F: elevation of the pharynx; closure of the oropharyngeal isthmus by depressing palate and moving palatopharyngeal fold toward midline\ |
|
|
Term
| The ___1____ fascia coats the outside of the pharynx, while the ___2___ fascia lines its inner surface. |
|
Definition
| 1) buccopharyngeal fascia. 2) pharyngobasilar fascia\ |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to close the pharyngeal isthmus? |
|
Definition
| Elevate the soft palate and constrict the palatopharyngeal sphincter (part of superior constrictor)\ |
|
|
Term
| Where are all the tonsils? |
|
Definition
| 1) Pharyngeal tonsils - pharyngeal recess. 2) Palatine tonsils - between the palatoglossal fold and the palatopharyngeal fold. 3) Lingual tonsils - posterior 1/3\super rd\nosupersub tongue.\ |
|
|
Term
| Located posterior to the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube is its cartilage covered by mucosa which is called the ___1__. Posterior to this is the ___2___. |
|
Definition
| 1. Torus tubarius 2. pharyngeal recess\ |
|
|
Term
| The oropharyngeal isthmus is defined by what structure? |
|
Definition
| It is between the palatoglossal folds.\ |
|
|
Term
| How do you close the oropharyngeal isthmus? |
|
Definition
| Depress the soft palate, elevation of the back of the tongue, movement towards the midline of the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds. This allows you to chew and breathe at the same time.\ |
|
|
Term
| Where are the valleculae located? |
|
Definition
| Mucosal pouches between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis.\ |
|
|
Term
| The ________ form channels that direct solids and liquids from the oral cavity around the raised laryngeal inlet and into the esophagus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior nasal apertures are called the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When swallowing, why can't you breathe at the same time? |
|
Definition
| Because the pharyngeal isthmus AND the larynx are closed.\ |
|
|
Term
| After exiting the jugular foramen, the glossopharyngeal n. travels anteriorly, (pick one) lateral/medial to the stylopharyngeus m. and then (pick one) lateral/medial to the stylohyoid ligament before entering the triangular gap between the superior constrictor, middle constrictor and mylohyoid mm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each subdivision of the pharynx has a different sensory innervation, what are they? |
|
Definition
| 1) nasopharynx = V.2 (passes from pterygopalatine fossa through the palatovaginal canal in the sphenoid bone to reach the roof of the pharynx). 2) oropharynx = CN IX (via the pharyngeal plexus). 3) laryngopharynx = CN X (via the pharyngeal plexus)\ |
|
|
Term
| What are the ligaments stabilizing the temperomandibular joint? |
|
Definition
| Lateral ligament, Stylomandibular ligament, Sphenomandibular ligament\ |
|
|
Term
| What & where is the submandibular ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Location of post-ganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies of chorda tympani. Located directly inferior to the lower 2\super nd\nosupersub molar on the internal surface of the mandible on lateral surface of the hyoglossus m.\ |
|
|
Term
| What is within the carotid sheath and how is it situated? |
|
Definition
| common carotid/internal carotid (medial), internal jugular (lateral), vagus n. (posterior, between v. and a.)\ |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the fascia on the posterior surface of the visceral compartment? Which space is directly posterior to this fascia? |
|
Definition
| Buccopharyngeal fascia, Retropharyngeal space\ |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The hypoglossal n. travels lateral to the internal carotid, internal carotid and external carotid. |
|
Definition
| False. Runs between internal jugular v. and internal carotid a. until angle of mandible then crosses lateral to both carotids, medial to the posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid and then lateral to hyoglossus before passing medial to mylohyoid.\ |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries supply the parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which veins drain the parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
| Superior, middle and inferior thyroid vv.\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: sternum + clavicle, I: mastoid process, In: accessory nerve (XI) and branches from anterior rami of C2-C3, F: Tilt and rotate head; draw head forwards\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: transverse processes, I: rib 1 (ant + mid), rib 2 (post), In: anterior rami of cervical nn., Function: elevate associated rib\ |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the skin of the neck and scalp posterior to the ear? |
|
Definition
| lesser occipital n. (C2)\ |
|
|
Term
| What does the great auricular n. innverate? |
|
Definition
| (C2-C3) skin of the parotid region, the ear and the mastoid area\ |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 branches of the subclavian a.? |
|
Definition
| 1) vertebral a. 2) thyrocervical trunk 3) internal thoracic a. 4) costocervical trunk\ |
|
|
Term
| Rectus capitis anterior m. |
|
Definition
| O: transverse processes of atlas. I: inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone. In: ant rami C1 + C2. F: flexes head at atlanto-occipital joint\ |
|
|
Term
| Rectus capitis lateralis m. |
|
Definition
| O: transverse processes of atlas. I: inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone. In: ant rami C1 + C2. F: flexes head laterally to same side\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: transverse processes C3-T3. I: transverse processes/arches C1-C6. In: ant rami C2-C6. F: flexes neck anteriorly and laterally and slight rotation to opposite side\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: transverse processes C3-C6. I: inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone. In: ant rami C1-C3. F: flexes head\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: anterolateral aspect of arch of cricoid cartilage. I: thyroid cartilage. In: external branch of superior laryngeal n. (CN X). F: lengthen the vocal cords\ |
|
|
Term
| Lateral cricoarytenoid m. |
|
Definition
| O: superior surface of arch of cricoid cartilage. I: muscular process arytenoid cartilage. In: recurrent laryngeal n. (X). F: abduct vocal folds with an open air channel between adjacent arytenoids\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: posterior surface arytenoids. I: lateral border of arytenoids. In: recurrent laryngeal n. (X). F: adducts arytenoids\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: posterior surface of muscular process of arytenoids. I: posterior surface of opposite arytenoid. In: recurrent laryngeal n. (X). F: sphincter of the laryngeal inlet\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: lateral surface of arytenoids cartilages. I: vocal ligament and thyroid. In: recurrent laryngeal n. (X). F: adjusts tension in vocal folds + sphincter of vestibule and of laryngeal inlet\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External carotid a. --> superior thyroid a. --> Superior laryngeal a. OR Subclavian a. --> thyrocervical trunk --> inferior thyroid a. --> Inferior laryngeal a. |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the thyrohyoid membrane? |
|
Definition
| Superior laryngeal a. and internal branch of superior laryngeal n.\ |
|
|
Term
| Venous drainage of larynx? |
|
Definition
| Superior laryngeal vein --> superior thyroid v. --> internal jugular v. OR Inferior laryngeal v. --> inferior thyroid v. --> left brachiocephalic v.\ |
|
|
Term
| The anterior apertures of the nasal cavities are the __1__ while the posterior apertures are the ___2___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 4 air channels of the nasal cavity, where they are located and their function. |
|
Definition
| 1) sphenoethmoidal recess \'d0 btwn sup concha and nasal roof 2) superior nasal meatus \'d0 lateral to sup concha 3) middle nasal meatus \'d0 lateral to mid concha 4) inferior nasal meatus \'d0 lateral to inf concha. Function \'d0 to increase the surface area of contact between tissues of the lateral wall and respired air\ |
|
|
Term
| Innervation to the nasal cavities is by 3 cranial nerves. Discuss. |
|
Definition
| 1) olfaction by olfactory n. (I). 2) general sensation by trigeminal (V); anterior region by V.1, posterior region by V.2. 3) all glands/mucosa innervated by parasympathetics from greater petrosal n. of facial n. (VII) (thru pterygopalatine ganglion)\ |
|
|
Term
| What do the frontal air sinuses drain into? Innervated by? Blood supply to? |
|
Definition
| 1) drain onto lateral wall of middle meatus (ethmoidal infundibulum hiatus semilunaris) via frontonasal duct. 2) supra-orbital n. (V.1). 3) anterior ethmoidal aa.\ |
|
|
Term
| What do the ethmoidal air cells drain into? Innervated by? Blood supply to? |
|
Definition
| 1) ant - middle meatus (eth infund hiatus semilunaris); mid \'d0 middle meatus (ethmoidal bulla); post \'d0 superior meatus. 2) anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of nasociliary n. (V.1) and maxillary n. via orbital branches from pterygopalatine ganglion. 3) anterior and posterior ethmoidal aa.\ |
|
|
Term
| What do the maxillary sinuses drain into? Innervated by? Blood supply to? |
|
Definition
| 1) lateral wall of middle meatus (hiatus semilunaris). 2) infraorbital and alveolar branches of maxillary n. (V.2). 3) infraorbital and superior alveolar branches of maxillary aa.\ |
|
|
Term
| What do the sphenoidal sinuses drain into? Innervated by? Blood supply to? |
|
Definition
| 1) drain into spheno-ethmoidal recess. 2) posterior ethmoidal branch (V.1) and orbital branches of maxillary n. from ptyergopalatine ganglion. 3) pharyngeal aa. from maxillary a.\ |
|
|
Term
| What is the ethmoidal bulla? |
|
Definition
| An expansion of the underlying middle ethmoidal cells into the medial wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth.\ |
|
|
Term
| Where does the nasolacrimal duct open? |
|
Definition
| Lateral wall of the inferior nasal meatus under the anterior lip of the inferior concha.\ |
|
|
Term
| What is the end of the nose made of? |
|
Definition
| Alar cartilage and septal cartilage\ |
|
|
Term
| The oral cavity opens onto the face through the ___1___ and is continuous with the cavity of the pharynx at the ___2___. The __3___ is between the dental arches and the deep surfaces of the cheeks. |
|
Definition
| 1) oral fissure 2) oropharyngeal isthmus 3) oral vestibule\ |
|
|
Term
| The buccinator m. is innervated by __1___. General sensation from the skin and oral mucosa of the cheeks is carried by __2__. What is the function of buccinator? |
|
Definition
| 1) facial n. \'d0 buccal branch. 2) mandibular n. (V.3) \'d0 buccal branch. 3) holds the cheeks against the alveolar arches and keeps food between the teeth when chewing\ |
|
|
Term
| The oral and pharyngeal surfaces of the tongue are separated by the _______. |
|
Definition
| Terminal sulcus of the tongue\ |
|
|
Term
| T/F: All of the papillae have taste buds on their surfaces. |
|
Definition
| False. Not on filiform papillae.\ |
|
|
Term
| Describe the inferior surface of the tongue. |
|
Definition
| A single median fold, the frenulum of the tongue, is continuous with the mucosa covering the floor of the oral cavity and overlies the lower margin of the septum. On each side of the frenulum is a lingual v. and lateral to each vein is a fimbriated fold.\ |
|
|
Term
| T/F: There are no papillae on the pharyngeal surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, their innervations and functions. |
|
Definition
| Superior longitudinal m. \'d0 shortens tongue and curls apex and sides. Inferior longitudinal m. \'d0 shortens tongue and uncurls apex. Transverse m. \'d0 narrows and elongates tongue. Vertical m. \'d0 flattens and widens tongue. All innervated by hypoglossal n.\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: superior mental tubercles. I: body of hyoid; entire length of tongue. In: Hypoglossal n. (XII). F: protrudes tongue; depresses center of tongue\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: styloid process. I: lateral surface of tongue. In: Hypoglossal n. (XII). F: elevates and retracts tongue\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: palatine aponeurosis. I: lateral surface of tongue. In: pharyngeal br/plexus of vagus n. (X). F: depresses palate; moves palatoglossal fold toward midline; elevates back of the tongue\ |
|
|
Term
| The hyoglossus m. is an important landmark for the location of an artery and two nerves. Describe. |
|
Definition
| Lingual a. from ext carotid a. enters tongue deep to the hyoglossus (btwn hyoglossus and genioglossus). Hypoglossal n. and lingual n. enter the tongue superficial to the hyoglossus.\ |
|
|
Term
| The glossopharyngeal n. runs (pick one) superficial/deep to stylopharyngeus m., superficial/deep to superior constrictor m., (pick one) superficial/deep to hyloglossus m. and superficial/deep to mylohyoid m. |
|
Definition
| Superficial, superficial, deep, deep\ |
|
|
Term
| The submandibular ganglion is located between ___1__ and __1__. |
|
Definition
| Mandible and styloglossus m.\ |
|
|
Term
| The submandibular gland loops around which muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the maxillae form the anterior 3/4ths of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: scaphoid fossa. I: palatine aponeurosis. In: mandibular n. via the branch to the medial pterygoid m. F: tenses the soft palate; opens the pharyngotympanic tube\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: petrous temporal bone. I: palatine aponeurosis. In: vagus n. via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus. F: only muscle to elevate the soft palate above the neutral position closes pharyngeal isthmus btwn the nasopharynx and oropharynx\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: posterior nasal spine of hard palate. I: connective tissue of uvula. In: vagus n. via pharyngeal branch to pharyngeal plexus. F: elevates and retracts uvula; thickens central region of soft palate, helping levator veli palatini close the pharyngeal isthmus\ |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle loops around the pterygoid hamulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the labial salivary glands located? |
|
Definition
| Between the orbicularis oris m. and oral mucosa, opening into the oral vestibule.\ |
|
|
Term
| How many teeth do adults have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve provides sensory innervation of the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 structures that pass through the anterior wall of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n. enter the middle ear? What about chorda tympani? |
|
Definition
| Through the jugular wall (floor) of the middle ear (medial border of floor). Chorda tympani enters through the mastoid wall (posterior wall).\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube and its own bony canal. I: malleus. In: mandibular n. F: pulls malleus medially, tensing tympanic membrane to reduce the force of vibrations in response to loud noises\ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| O: pyramidal eminance on posterior wall of middle ear. I: stapes. In: facial n. F: contraction in response to loud noises pulls stapes posteriorly and prevents excessive oscillation\ |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic branch of maxillary a. and mastoid branch of occipital or posterior auricular a.} |
|
|
Term
| \f0\fs24 \cf0 What travels through the condylar canal? |
|
Definition
| 1) Emissary vv. from sigmoid sinus to vertebral vv. at base of skull. 2) meningeal branch of occipital a.\ |
|
|
Term
| The styloid process is an attachment for which mm.? |
|
Definition
| 1) stylohyoid m. 2) stylothyroid m. 3) stylopharyngeus m.\ |
|
|
Term
| The inlet of the larynx is synonymous with ___ |
|
Definition
| The aditus of the larynx.\ |
|
|
Term
| Name the internal pharyngeal mm. What are their 2 main functions of the internal pharyngeal mm.? |
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Definition
| 1) stylopharyngeus. 2) palatopharyngeus. 3) salpingopharyngeus. Elevate the pharynx and constriction involved in peristalsis\ |
|
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Term
| What fibers make up the pharyngeal plexus? What are their functions? |
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Definition
| CN IX (sensory), CN X (carry motor fibers of cranial CN XI), Cranial CN XI (motor fibers), Sympathetic fibers from superior cervical ganglion\ |
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Term
| What innervates the mm of the pharynx? |
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Definition
| All mm. except stylopharyngeus by pharyngeal plexus (CN XI via CN X). Stylopharyngeus by CN IX. Inferior constrictor gets additional innervation from external and recurrent laryngeal branches of CN X.\ |
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Term
| What are the five layers of the pharynx? |
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Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Fibrous (pharyngobasilar fascia), Muscular, Loose connective tissue (buccopharyngeal fascia)\ |
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Term
| What passes in the gap between the skull and the superior constrictor? |
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Definition
| 1) Levator veli palatini m. 2) Auditory tube\ |
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Term
| What passes between the superior and middle constrictors? |
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Definition
| 1) Stylopharyngeus m., 2) glossopharyngeal n. (IX), 3) stylohyoid ligament\ |
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Term
| What passes between the middle and inferior constrictors? |
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Definition
| 1) internal laryngeal n., 2) superior laryngeal vessels\ |
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Term
| What ascends into the pharynx from below the inferior constrictor? |
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Definition
| 1) Recurrent laryngeal, 2) inferior laryngeal a.\ |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the nose? |
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Definition
| 1) Transmit, filter, warm and humidify inspired air., 2) Olfaction., 3) resonating chamber for voice\ |
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Term
| What nn. innervate the nose and paranasal sinuses? |
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Definition
| CN V (ophthalmic and maxillary) \'d0 sensory of mucosa lining, CN VII \'d0 parasympathetic, CN I \'d0 olfaction\ |
|
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Term
| What is the nasal septum formed from? |
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Definition
| 1) septal cartilage, 2) vomer, 3) perpendicular plate of ethmoid\ |
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Term
| Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle helps to open the auditory tube to equalize air pressure in the middle ear and pharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle elevates the palate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which muscle pulls the pharynx up, forward and medially when swallowing? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which nerves innervate the palate? |
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Definition
| All palatal mm are innervated by CN X (cranial n. CN XI) via the pharyngeal plexus, except tensor veli palatini (CN V.3)\ |
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Term
| The _________ divides the dorsum of the tongue into anterior oral and posterior pharyngeal parts. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| All mm. innvervated by CN XII except palatoglossus (CN X). Anterior 2/3rds: gen sensory by CN V. and Special sensory by CN VII; Posterior 2/3rds: gen and spec sensory by CN IX\ |
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Term
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Definition
| Hinge type synovial joint divided into superior and inferior compartments by an articular disc. Mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle. Joint surrounded by loose fibrous capsule (lateral side thickened to form the temporomandibular ligament)\ |
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Term
| \f0\fs24 \cf0 Which masticatory mm elevate the jaw? |
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Definition
| Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids\ |
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Term
| Which masticatory mm depress the jaw? |
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Definition
| Digastric, infrahyoid mm, gravity\ |
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Term
| Which masticatory mm protrude the jaw? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which masticatory mm retract the jaw? |
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Definition
| Temporalis (post fibers), masseter (deep fibers)\ |
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Term
| Which masticatory mm are responsible for the mediolateral motion of the jaw? Why is this motion necessary? |
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Definition
| Pterygoids. Repositions the jaw for the next chewing cycle\ |
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Term
| What is the jaw articulating against when the mandible is depressed? What about when elevated? |
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Definition
| Depressed: balancing side (condyle and articular disc slide forward onto the articular tubercle). Working side (condyle rotates on the articular disc). Elevated: In mandibular fossa\ |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of swallowing? |
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Definition
| Oral preparatory, Oral propulsive, Pharyngeal, Esophageal\ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mastication (CN V.3). Pullback mechanism to place food on teeth (CN XII). Elevate posterior tongue to meet soft palate (CN X + CN V.3). Soft palate swung down to close oropharyngeal isthmus\ |
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Term
| Pharyngeal phase of swallowing |
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Definition
| Closure of nasopharynx by elevation of soft palate and epiglottis folds over inlet of larynx and contraction of pharyngeal constrictors to move bolus (CN X)\ |
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Term
| \cf0 Three functions of the larynx |
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Definition
| 1) protection of the airway. 2) controlling intra-thoracic pressure. 3) production of sound\ |
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Term
| Name the extrinsic and intrinsic membranes/ligaments of the larynx. |
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Definition
| Extrinsic: thyrohyoid membrane & ligament. Intrinsic: quadrangular/vestibular membrane (false vocal fold). Cricothyroid membrane (vocal fold)\ |
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Term
| Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. |
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Definition
| 1) suprahyoid (raise the larynx). 2) infrahyoid (lower the larynx). All stabilize hyoid for tongue movements as well.\ |
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Term
| What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their functions? |
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Definition
| 1) Adductors of vocal folds are transverse arytenoids, oblique arytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids. 2) Abductor is posterior cricoarytenoid. 3) Adjustors of shape and tension are cricothyroid m., thyroarytenoids and vocalis\ |
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Term
| What innervates the intrinsic mm. of the larynx? |
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Definition
| All innervated by recurrent laryngeal n. except cricothyroid which is innervated by the external laryngeal n.\ |
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Term
| What is the function of the cricothyroid m.? How does it do this? |
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Definition
| Tenses vocal folds by tilting thyroid forward and sliding thyroid cartilage anteriorly on cricoid cartilage.\ |
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Term
| What is the function of the thyroartenoid mm. + vocalis? |
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Definition
| Loosen, adduct and change the shape of the vocal folds\ |
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Term
| T/F: The piriform recess is inside the thyroid cartilage but outside the quadrangular membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: The rate of expiration is controlled by both muscles of inspiration and expiration. |
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Definition
| False. Only by mm of inspiration.\ |
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Term
| Vocal folds are abducted/adducted for breathing and abducted/adducted for speech. |
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Definition
| Abducted for breathing. Adducted for speech\ |
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Term
| How do vocal folds vibrate? |
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Definition
| When speaking, adduct folds, increasing the subglottal pressure. This forces the folds apart, whereupon the pressure drops between them (Bernoulli Effect) and the folds are sucked back together due to this lower pressure. The net effect is a pressure wave with alternating high and low frequencies.\ |
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Term
| T/F: When modeled as a sine wave, variations in amplitude translate into differences in pitch. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do men have deeper voices? |
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Definition
| Men have more massive vocal folds. More massive vocal folds vibrate more slowly. This decreases the frequency of the sine wave, decreasing the pitch.\ |
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Term
| Sound can be produced by producing sounds at the larynx and further up the vocal tract. Explain the latter. |
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Definition
| Open up vocal folds, expelling air into vocal tract --> then stop or restrict flow further up track with lips or teeth --> this produces non-voiced sounds\ |
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Term
| T/F: Every sound produced at the vocal folds is changed by its passage through the vocal tract. |
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Definition
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Term
| \f0\fs24 \cf0 How do we modify the sound waves that we use? |
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Definition
| The larynx determines the fundamental frequency and overtones that we produce but the vocal tract as a resonator to amplify and damp frequencies. \ |
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Term
| What\'d5s the difference between whispering and normal speech? |
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Definition
| In whispering intercartilaginous parts of the vocal folds are left open, allowing air to escape hear lots of air escaping and the lesser subglottal pressure means there\'d5s little vibration of the folds and thus little tonal quality.\ |
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Term
| What\'d5s the difference between singing and speaking? |
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Definition
| In singing, you use greater thoracic pressure and consciously uneven breathing in conjunction with changes in your resonators.\ |
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Term
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Definition
| A higher than average pitch is achieved by only allowing part of the vocal folds to vibrate (vocalis m. controls).\ |
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Term
| Why do older adults\'d5 voices change sometimes? |
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Definition
| Normal degenerative changes in the lamina propria together with ossification of the thyroid cartilage can lead to changes in the fundamental frequency and impaired vocal control in the elderly.\ |
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Term
| Why does the voice change when you have a cold? |
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Definition
| Edema adds mass to the folds, decreasing the pitch. It also makes for more inefficient adduction of the folds, decreasing the vocal control. A hoarse voice is also due to the inability to fully and properly close the vocal folds, allowing air to escape.\ |
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Term
| What are the parts of the cranium? |
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Definition
| 1) braincase/neurocranium \'d0 membranous neurocranium and cartilaginous neurocranium/basicranium. 2) viscerocranium (bones of face)\ |
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Term
| Name the 4 sutures of the neurocranium. |
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Definition
| 1) coronal suture. 2) sagittal suture. 3) lamboid suture. 4) squamosal suture\ |
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Term
| The pterion is the junction between which bones? |
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Definition
| Parietal, frontal, sphenoid, temporal\ |
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Term
| The ______ cavity contains the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of the brain are housed by the 1) anterior fossa, 2) middle fossa, 3) posterior fossa? |
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Definition
| 1) frontal lobes. 2) temporal lobes. 3) cerebellum and brainstem\ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Choroids plexuses in lateral ventricles --> interventricular foramen --> 3\super rd\nosupersub ventricle --> cerebral aquaduct --> lateral and medial apertures --> subarachnoid space --> arachnoid granulations\ |
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Term
| The fluid-filled subarachnoid spaces at the base of the brain are called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The dura mater has two layers called the ____ and ____. The separation of these layers form ____ and ____. |
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Definition
| Periosteal dura mater, meningeal dura mater. Dural sinuses and dural folds.\ |
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Term
| What is the function of CSF? |
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Definition
| Cushion and protect the brain and spinal cord.\ |
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Term
| What are dural folds made of? What is the function of the dural folds? |
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Definition
| Made only of meningeal layer of dura mater. Limit excessive mobility of the brain which may cause concussion.\ |
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Term
| Meningeal vessels run between which layers? |
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Definition
| Periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater.\ |
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Term
| What drains into the superior sagittal sinus? |
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Definition
| 1) cerebrum (through superior cerebral veins). 2) meningeal vv. (via lateral lacunae)\ |
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Term
| What drains into the inferior sagittal sinus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drains into the straight sinus? |
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Definition
| Inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral v., cerebellar vv\ |
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Term
| What does the pterygoid plexus empty into? |
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Definition
| External jugular v. via communicating branches.\ |
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Term
| What drains the skin of the neck? |
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Definition
| Anterior jugular v. internal jugular v.\ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Swelling of optic disc due to increase in CSF pressure\ |
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|
Term
| \f0\fs24 \cf0 What is conjunctivitis? |
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Definition
| Inflammation of conjunctiva.\ |
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|
Term
| What CN is associated with Bell\'d5s palsy? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated pressure of aqueous humor in anterior chamber.\ |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors determine the amount of refraction? |
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Definition
| 1) refractive index \'d0 related to density of media. 2) angle of incidence \'d0 affected by curvature of the interface\ |
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Term
| Refraction occurs primary at three surfaces of the eye. Name them and discuss. |
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Definition
| 1) cornea: cornea/air interface; most refraction occurs here b/c difference in refractive index. 2) lens (anterior): aqueous/lens interface. 3) lens (posterior): lens vitreous interface\ |
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Term
| \f0\b0 . Is contraction or relaxation of ciliary m. under parasympathetic control? |
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Definition
| Relaxed: taut zonular fibers, flattened lens. Contracted: under parasympathetic control of CN III; loose zonular fibers, spherical lens\ |
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Term
| What is myopia? Hyperopia? How do you correct each of these? |
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Definition
| Myopia: \'d2near-sighted\'d3 image focuses in front of retina, correct by reduction of power of cornea. Hyperopia: \'d2far-sighted\'d3 image focuses behind retina, correct by increase power of cornea\ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Irregular curvature of lens or cornea, resulting in poor focus\ |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-parallel visual axes.\ |
|
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Term
| What nerves supply the external ear? |
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Definition
| 1) spinal nn from cervical plexus: greater auricular n. (C2,C3) and lesser occipital n. (C2). 2) cranial nn: facial n., trigeminal n. (CN V.3, auriculotemporal), vagus n.\ |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the middle ear? |
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Definition
| 1) impedence matching (boosts signal by bent lever & greater to lesser sized window), 2) protective responses to loud sounds, 3) maintenance of similar pressure on either side of tympanic membrane\ |
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Term
| What are the three synovial joints of the head? |
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Definition
| Temporamandibular joint + 2 between the middle ear bones |
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|
Term
| Importance of C3/C4 vertebral level? |
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Definition
| 1) Superior border of thyroid cartilage. 2) Bifurcation of common carotid artery. |
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|
Term
| Importance of C5/C6 vertebral level? |
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Definition
| Lower limit of pharynx and larynx and superior limit of trachea and esophagus. |
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|
Term
| What are the names of the two ends of the mandibular ramus? |
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Definition
| Condylar (TMJ) & coronoid process |
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Term
| Parasympathetic fibers are carried out of the brain as part of which cranial nerves? How are they distributed? |
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Definition
| 1) CN III, VII, IX and X 2) Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of CN III, VII, and IX with target tissues in head leave these nerves and are distributed with branches of CN V. |
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|
Term
| What are the layers of the bones making up the calvaria? |
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Definition
| Dense internal and external tables of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone (the diploe). |
|
|
Term
| What 2 structures travel through the optic canal? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery (NOT veins!) |
|
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Term
| What 5 structures travel through the superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
Oculomotor n.
trochlear n.
ophthalmic division of trigeminal n.
abducens n.
ophthalmic veins (NOT arteries!) |
|
|
Term
| What travels through the foramen rotundum? |
|
Definition
| Maxillary division of trigeminal n. |
|
|
Term
| What travels through foramen ovale? |
|
Definition
1) Mandibular division of trigeminal n.
2) Lesser petrosal n. |
|
|
Term
| What travels through foramen spinosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What travels through the foramen magnum? |
|
Definition
1) end of brainstem/beginning of spinal cord
2) vertebral arteries
3) spinal roots of accessory n.
4) meninges |
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves travel through the internal acoustic meatus? |
|
Definition
1) facial n.
2) vestibulocochlear n. |
|
|
Term
| What 4 things travel through the jugular foramen? |
|
Definition
1) glossopharyngeal n.
2) vagus n.
3) accessory n.
4) inferior petrosal sinus/sigmoid sinus (forming internal jugular v.) |
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|
Term
| What 2 pathways connect extracranial sites into intracranial locations? Why can these pathways be harmful? |
|
Definition
| Cavernous sinuses receive blood from ophthalmic veins and emissary veins from ptyergoid plexus of veins in infratemporal fossa. B/c nervous structures are in walls of the cavernous sinuses, infection through these pathways can cause inflammation that could injure these nerves. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
O: inferior mental spine on internal mandible.
I: body of hyoid.
In: branch from anterior ramus of C1 (carried along hypoglossal n.).
F: fixed mandible elevates and pulls hyoid bone forward; fixed hyoid pulls mandible downward and inward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
O: oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage.
I: greater horn of hyoid.
In: fibers from anterior ramus of C1 (carried along hypoglossal n.).
F: depresses hyoid, but when hyoid fixed, raises larynx |
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