Term
| Craniosynostosis types, appearance, and causes |
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Definition
-Caused by premature closing of cranial sutures.
-Scaphoncephaly; long head, caused by the sagittal suture closing
-Oxycephaly; tall head, caused by coronal suture closing
-Plagiocephaly; flat on one side, not sure, but probably the squamous suture |
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Term
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Definition
-The tentorial notch is the opening for the midbrain.
-Tumors of the supratentorial compartment can push part of the temporal lobe through the notch.
-CNIII often gets compressed or stretched in the process. |
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Term
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Definition
-AKA Tic neuralgia
-Sensory disorder of CNV
-Results in sudden sharp pain, often from touching, chewing, infections etc.
-Happens in V2>V3, and less often in V1 (i.e. usually pain around midface and mandible)
-Often caused by pressure from an artery
-Often fixed by simply cutting the nerve |
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Term
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Definition
-From 4th layer (loose connective tissue layer) ->emissary veins -> parietal foramina (in calvaria) -> sinuses
-Watch that hair dye ladies |
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Term
| Lesion of trigeminal nerve. |
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Definition
-Ipsilateral anesthesia and paralysis of muscles of mastication
-Mandible deviates toward ipsilateral side
-Lose corneal reflex and sneezing reflex |
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Term
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Definition
-Can rupture middle meningeal artery causing an epidural hematoma that will push contralateral side of brain into the brain case.
- Patient presents as having lost consciousness briefly after fracture, then a lucid period of some hours, followed by drowsiness, coma, and death.
-May cause death in a few hours
-Treat by draining |
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Term
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Definition
-Tongue deviates to ipsilateral side
-Caused by unopposed genioglossus muscle. |
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Term
| What side does the uvula deviate towards with vagus nerve lesion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Subdural/dural border hematoma |
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Definition
-a venous hemorrhage that results from fast movement of the brain in the cranium, such as during boxing, an automobile accident, or shaken baby syndrome.
-Often it results from tearing of the superior cerebral vein as it enters the superior sagittal sinus, but can result from tearing of any bridging vein. |
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Term
| Cerebral concussion and time limit on brain damage |
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Definition
-Cerebral concussion is an abrupt loss of consciousness after head injury.
-If coma last longer than 6 hours, there is usually brain damage. |
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Term
| Chronic traumatic encephalopathy |
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Definition
-AKA punchdrunk syndrome
-From repeated acceleration and deceleration of brain relative to cranium that stretches axons
-Causes slow speech and thinking, hand tremors, and weakness of lower limbs |
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Term
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Definition
-Basically just bruising of the brain
-Can result in tearing of the pia and possible bleading into subarachnoid space
-Caused by a sudden whack to the head |
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Term
| Cisternal puncture space and membrane names |
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Definition
-From cerebellomedullary cistern
-Goes through the post. atlanto-occipital membrane
-It is the preferred site for infants |
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Term
| Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus |
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Definition
-From blockage of SSF flow, usually at either the cerebral aqueduct, or the interventricular foramen
-This results in dilation of the ventricles superior to the point of obstruction (remember 1st ventricle is on left)
-Causes cranial expansion in infants, which can be corrected by putting in artificial drainage to the abdominal cavity where the peritoneum reabsorbs the CSF |
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Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus |
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Definition
-The flow is good, but the reabsorption into the venous system is inhibited (i.e. at the level of the arachnoid granulations)
-This can be caused by a congenital absence of arachnoid granulations, or a subarachnoid hemorrhage (RBCs block reabsorption) |
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Term
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Definition
Ischemic stroke;
-From block of blood flow, usually from a cerebral embolism (typically a blood clot)
-The anastomoses at the circle of Willis not good enough to keep up with sudden blockage, but may help in gradual obstruction
Hemorrhagic stroke;
-Results from rupture of an artery or saccular aneurism (usually at a bifurcation such as that of the basilar a.) |
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Term
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Definition
-Absence of a section of iris
-often cause when choroid fissure fails to close properly, or from an injury to the eye |
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Term
| Pupillary light reflex test for what? |
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Definition
-ipsilateral compression/lesion of the oculomotor nerve.
-it is a parasympathetic reflex test |
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Term
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Definition
-pressure buildup in eye because of blocked flow of aqueous out of eye
-Open-angle glaucoma is blockage at trabeculae or scleral venous sinus (open angle is more common)
-Closed angle is when the iris folds over the trabeculae and sinus and doesn't allow any flow
-If the pressure becomes too great it can compress the neural and arterial structures, resulting in partial or total vision loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Touch cornea with cotton to elicit a blink
-Tests V1 |
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Term
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Definition
-Caused by lesion of sympathetics to head
-Results in droopy eyelid (ptosis), closed pupil, redness from vasodialtion, and loss of sweating on ipsilateral side |
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Term
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Definition
-Usually from maxillary prominence not fusing with medial nasal prominence, but many variations exist
-More common in males because the fusion happens a bit later in females |
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Term
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Definition
| -Tests CN 9 (afferent) & 10 (efferent) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Fancy-pants for nosebleed |
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Term
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Definition
-Middle ear infection
-Causes swelling of tympanic membrane and often closure of the eustachian tube (pharyngotympanic tube)
-Often secondary to upper respiratory infection
-Left untreated may cause impaired hearing due to scarring of the auditory ossicles |
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Term
| Three symptoms of peripheral auditory injuries |
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Definition
-Hearing loss (usually conductive)
-Vertigo
-Tinnitus (buzzing) |
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Term
| Conductive vs. Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
-Conductive hearing loss results from anything in middle or external ear that interferes with conductance of sound or movement of oval or round windows. Can be fixed with hearing aid or surgery
-Sensorineural hearing loss is from a defect in the pathway from the cochlea to the brain. Cochlear implants help somewhat, but do not provide much improvement. |
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Term
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Definition
-From blockage of the cochlear aqueduct
-Causes tinnitus, hearing loss, and vertigo
-Halmark is ballooning of the cochlear duct, utricke, and saccule |
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Term
| Recurrent Laryngeal Lesion |
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Definition
-Often from thyroid surgery
-The right recurrent is more susceptible because of it's less vertical ascent (doesn't loop around aorta)
-It's a branch of the vagus |
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Term
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Definition
-The most common
-Can result from temporal bone breaking, or from compression due to virus etc. in facial canal
-May or may not involve loss of tears, taste, and salivary innervation depending on level;
>--x--greater petrosal(tears)---x---chorda tympani(salivary & taste)---x---terminal branches(motor)
-Think great tears before you eat Thai (of happiness of course lol)
-Also, instead of greater petrosal, they might say geniculate ganglion, which have the same placement |
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Term
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Definition
-Produces down and out syndrome on ipsilateral side
-Also pupil dilation |
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Term
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Definition
-Slow growing tumor that begins on the vestibular nerve (from CN8)
-Results in gradual hearing loss |
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Term
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Definition
-Occurs when the neural arches of LV5 and/or S1 fail to fuse (they are what fuse and form the posterior boundary of the spinal canal)
-It is very common (>10%), but asymptomatic |
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Term
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Definition
-One or more of the vertebral arches don't fuse and the meninges herniate out producing a large cyst
-Severe forms are from neural tube defects such as failed closure during week 4 of embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
-Spinal cord ends between L1 & L2, so we usually do the puncture between L3 & L4 (or lower).
-Can use to detect meningitis, blood in CSF, or abnormal fluid pressure (should drip out of stylet at 1 drop/sec)
-Never do one with increased intracranial pressure (can cause brain herniation through foramen magnum) |
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Term
| Spinal vs. epidural anestesia location? |
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Definition
| Spinal is in arachnoid (into CSF), epidural is into epidural space. |
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Term
| What vessels are typically involved in ichemia of spinal cord? |
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Definition
-Usually it's the segmental medullary arteries
-Most commonly it's the great anterior segmental medullary artery.
-The segmental medullary arteries are basically communicating branches between the posterior intercostal branches of the aorta, and the vertebral arteries
-So, if you ligate the aorta for surgery, there is a likelihood of spinal cord ichemia and resultant paralysis |
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