Term
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Definition
| Protects the brain. Frontal, 2 Parietal, 2 Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 Zygomatic, 2 Maxilla, 2 Lacrimal, 2 Palatine, 2 Nasal, 2 Inferior Nasal Conchae, Vomer, Mandible |
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Term
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Definition
| Separates frontal and parietal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the two parietal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| separates occipital and parietal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| separates temporal and parietal bones, as well as sphenoid and parietal |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge in midline of frontal bone. Juts superiorly |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior ridge of ethmoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Perforated, on either side of crista galli. Involved in transmission in olfactory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the pituitary gland sits in the sphenoid bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sphenoid and Temporal bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporal and Occipital bones |
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Term
| Medial and Lateral Pterygoid Plates |
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Definition
| Lateral gives rise to pterygoid muscles. Part of the sphenoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| divergence between lateral and medial pterygoid plates |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives room for temporalis tendon to run through. Formed by temporal and zygomatic bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Articulates with the condylar process of the mandible. On the temporal bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Projection of temporal bone that is the attachment of the stylohyoid |
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Term
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Definition
| Projection of the temporal bone that is the insertion point of the sternocleidomastoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Articulates with atlas, anterior to foramen magnum. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA external occipital protuberance. Projection from base of skull |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal and maxillary. Openings within these bones for things to pass through. Maxillary is the largest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmits CN 2, the optic nerve. |
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Term
| Superior and Inferior Orbital Fissues |
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Definition
| Transmit CN's 3-6, nerves that help move the muscles to move the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| CN 5.3, the mandibular nerve passes through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| CN 5.2, the maxillary nerve passes through it. |
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Term
| Supra and Infraorbital foramina |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Internal carotid passes through to carry blood to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain and spinal cord pass through and join the vertebral arteries. CN 11 exits through here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal jugular vein, and CN's 9-11 pass through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| CN's 7 and 8 pass through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| deep to the ear, leads to internal auditory meatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| On the mandible, articulates with temporal bone and forms TMJ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to the condyloid process on the mandible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Near the base of the ramus, nerves run through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerves that supply the skin of the cheeks pass through it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Little bumps near the mandibular foramen that are the insertion of the geniohyoid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prosencephelon. Has superfical gray matter and deep white matter. Contains cerebrum, basal ganglia, hippocampus annd amygdala. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Telencephelon. 5 lobes. Has 2 hemispheres separated by the corpus callosum. |
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Term
| Gray Matter of cerebral cortex |
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Definition
| Superficial, made up of nerve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep, contains fiber pathways (axons) |
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Term
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus, and holds the motor and premotor areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory and association areas. Postcentral gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the auditory areas of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the visual and association areas of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| deep to the lateral fissure |
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Term
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Definition
| divides frontal and parietal lobe. Dividing line between motor and sensory areas of brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| divides frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| divides parietal and occipital lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| bisects the occipital lobe. Primary visual cortex is here. |
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Term
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Definition
| in front of central sulcus, primary motor area of brain. Affects opposite side of body. |
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Term
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Definition
| behind central sulcus. Primary sensory area of the brain. Affects opposite side of the body. |
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Term
| Temporal Gyri (superior, middle, inferior) |
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Definition
| Primary auditory cortex is here |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds corpus callosum, deals with emotional processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Above the brainstem. Involved in memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| Mesencephelon. Contains red nucleus, origin of CN's 3and 4. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rhombencephelon. Contains pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of hindbrain. Pons and cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| origin and conduit of many ascending and descending fibers. interconnected with cerebellum and is the origin of CN's 5-7. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes propioceptive information. Coordinates motor activity. Has folds similar to gyri, has 3 lobes, 2 fissures and 3 peduncles. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the hindbrain, contains the medulla oblongata. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains cells of origin of multiple fiber tracts. Important in sensory relay. Origin of CN's 9-12. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum is not included. |
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Term
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Definition
| Superficial meningeal layer. Double layer in skull, single around spinal cord, thick and tough. |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer. spider-web like, transparent and delicate. No space between dura mater and arachnoid unless fluid fills space. There is a subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater that holds CSF. |
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Term
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Definition
| extensions of arachnoid through the dura into the venous sinus, which allows CSF to enter venous circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deep layer of meninges. Thin and delicate, adheres closely to surfaceof brain. Goes into grooves between gyri. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dural curtain between 2 cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| dural curtain involving the cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a tent over the top of the cerebellum. |
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Term
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Definition
| holds the pituitary gland in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| venous channels found between dura mater. |
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Term
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Definition
| Near the top, allows blood to eventually flow laterally. |
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Term
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Definition
| near the bottom, eventually becomes straight sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuation of the sup. sagittal sinus. Leads to transverse sinuses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplied from straight sinus, blood goes laterally. |
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Term
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Definition
| S shaped, receives blood from transverse sinus and drains into the internal jugular vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| highly vascularized connective tissue covered with an ependymal layer that supplies CSF in the ventricular system |
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Term
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Definition
| Cavity of the telencephelon. |
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Term
| Intraventricular foramen of Monro |
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Definition
| connects lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle. |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity of the diencephelon |
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Term
| Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius |
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Definition
| Cavity of the mesencephelon, and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity of the metencephelon and myelencephelon |
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Term
| Forman of Magendie and foramens of Luschka |
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Definition
| continuous with subarachnoid space, and connect the 4th ventricle to the central canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-4 mm thick, highly convoluted, gray, comprises about half the brain's volume. Two divisions are the Isocortex and the Allocortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| about 95% of the cortex, has 6 layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 1. Superficial layer that is rich in fibers, and there are relatively few axons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 2. Mostly small neurons and some pyramidal neurons and receives inputs from Layer 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 3. Medium-sized pyramidal cells that have an apical dendrite and several basal dendrites. These cells give rise to association and commissural fibers. Output layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 4. Composed mainly of star-shaped neurons and some pyramidal neurons. They are the major recipient of thalamic inputs, especially in the primary somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 5. Medium, large and giant (Betz) pyramidal cells. These cells give rise to projections in subcortical areas , become projection fibers that perform motor functions. Ouput |
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Term
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Definition
| Layer 6. Contains a variety of cell types, including star shaped and pyramidal neurons. The pyramidal neurons project to the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnect portions of the cortex in the same hemisphere. The axons of neurons located mainly in Layer 3. The fibers may be short or long. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnect hemispheres. Majority are found in the corpus callosum, while some are found in the anterior and posterior commissures. Go from Layer 3 to Layer 2. |
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Term
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Definition
| project downstream to the thalamus, deep forebrain, brainstem, or spinal cord. All arise from pyramidal neurons in Layer 5, except for the projections to the thalamus which come from Layer 6. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bottom of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry general sensory information, such as touch, pressure and joint movement. Contains the Fasciculus Gracilis which is from the lower limb and lower trunk below T6 and Fasciculus Cuneatus, which is from the upper limb and upper trunk above T6. 1st neuron is in the DRG, 2nd Neuron is in is in the nucleus gracilis/cuneatus. They cross in the midbrain within the spinal cord. 3rd neuron is in the VPL of the thalamus, which then projects to the somatosensory cortex. |
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Term
| Lateral Spinothalamic Tract |
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Definition
| Conveys pain and temperature information. 1st neuron is in the DRG. 2nd neuron is in the dorsal horn, and the fibers cross. 3rd neuron is in the VPL of the thalamus, and projects to the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract |
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Definition
| conveys propioceptive information to the cerebellum. 1st neuron is in the DRG. 2nd neuron is in the dorsal horn(nucleus dorsalis). DO NOT CROSS OVER. 3rd neuron is in the cerebellum. |
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Term
| Lateral Corticospinal Tract |
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Definition
| Axons from Layer 5 pryamidal cells in precentral gyrus and descends through internal capsule, midbrain, pons and medulla. 90% cross over and descend. 10% do not cross until the bottom of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from the red nucleus and is important in muscle precision. Fibers cross over and are a motor tract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Major relay center for sensory functions, others than smell. Sits on top of brainstem. |
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Term
| Ventral Anterior and Posterior Tiers |
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Definition
| Important in relay for motor function in the thalamus. |
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Term
| Ventral Posterior Median Tier |
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Definition
| Involved in sensory relay from the face in the thalamus. |
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Term
| Ventral Posterior Lateral tier |
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Definition
| Involved in sensation from multiple sensory locations. Two sensory spinal tracts end here. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory relay for all audition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory relay for all vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the intralaminal nucleus that divides the thalamus. Source of input to the striatum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactory Nerve, sensory only. Receptor cells course from nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb, passing through the cribiform plate. They project to the olfactory cortex and NOT the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic Nerve, sensory only. Cell bodies enter skull through optic foramen. Half of the fibers cross at optic chiasm, involved in peripheral vision. Fibers continue to optic tract and synapse at the thalamus. Lateral geniculate cells then project optic radiation to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oculomotor Nerve, motor only. Emerges from midbrain, exits skull through superior orbital fissure, and innervates most extraocular muscles. Superior, inferior and medial rectus, inferior oblique and levator palpebrae. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Tilts eye down and outward. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Trochlear Nerve, motor only. Emerges from midbrain and exits skull through superior orbital fissure and innervates superior oblique muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trigeminal Nerve, both motor and sensory, exits from pons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opthalmic nerve, sensory information from upper face, enters through superior orbital fissure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maxillary nerve, sensory info from nose, face and upper teeth. Enters through foramen rotundum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mandibular Nerve, both motor and sensory. Sensory from lower face, tongue and lower teeth. Carries motor fibers to muscles of mastication. Enter skull through formaen ovale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abducens nerve, motor only. Originates in pons, exits through superior orbital fissure and innervates the lateral rectus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facial Nerve, both sensory and motor. emerges from pons and carries Sensory taste fibers from anterior 2/3rd of tongue through the internal auditory meatus. Carries Motor fibers to muscles of facial expression, that exit skull through the stylomastoid foramen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vestibulocochlear or Acoustic Nerve, sensory only. Carries sensory info for hearing and equilibrium from the cochlea and semicircular canals to the pons. Fibers enter through internal auditory meatus. Impulses for audition are relayed to the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glossopharyngeal Nerve, both sensory and motor. Carries sensory taste info from posterior 1/3rd of tongue. Carries motor fibers from medulla to muscles of pharynx and exits through the jugular foramen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vagus nerve, both sensory and motor. Largest CN. Sensory info from neck, thorax, abdomen, and motor fibers to muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx. Enters skull through jugular foramen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Accessory Nerve, motor only. Part of medulla combines with cervical rootlets to form a nerve that innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, and then exits through jugular foramen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoglossal Nerve, motor only. From medulla and innervates muscles of tongue. Exits through hypoglossal canal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates internal environment in body, vegetative nervous system. Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thoracolumbar origin. Responds to needs requiring mobilization, fight or flight. Comes from nerves between T1 and L2. Increases heart rate, dilates pupils, shuts down digestion, releases adrenaline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from CN's 3,7,9 and 10, and 3 sacral nerves. Craniosacral origin. Decreases heart rate and starts up digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of the caudate and putamen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of the putamen and global pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of caudate, putamen and global pallidus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprised of Putamen, Caudate, Global Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra. Involved in motor programming and relays back to motor related cortical areas in the thalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Neocortex
2. Intralaminar thalamus
3. Substantia Nigra |
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Term
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Definition
1. Internal Global Pallidus(GPi) / Substantia nigra
2. External Global Pallidus (GPe) |
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Term
| Globus Pallidus Afferents |
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Definition
GPi: striatum and subthalamic nucleus.
GPe: striatum |
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Term
| Globus Pallidus Efferents |
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Definition
GPi/SNr: VA and VL of thalamus
GPe: subthalamic nucleus (STN) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Thalamic (VA/VL) projections |
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Definition
1. Primary motor cortex
2. Premotor cortex
3. Supplementary motor area |
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Term
| Cell types in cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
1. Granule cells
2. Golgi cells
3. Purkinje Cells
4. basket cells
5. stellate cells |
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Term
| Layers in cerebellar cortex |
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Definition
1. Granular Layer
2. Purkinje cell layer
3. Molecular layer |
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