Term
What are the main divisions of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
Which division includes the spinal cord and brain? |
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Definition
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Term
Which division includes the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the cellular component of the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a bundle of neural processes outside the nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is an accumulation of neutron cell bodies outside the central nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the junction between neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ, where neural impulses are transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of nerve carries the information from the periphery of the body to the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of nerve carries the information away from the brain to the periphery of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discuss resting and action potential in regards to the physiological situation at the cell membrane |
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Definition
| cell has a positive resting inside with potassium and a positive outside with sodium. this is considered resting potential. sodium rushes in during action and makes inside of cell + and outside of cell negative. |
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Term
How do chemical agents enter into innervation and what is the term given these agents? |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter - acytlcholine or norepinephrine enter into synapse and cause cell membrane excitement of next neuron etc.. |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of feeling or sensation resulting from certain drugs or gases that inhibit neourotransmitters |
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Term
Of what is the central nervous system composed? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the largest division of the brain? What is its function? |
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Definition
| cerebrum - coordinates sensory data and motor function. |
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Term
What is the second largest division of the brain? What is its function? |
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Definition
| cerebellum - muscle coordination maintains muscle tone as well as posture and balance |
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Term
Describe the other components of the brain and their functions. |
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Definition
| brainstem - medulla(reg heartbeat, breathing,vasoconstriction), pons - connect medulla with the cerebellum, midbrain - relay centers for hearing and vision |
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Term
Describe the spinal cord and its function. |
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Definition
| gray matter and white matter (gray -unmyelinated cell bodies) surrounding white matter - axons. Carries messages to and away from the brain. |
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Term
Of what is the peripheral nervous system composed? |
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Definition
| all the nerves stretching from CNS to effector. Or from effector to brain. |
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Term
What are the main divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the somatic nervous system and its role in the peripheral nervous system. |
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Definition
| includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. |
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Term
What type of nerves are the autonomic nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system? What are some examples of how this relates to salivary gland secretion? |
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Definition
| sympathetic - (fight or flight) - cuts off salivary production. parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
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Term
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved with the “flight-or-fight” response? How is the relay done? |
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Definition
| sympathetic - goes from spinal cord to ganglia (near neck) and then from ganglia to target area. |
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Term
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is involved with the “rest-or-digest” response? How is the relay done? |
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Definition
| parasympathetic - relay in head have preganglionic and post ganglionic. |
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Term
What are the principle parasympathetic outflows of the head and neck? How does this relate to the cranial nerves? |
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Definition
| 7th and 9th cranial nerves - signals sent through these |
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Term
Name the 12 cranial nerves by their anatomical terms. |
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Definition
| 1. olfactory - smell 2. optic - sight 3.oculomotor - muscle of eye. 4. trochlear - eye muscle 5. mastication. 6. abducens - moves eye 7. facial - expression 8. vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance 9. glossopharyngeal - glands 10. thymus, heart, stomach 11. accesory - trap and sterno muscle 12. hypoglossal - tongue |
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Term
Which cranial nerve is most important to the dental professional? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve I?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| Olfactory - afferent - smell |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve II?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| Optic nerve - afferent - sight retina of eye |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve III?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| oculomotor - efferent - muscles of eye |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve IV?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| trochlear - efferent - eye muscle |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve V?
Is it afferent,efferent,or both? In general, what does it innervate? What are the two roots of Cranial Nerve V? Which root can be divided further into three divisions? How does this relate to the face?Where are the two roots (or their divisions) of Cranial Nerve V located? |
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Definition
| trigeminal - both - muscles of mastication - sensory root and motor root - sensory (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) - middle and lower face - sphenoid bone/ foramen ovale |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve VI?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| abducens - efferent = muscles of eye |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve VII?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both? What does it innervate? Why is this nerve important to dental professionals? Outline a map of its travels.
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Definition
| facial - both - muscles in face - innervates head and neck - internal acoustic meatus to facial canal through stylomastoid foramen |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve VIII?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| vestibulocochlear - afferent - ear and brain signals |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve IX?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both? Why is this nerve important to dental professionals? What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| glossopharyngeal - both - many tissues of head and neck - tongue |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve X? Is it afferent, efferent, or both? Why is this nerve important to dental professionals? What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| vagus - both - tissues of head and neck - muscles of soft palate |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve XI?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| accesory - efferent - sternocleidomastoid |
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Term
What is the anatomical name for Cranial Nerve XII?
Is it afferent, efferent, or both?
Why is this nerve important to dental professionals? What does it innervate? |
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Definition
| hypoglossal nerve - efferent - tongue inervation |
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Term
Why must the dental professional understand both the basic components of the nervous system and the location of major nerves in the head and neck? |
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Definition
| gives backround to certain disease processes involving head and neck muscles. |
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Term
In what root is the trigeminal ganglion located? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the other terms used for the trigeminal ganglion? |
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Definition
| semilunar or gasserian ganglion |
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Term
What are the three divisions of the sensory root? |
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Definition
| opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular |
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Term
Which root of the trigeminal ganglion supplies the efferent nerves for muscles of mastication? |
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Definition
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Term
Which division of the trigeminal ganglion enters through the superior orbital fissure? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve is composed of the merger of the supraorbital nerve and the supratrochlear nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the lateral part of the upper eyelid, conjunctiva, and lacrimal gland? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the skin of the medial parts of the eyelids, side of nose, eyeball, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, skin of the ala and apex of the nose, anterior part of the nasal septum, and lateral wall of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
What division of the trigeminal enters through the foramen rotundum? |
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Definition
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Term
Which ganglion serves as a relay station for parasympathetic nerves that arise in the facial nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the cutaneous branches of the upper lip, the medial portion of the cheek, the lower eyelid, and the side of the nose? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies sensation for the maxillary anteriors and their associated tissues? |
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Definition
| anterior superior alveolar nerve |
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Term
Which nerve supplies sensation for most portions of the maxillary molar teeth and their associated tissues? |
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Definition
| posterior superior alveolar nerve |
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Term
Which nerve serves the hard palate and posterior lingual gingiva? |
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Definition
| greater and lesser palatine nerve |
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Term
Which nerve serves the soft palate and palatine tonsillar tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the anterior hard palate, lingual gingiva of the maxillary anterior teeth, and nasal septal tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
Is the maxillary division of the trigeminal afferent, efferent, or both? |
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Definition
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Term
What division of the trigeminal enters through the foramen ovale? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the skin of the cheek, the buccal mucosa membranes, and the buccal gingiva of the mandibular posterior teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the scalp and external ear? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves as general sensation for the body of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the mandibular teeth and the facial tissues of the mandibular anterior teeth and premolars? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the chin, the lower lip, and the labial mucosa near the mandibular anterior teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Which branches arise from the motor root of the trigeminal nerve? |
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Definition
| buccal, muscular, auriculotemporal, lingual, inferior alvelor, mylohyoid, mental, incisive |
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Term
Which nerve supplies the masseter muscle and TMJ? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the lateral pterygoid muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve serves efferent nerve fibers to the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and taste sensation for the body of the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
Which nerve supplies the occipital belly of the epicranial muscle? |
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Definition
| posterior auricular nerve |
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Term
Which nerve supplies the stylohyoid muscle and the posterior belly of the digastric muscle? |
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Definition
| stylohyoid nerve and posterior digastric muscle |
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Term
What are the symptoms and signs of facial paralysis? |
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Definition
| loss of muscular action of the facial expression muscles |
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Term
How can the facial nerve be injured, especially during dental treatment, and what are the results? |
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Definition
| injection into a gland - drooping eye, eyelid - no normal expression |
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Term
What are the symptoms and signs of Bell’s palsy? |
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Definition
| unilateral facial paralysis |
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Term
Which nerve is affected in Bell’s palsy? |
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Definition
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Term
How is Bell’s palsy treated? |
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Definition
| antiinflammatories or antiviral medication |
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Term
What are the signs and symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia? |
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Definition
| excruciating short term pain |
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Term
How is trigeminal neuralgia treated? |
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Definition
| peripheral neurectomy, alcohol injections |
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