Term
Three basic functions of the Larynx |
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Definition
- protect airway during swallowing
- intrathoracic pressure (coughing)
- sound production
- passive (respiration)
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Term
3 unpaired cartilages of larynx |
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Definition
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricoid
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Term
3 paired cartilages
of larynx |
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Definition
- arytenoids
- corniculates
- cuneiforms
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Term
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Definition
- artenoid cartilages have vocal proccess and muscle process
- vocal process is anterior and attaches vocal ligaments
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Term
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Definition
- goes from thyroid to hyoid
- has two thickened parts, medial thyrohyoid ligament and lateral thyrohyoid ligament
- has hole that allows passage of internal laryngeal nerve (sensory) and artery
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Term
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Definition
- runs from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
- has a thickened middle part called medial cricothyroid ligament
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Term
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Definition
- vocal process forward to thyroid cartilage
- top edge of cricothyroid ligament on inside
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Term
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Definition
- tube that comes from the edge of teh arytenoid and wraps around to the epiglottis
- tube with in the tube of the thyroid cartilage
- top is opening into larynx itself
- bottom edge is called vestibular ligament and sits right about the vocal ligaments
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Term
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Definition
- space between false (sup) and true (inf) vocal folds
- false vocal fold in vestibule of larynx
- sometimes called glottis?
- so epiglottis is above it
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Term
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Definition
- from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage
- rotates thyroid cartilage on top of cricoid cartilage
- has effect of stretching the vocal folds
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Term
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Definition
- goes from cricoid to musclular process of arytenoid
- closes rema glottis ( space between vocal folds)
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Term
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Definition
- from back posterior side of of cricoid to musclular proccess of arytenoid
- pivots arytenoid, opening up the rima glottis (space between vocal folds?
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Term
Transverse Arytenoids
and
Oblique Arytenoids |
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Definition
- goes from muscular process of one arytenoid to the other (transverse)
- muscular process of one to the apex of the other (oblique)
- both of these slide the arytenoids together, closing vocal folds
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Term
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Definition
- relaxes the folds by sliding them arytenoids forward
- provides substrate for vocalis muscle (thyroaretynoid muscle to folds themself)
- responsible for pitch(high and low)
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Term
Innervation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
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Definition
- superior laryngeal does cricothyroid
- recurrent laryngeal does all other motor
- sensation is divided between the 2 at the vocal folds
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Term
Vascular system of larynx |
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Definition
- superior laryngeal artery off superior thyroid artery(external carotid)
- inferior laryngeal artery off inferior thyroid artery(subclavian)
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Term
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Definition
- respiration (generation of energy)
- phonation (creation of sound)
- resonation (filtering and enhancing of sound)
- articulation (taking sound and turning into language)
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Term
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Definition
- energy production as you inhale/exhale
- normal respiration is about 1:1 inhale/exhale
- speach is about 1:8 inhale/exhale seconds
- controled by different parts of brain
- rhythm and rate and neural control is different
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Term
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Definition
- sound production
- vocal fold vibration from exhaled air
- vibration of airwaves is sound (mechanoreceptor)
- pitch=frequency of vibrations
- males have deep voices because thyroid cartilage is bigger making vocal folds longer
- change w/ age (womens folds get longer)
- pathology (tissue level make up of folds)
- hoarsness is tissue around folds becomeing swallen
- damage to recurent laryngeal nerve would damage voice (left more often)
- thyroid surgery can also damage nerves
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Term
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Definition
- amplification and enhancement (inaudible to audible)
- makes voices unique
- adds energy and volume
- use sinuses, nasal and oral cavity, vestibule of larynx and pharynx
- also can use surfaces (opera and back pharyngeal wall)
- vibrations of solid matter and air within a cavity
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Term
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Definition
- anatomical articulators: change/modify airflow, create speech
- joining of two structures
- tongue, teeth, cheeks and soft palate working together, lips
- unvoiced sounds dont need vocal chord vibration
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Term
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Definition
- caused by food getting into the airway
- common for really old and really young
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Term
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Definition
- done mostly by tongue
- tongue works as pump
- eppiglottis covers larynx
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Term
Process model of swallowing |
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Definition
- stage I transport
- Processing
- Stage II transport
- Swallowing
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Term
Stage I Transport
(swallowing) |
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Definition
- tongue carries food to molar region "pullback" mechanism
- tongue rotates to place food on the occlusal surfaces of lower teeth
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Term
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Definition
- food particles: softened adn reduced in size
- chemical and physical processing
- jaws and tongue in constant motion
- food constantly repositioned
- tongue movt critical in mastication
- soft palate motion linked to jaw motion
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Term
Stage II Transport
(swallowing) |
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Definition
- food propelled into the oropharynx
- squeeze back mechanism
- processing continues
- tongue and jaw motions linked
- happens at same time as chewing
- bolus accumulates in the oropharynx and valleculae
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Term
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Definition
- bolus propelled primarily by posterior thrust of tongue
- pharyngeal clearance-sequential contraction of constrictor muscles
- assisted by gravity
- requires opening of Upper Esophageal Sphincter
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Term
Traditional Model of Human
Swallowing |
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Definition
- spaces separate: seal btw oral cavity and oropharynx
- activities/stages separate: analyze each behavior independently
- food held in mouth until swallow onset
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Term
Disordered Oropharyngeal Swallowing |
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Definition
- difficulty initiating swallow (not enough sensory signal) (give up and airway opens)
- Nasopharyngeal regurgitation (soft palate doesnt block and liquid goes up nose)
- pulmonary aspiration
- residual is not moving all food out
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Term
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Definition
- pars nervosa and infundibular stalk, light staining
- resident cell is pituicyte, a support cell that expresses glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and associates with neuronal axons from hypothalmus
- Paraventriular nucleus (close to ventricule above supraoptic and most superior) produces oxytocin
- supraoptic nucleus (just above optic chiasm) produces ADH
- neural hormones stored in herring boddies
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Term
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Definition
- paraventricular nucleus of neurohypophysis
- promotes milk letdown from mammary gland by stimulating contraction of myoepithelial cells
- stimulates myometrial smooth muscle cells in the uterus to contract during parturition
- love/bonding connection
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Term
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Definition
- also called vasopressin
- supraoptic nucleus
- increases water reabsorption by collecting ducts in kidney
- prootes contraction of vascular smooth muscles
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Term
Hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system |
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Definition
- starts out at superior hypophyseal artery
- ends at hypophyseal veans
- between hypothalmus and adenohypothesis
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Term
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Definition
- arcuate or tuberal nucleus produce physiotropic hormones
- releasing or inhibiting hormones
- transported in portal system
- protein peptide hormones (bind to cell surface)
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Term
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Definition
- in pars distalis
- somatotrophs (growth hormones) and lactotrophs (prolactin)
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Term
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Definition
- in pars distalis
- produce corticotrophs (adrenal cortex hormone), gonadotrophs(FSH and LH) and thyrotrophs (thyroid stimulating hormones)
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Term
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Definition
- from epithalmus
- produces melatonin (sleep hormone)
- less light, more melatonin produced
- causes gonadotropin and Growth hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone might be inhibited by melatonin
- pinealocytes found in chords produce melatonin
- find accumulations of brain sand
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Term
Melatonin signliling pathway |
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Definition
- light sensitive cells in glanglion layer utilize photosensitve pigment melanopsin
- retinohypothalmic tract to cell odies of suprachiasmic nucleus of hypothalmus
- travel down spinal chord in hypothalmo-spinal tract
- synapse with sympathetic preganglionc in IML
- pre ganglionic axons to superior cervical ganglion
- post ganglion axon to pineal gland
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Term
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Definition
- parafollicular cells produce calcatonin
- folicular cells produce thyroid (T3 and T4) cells
- uses atp to move iodide into cell to make thyroid hormones, enzyme then gets rid of electron (makes iodine)
- thyroglobulin and tyrosine?
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