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HDS 3- Anatomy
third HDS test anatomy
177
Anatomy
Graduate
11/13/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Frontalis

Definition
  • muscle of facial expression
  • in superficial fossa of face
  • goes from top of forehead to the start of orbicularis oculi
  • inervated by Facial Nerve (CN VII)
  • connected at top to epicranial aponeurosis, which occipitalis is connected to in back
Term

 

 

 

Orbicularis Oculi

Definition
  • round muscle surrounding eye
  • muscle of facial expression
  • superficial fascia
  • Facial Nerve (CN VII)
  • makes eye closed and attached to bone at nasal side
Term

 

 

 

 

Levator Labii Superioris 

Definition
  • uplifts lip (upper)
  • from bony attachment to upper lift
  • growling face
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • muscle of facial expression
Term

 

 

 

Zygomaticus Major and Minor

Definition
  • muscle of facial expression
  • minor is more medial to major
  • from below eye to corner of lip
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • pull up corners of mouth in smiling
Term

 

 

 

Orbicularis Oris

Definition
  • circular muscle around mouth
  • muscle of facial expression
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • pouty face?
Term

 

 

 

Depressor Anguli Oris

Definition
  • runs from chin area to lower corners of mouth, pulls them down
  • pouty face?
  • muscle of facial expression
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
Term

 

 

 

Platysma

Definition
  • goes from chin to down over neck
  • muscle of facial expression
  • Facial nerve CN VII
  • big muscle
Term

 

 

 

 

Buccinator

Definition
  • lies in a deeper plane then other facial expression muscles
  • originates from both upper and lower jaw and goes into pterygomandibular raphe
  • facial nerve (CN VII)
  • contracts as you chew to keep cheeks stiff to avoid cheeks going into mouth
Term

 

 

 

 

Thrombophlebitis

Definition
  • venous inflamation of facial vein can cause it
  • in cavernous sinus (dural sinus)
  • central area of the face is referred to as a danger triangle
Term

 

 

 

Trigeminal Nerve

Definition
  • CN V
  • provide sensory inervation to face
  • CN V.1: opthalmic branch leaves skull through superior orbital fissue
  • CN V.2: maxillary branch leaves skull through round foramen
  • CN V.3: mandibular branch leaves skull through foramen ovale
Term

 

 

 

Superficial Branches of 

Facial Nerve

Definition
  • CN VII, exits right next to ear, usually through parotid gland
  • has temporal branches, zygomatic branches, buccal brances, mandibular branches, and cervical branches
  • all motor and innervate muscles of facial expression
  • not to be confused with auriculo temporal nerve(CN V.3)
Term

 

 

 

Bell's Palsy

Definition
  • facial paralysis of some of the muscles of facial expression on one side of face
  • results from a legion of the facial nerve, often deep to the parotid gland
  • may bight cheeks when chewing(buccinator) or their eyes may dry out (orbicularis oculi)
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerves I, and II

Definition
  • CN I Olfactory: has a bulb and is sense of smell(special sensory)
  • CN II: Optic: vision
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI

Definition
  • CN III oculomotor (somatic motor and vicsceral motor(ps))
  • CN IV Trochlear (somatic motor)
  • CN VI Abducent (somatic Motor)
  • move small muscles of the eye
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerves V

Definition
  • Trigeminal
  • CN V1, V2 is somatic sensory
  • CN V3 is somatic sensory and somatic motor (mastication)
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerves VII

Definition
  • Facial Nerve somatic motor, special sensory (ant 2/3 of taste), general sensory, visceral motor(ps)
  • nasal gland and lacrimal gland through V3
  • sulingual and submandibilar gland 
Term

 

 

 

 

Cranial Nerve VIII

Definition
  • vestibulocochlear does balance and hearing
  • special sense
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerve IX

Definition
  • Glossopharyngeal somatic motor, viscearal motor, visceral sensory(PS), special sensory (taste to post 1/3 tounge), general sensory (mouth, throat pharynx)
  • carotid sinus
  • parotid gland(salivary gland)
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerve X

Definition
  • Vagus nerve somatic motor, visceral motor (PS), visceral sensory, special sensory, general sensory
  • autonomics of thorax and abdomin
  • right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves
  • superior laryngeal nerves
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerve XI

 

Definition
  • accessory nerve somatic motor
  • innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Term

 

 

 

cranial Nerve XII

Definition
  • hypoglassal 
  • somatic motor
  • intrinsic tongue muscles
Term

 

 

 

Layers of the Skull

Definition
  • outer table
  • diploe (bone with alot of hollow stuff)
  • inner table
  • insulates and prevents heat loss
Term

 

 

 

Dural Folds

Definition
  • Falx cerebri
  • tentorium (divides cerebellum from cerebrium)
  • falx cerebelli
Term

 

 

 

Brain Sinuses

Definition
  • superior and inferior sagittal sinus
  • straight sinus (inferior to confulens)
  • transverse to sigmoid sinus
  • occipital sinus
  • cavernous sinus
Term

 

 

 

Extrinsic Eye Muscles

Definition
  • four rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial, lateral)(these elevate/depress and rotate and abduct/adduct)
  • two oblique muscles (superior and inferior)
  • inferior elevates abducts and rotates laterally
  • superior depresses, abducts and rotates medially
Term

 

 

 

Auditory Tube

Definition
  • eustachius
  • connects the middle ear to the throat (naso-pharynx)
  • normally closed in adults unless you are clearing pressure when swallowing
  • colds can effect the opening 
Term

 

 

 

External (outer) Ear

Definition
  • composed of skin folds underlain by elastic cartilage
  • top part the helix, and the bottom part the lobule(no elastic cartilage)
  • tragus is little indent over the opening of the ear
  • concha is little ridge that goes into acoustic meatus
  • sound transmitted through malleus (hammer) after vibrating tympanic membrane (in by auriculotemporal nerve(V.3)
Term

 

 

 

Middle Ear

Definition
  • air filled cavity that contains three small bones (ossicles) that form a chain
  • connect tympanic membrane to oval window
  • other structures not involved in hearing are also in middle ear
Term

 

 

 

Ossicles

Definition
  • malleus connected to tympanic membrane (hammer)
  • tensor tympani attached to malleus too(muscle)
  • incus connected to malleus(syn joint) (anvil)
  • has crus breve and crus longum 
  • stapes connected to incus(stirrup)(crus longum
  • stapes attaches to inner ear at vestibular or oval window
Term

 

 

 

Tegmen Tympani

Definition
  • thin part of bone 
  • in middle ear
  • roof of middle ear cavity and brain is right above it 
  • anvil and stirrup real close
  • people who crack skull this can break leaking blood and cerebral spinal fluid
Term

 

 

 

Muscles of the Middle Ear

Definition
  • Tensor Tympani (V.3)
  • Stapedius (VII) 
  • dampen strong vibrations (safety mechanisms
  • paralysis of these muscles leads to hypersensitivity of the ear(loud sounds will hurt)
  • Bells Palsy can effect (Facial Nerve VII)
Term

 

 

 

Middle Ear Infection

Definition
  • Otitis Media
  • more common in children because the position of auditory tube is more horizontal
  • impairs easy drainage of infectious material
Term

 

 

 

Path of CN IX

(Glossopharyngeal Nerve)

Definition
  • leaves skull through juglar foramen
  • small branch re-entrers skull:tympanic nerve that is sensory to middle ear and forms plexus on medial wall of middle ear(tympanic plexus)
  • typanic plexus forms lesser petrosal nerve, which leaves the middle ear anteriorly (PS)
Term

 

 

 

Cranial Nerve VIII

 

Definition
  • (Vestibulo-cochlear Nerve)
  • special sense of hearing and ballance in inner ear
  • enters internal auditory meatus and passes to its target orgains: cochlea(hearing), smicircular canals, tricle and saccule
Term

 

 

 

Mastoid Antrum

Definition
  • small air filled space behind the middle ear (connection mastoid addicus)
  • wall of mastoid antrum full of little air pockets called air cells 
  • mastoiditis is the infection of the mastoid antrum and air cells causing the spaces to become fluid filled 
  • could even swell external parts of ear and push on brain (epiderual abscess
Term

 

 

 

Layers of the Scalp

Definition
  • skin, subcutaneous fascia, epicranial aponeurosis, pericranium
Term

 

 

 

Emissary Veins

Definition
  • connects veins on inside of cranial cavity to those of loose areolar tissues
  • non valves so blood can flow into and out of skull
  • venous sinuses locted in folds of dura mater
Term

 

 

 

Paranasal Sinuses

Definition
  • frontal sinus
  • sphenoid sinus
  • maxillary sinus
  • ethmoid aircells
Term

 

 

 

Parotid Gland

Definition
  • large salivary gland
  • located anterior to the ear(resembles a miniear)
  • innervated by parasympathetic CN IX
Term

 

 

 

Lacrimal Apparatus

Definition
  • superior and inferior lacrimal punctum
  • these flow into lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal duct
Term

 

 

 

Foramen Lacerum

Definition
  • hole in skull
  • filled with cartilage in adults
  • carotid artery lies on top of this
  • some nerves graze through it
Term

 

 

 

Muscles inside Posterior Triangle

Definition
  • top to bottom
  • spenius capitus
  • levator scapuli
  • anterior, middle and posterior scalenes
  • posterior head of omohyoid muscle
Term

 

 

 

Contents of Posterior Triangle

(superficial) 

(above fascia)

Definition
  • external jugular vein and rt. subclavian vein.
  • accessory Nerve (CN XI)
  • greater auricular
  • lesser occipital
  • supraclavicular
  • transverse cervical
Term

 

 

 

Digastric Muscle

Definition
  • anterior and posterior heads
  • connected in middle by a fibrous sling to hyoid bone
  • each head innervated seperatly 
Term

 

 

 

Submandibular (digastric) Triangle

Definition
  • subtriange of the anterior triangle
  • formed by the two heads of the digastric muscle and the mandible 
Term

 

 

 

Hyoid Bone

Definition
  • only bone in body that does not articulate with another bone
  • held in a muscular sling in neck
  • it can move sup/inf or ant/posterior 
Term

 

 

 

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle

Definition

o: sternum and medial end of the clavicle

I: mastoid process of skull

A:turns head and lifts chin toward oposite side

lifts chin and flexes neck so that chin is thrust forward

IN: Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Term

 

 

 

Sternohyoid

Definition

o: sternum

i: hyoid bone

a:depresses hyoid

IN: branches of cervical spinal nerves

most medial of hyoid strap muscles(infrahyoid muscles)

Term

 

 

 

Mylohyoid

Definition

O: mylohyoid lineof medial (inner) surface of mandible 

I: mylohyoid raphe where right and left insert into each other and this goes from mandible to hyoid

A: elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth

IN: mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

Term

 

 

 

Deep Infrahyoid muscles and

cricoid/thyroid muscles

Definition
  • thyrohyoid(from thyroid to hyoid)
  • sternothyroid(sternum to thyroid cartilage)
  • cricothyroid (cricoid to thyroid cartilage)
Term

 

 

 

Suprahyoid muscles

Definition
  • digastric
  • stylohyoid (styloid process of skull to hyiod bone
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid (knee/chin to hyoid bone0
Term

 

 

 

Infrahyoid Muscles

Definition
  • omohyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • thyrohyoid
  • sternothyroid
Term

 

 

 

Contents of Submandibular Triange

 

Definition
  • submandibular gland
  • lymph nodes
  • CN XII
  • Facial Artery and vein
  • Lingual Nerve and submandibular ganglion
Term

 

 

 

Thyroid Gland

Definition
  • endocrine gland
  • found in neck along the cartilage rings
  • superior and inferior thyroid artery
  • autonomic supply (PS from CN X) and (S from superior cervical ganglion
Term

 

 

 

Carotid Triangle Conents

Definition
  • inertnal juglar and common facial vein
  • great auricular n, XI, Ansa Cervicalis, facial
  • lymph nodes
  • parotid gland and submandibular gland
  • common carotid a -> external and interal carotid
  • superior thyroid a
  • com facial/lingal a
Term

 

 

 

Carotid Sinus

Definition
  • widening of the common carotid before the bifercation
  • monitors blood presure (CN IX)
  • carotid body that sits on top that monitors blood chemistry (CN IX and X)
Term

 

 

 

Omohyoid muscle

Definition
O: superior margin of scapula
I: hyoid bone
superior and inferior bellies joined to each other by an intermediate tendon.
intermediate tendon passes thru a fascia sling
A: depresses hyoid bone
In: branches of cervical spinal nerves
Term

 

 

 

Submental Triangle

Definition
  • between two anterior bellies of the digastric muscle
Term

 

 

 

Ansa Cervicalis

Definition
  • in carotid triangle and part of cervical plexus
  • looks like a ducks foot
  • made up with C1, C2, C3 and part of CN XII
Term

 

 

 

Head Parasympathetic (Anabolic)

Definition
  • vegatative functions (digestion up)
  • synapse btw pre and post ganglion far from CNS
  • 4 ganglia for head
  • CN III, VII, IX, X
  • Sacral Nerve S2-4
Term

 

 

 

Head Sympathetic(Katabolic)

Definition
  • Fight or Flight (heart rate up)
  • synapse close to CNS (1 ganglion for head)
  • superior cervical ganglion
  • spinal nerves T1-L3
Term

 

 

 

CN III Parasympathetics 

Definition
  • traval with the long and short ciliary nerves(general sense to eyeball)
  • these are branches of nasociliary nerve (V.1)
  • these parasympathetics synapse in Ciliary ganglion
  • sympathetic get here by way of ophthalmic artery off internal carotid
Term

 

 

 

Ciliary muscle contraction

Definition
  • when contracts, puts tension on the ciliary body, decreasing its diameter
  • this causes the zonular fibers to relax. putting less tension on lens
  • lens assumes a convex shape, causeing eye to focus on closer objects
  • when lens is flattened focuses on distant objects (when ciliary muscles are relaxed)
Term

 

 

 

Horner's Syndrome

Definition
  • disruption of sympathetic trunk
  • causes pupil to be constricted and palpebral fissure to be narrow(space between eyelids)
  • skin is red
  • effects smooth muscles buried in levator palpebrae superious 
Term

 

 

 

CN VII Parasympathetics

Definition
  • leaves cranial cavity through the internal acoustic meatus
  • gives off greater petrosal nerve that passes through the geniculate ganglion in the petromastoid bone
  • this leaves inner ear and carries taste from palate and parasymp. inn lacrimal gland, nasal and palatine gland(synapsing in the pterygopalatine ganglion)
  • means that if tumor in ear eye can dry out
  • also continues to middle ear and parasympathetically inn submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (also carries taste) (chorda tympani)
Term

 

 

 

Greater Petrosal Nerve

Definition
  • PS, CN VIII 
  • enters the middle cranial fossa through a foramen just anterior to petrous crest
  • crosses into foramen lacerum and enters a tiny canal called the pterygoid canal(nerve of pterygoid canal)
  • symp traval along internal carotid (deep petrosal nerve) and join petrosal nerve
  • synapses at pterygopalatine ganglion and innervates nasal lacrimal and palatine glands
Term

 

 

 

Parasympathetics CN IX

Definition
  • leaves skull thru jugular foramen and small branch re-enters skull(tympanic nerve: sensory to middleear
  • this forms plexus on medial wall of middle ear
  • tympanic plexus forms the lesser petrosal nerve that leaves ear anteriorly
  • sympathetic branches join from internal carotid artery
Term

 

 

 

CN X Parasympathetics

Definition
  • vagus nerve has minor parasympathetic branches in head and neck
  • smooth muscle in esophagus and trachea
Term

 

 

 

Lesser Petrosal Nerve 

Definition
  • CN IX
  • froms from fibers of tympanic plexus and is joined by caroticotympanic nerve (SY)
  • together they innervate the parotid gland
Term

 

 

 

Chorda Tympani

Definition
  • Leaves the middle ear
  • receives sympathetic branches 
  • passes to sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
Term

 

 

 

Lymph Drainage of the anterior

Head and Neck

Definition
  • lymph from anterior head and neck transported to inferior deep cervical nodes
  • from here enters jugular lymphatic trunk
  • on left side this trunk empties into the thoracic duct
  • on right side it empties in the right lymphatic duct 
Term

 

 

 

Lymph Drainage of Posterior 

Head and Neck

Definition
  • collected in the posterior part of tranverse cervical lymph nodes
  • passed to the transverse cervical lymph trunk
  • on left side this trunk drains into the thoracic duct
  • on right side this trunk drains into right lymphatic duct
Term

 

 

 

Lymphatic Drainage of tounge

Definition
  • tip of tounge drains to submental nodes
  • sides of tounge drain to submandibular nodes
  • middle of tounge drain to inferior deep cervical nodes
  • back of tounge drain to superior deep cervical nodes
  • eventually all of them drain to inferior cervical nodes
Term

 

 

 

CN V and Autonomics

Definition
  • does not actually carry autonomics
  • some autonomics from other nerves follow the path of CN V though
Term

 

 

 

Temporal Fossa

Definition
  • superior it is bounded by the two temporal lines(outer and inner)
  • anteriorly and latterally bounded by the frontal bone and zygomatic bones and arches
  • temporalis muscle fills most of the temporal fossa
Term

 

 

 

Infratemporal Fossa Boundaries

Definition
  • lat/med the ramus of mandible and lat pterygoid plate
  • ant/post the maxilla and tympanic plate/mastoid and styloid process
  • sup/inf: inf surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone and attachment of medial pterygoid muscle
  • basically everything below zyg arch
Term

 

 

 

Contents of Infratemporal fossa

Definition
  • maxillary artery and branches
  • auriculartemporal nerve, buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve (all branches of V.3)
  • chorda tympani nerve 
  • otic ganglion ( synapse for lesser petrosal n from CN IX)-parotid gland
  • medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
  • middle meningeal artery
Term

 

 

 

Inferiod Alveolar Nerve

Definition
  • branch of V3
  • enters mandibular foramen and supplies general sensation to teeth, lower lip, and chin
Term

 

 

 

Auriculotemporal Nerve

Definition
  • branch of V3
  • general sensation for auricle and temporal regions, TMJ,
  • carries post ganglionic parasympathetic to parotid gland via CN IX
Term

 

 

 

Lingual Nerve

 

Definition
  • branch of V.3
  • general sense to anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth and gingivae
Term

 

 

 

Buccal Nerve

Definition
  • branch of V3
  • general sensation to skin and oral mucosa of cheeck and gengivae
  • appears to be most anterior, lateral
  • most difficult to find
Term

 

 

 

Chorda Tympani Nerve

Definition
  • branch of CN VII
  • enters infratemporal fossa through petrotympanic fissue
  • joins lingual nerve in infratemporal fossa
  • carries special sense of taste to to anterior 2/3 of tongue (genicula ganglion)
  • carries parasymp to submandibular and sublingual glands in oral cavity
Term

 

 

 

Inferior Alveolar(& Lingual)

Nerve Block

Definition
  • anesthetizes inferior alveolar and lingual nerves
  • inferior alveolar: mandibular teeth on that side, supporting bone and periodontium, mental nerve areas (trying to hit mandibular foramen)
  • lingual nerve: anterior 2/3 of tongue, floor of mouth, lingual gingivae
Term

 

 

 

Maxillary Artery

Definition
  • large, terminal branch of external carotid artery
  • found in infratemporal fossa
  • 3 parts based on relation to lateral pterygoid 
Term

 

 

 

Part 1 of the Maxillary Artery

branches

Definition
  • in front of lateral pterygoid
  • inferior alveolar artery branch: enters mandibular canal via mandibular foramen
  • Middle meningeal artery branch: enters via foramen spinosum
Term

 

 

 

Part 2 Maxillary Artery Branches

Definition
  • inside lateral pterygoid muscle
  • deep temoral artery: ascends into temporal fossa
  • buccal artery:runs anterior and inferior to buccal region 
Term

 

 

 

Part 3 Maxillary Artery

Branches

Definition
  • deep to lateral pterygoid muscle
  • posterior superior alveolar artery: descends on maxilla in infratemporal fossa (back maxila teeth)
  • infraorbital: passes through inferior orbital fissure to orbit and from infraorbital canal and foramen to face
  • sphenopalatine artery: passes through pterygomaxillary fissure and sphenopalatine foramen to nasal cavity(terminal branch of maxillary)
Term

 

 

 

Temporalis Muscle

Definition

o: temporal line

I:coronoid process of mandible

A: closes or adducts jaw

IN: Deep Temporal Nerves (Branch of V.3)

Term

 

 

 

Masseter Muscle

Definition
O:zygomatic arch
I: angle of the mandible
A: closes or adducts the jaw
IN: mandibular division of trigeminal
Term

 

 

 

Medial Pterygoid

Definition
  • medial side of the lateral pterygoid plate and tuberosity of maxilla to the angle of mandible medial side
  • V.3 inervation
  • closes or adducts jaw
Term

 

 

 

Lateral Pterygoid Plate

Definition
  • from lateral side of lateral pterygoid plate and greating wing of sphenoid to the neck of mandible and articular disk
  • protrudes, opens jaw and guides condylar movments
  • V.3
Term

 

 

 

Muscles of Mastication

Definition
  • medial and lateral pterygoid
  • masseter
  • temporalis
Term

 

 

 

Sphenomandibular Ligament

Definition
  • remnant of meckels cartilage
  • from spine of sphenoid to lingula of the mandibular foramen
  • primary function may be to protect nerves and vessels running with it (inf alveolar)
Term

 

 

 

Stylomandibular ligament

Definition
  • thickened band of fascia running between the styloid process and the angle of the mandible
  • may help limit excessive protrusion of the mandible
Term

 

 

 

Muscles that Elevate(close)

Mouth

Definition
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
Term

 

 

 

Muscles that Depress (open)

mouth

Definition
  • lateral pterygoid
  • suprahyoid
  • infrahyoid muscles
Term

 

 

 

Muscles that Protrude Chin

Definition
  • masseter
  • lateral and medial pterygoid
Term

 

 

 

Retrusion of the Chin

Definition
  • temporalis
  • masseter
Term

 

 

 

Side to Side movements of mouth

Definition
  • temporalis of opposite side
  • pterygoids of same 
  • masseter
Term

 

 

 

Temporomandibular Joint

Definition
  • TMD umbrella term for multiple disorders involving TMJ
  • degenerative changes (TMJ arthritis)
  • damge to disk or articular surfaces
  • trauma, developmental defects, rheumatoid arthritis
  • myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD): unbalanced muscle mechanics, oral habits (grinding teeth(bruxism))
Term

 

 

 

Mastication

Definition
  • consecutive chewing cycles or repeated rhythmic patterns of jaw movement and loading in which foods are broken down btw the molar and premolar teeth
  • reduce foods to suitabel size for swallowing
  • increase the exposed surface are of a food so that digestive enzymes penetrate more easily
  • chewing stroke is single movement circuit of mandible 
  • power stroke tooth food tooth contact
Term

 

 

 

Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Definition
  • meets with the other constrictors at a midline raphe
  • attachs on other end to pterygomandibular raphe
  • paired with the buccinator muscle
Term

 

 

 

Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor

Definition
  • meets with the other constrictors at a midline raphe
  • attaches on other end to the hyoid
  • paired with hyoglossus (stylohyoid ligament)
Term

 

 

 

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor

Definition
  • meets with the other constrictors at a midline raphe
  • attaches at the other end to the cricoid/thyroid cartilage 
Term

 

 

 

Valleculae

Definition
  • at the base of the tongue in front of the opening to the larynx
  • place where food or liquid can sit prior to being swallowed
  • one on each side?
Term

 

 

 

Piriform Recesses/sinuses

Definition
  • structures on side formed between wall of pharynx and opening to layrnx
  • place for food to pass by the layrnx? 
Term

 

 

 

3 Muscles that Originate from

the styloid process

Definition
  • stylohyoid
  • styloglossus
  • stylopharyngeous
Term

 

 

 

Cricopharyngeus

Definition
  • muscle at the top of the esophagus
  • sometimes refered to as esophageal sphincter
  • controls flow of food out of pharynx into esophagus
  • change over from striated skeletal muscle to smooth muscle
Term

 

 

 

Three longitudanal strap muscles of

pharynx

Definition
  • palatopharyngeus
  • salpingopharyngeus
  • stylopharyngeus
Term

 

 

 

Blood Supply of the Pharynx

Definition
  • superior thyroid artery
  • inferior thyroid artery
  • ascending pharyngeal a
  • these then branch (superior and inferior pharyngeals)
Term

 

 

 

Blood supply of the palate

Definition
  • descending palatine artery(maxillary artery) splits into greater and lesser palatine artery
  • also ascending palatine artery (facial artery) and tonsilar artery (lingual artery)
Term

 

 

 

Muscles of the Palate

Definition
  • levator veli palatini (IX) (lifts up palate)
  • tensor veli palatini (v.3)
  • uvalae(IX) (hangs down in front of through
  • palatopharyngeus (IX) (back palatal arch)
  • palatoglossus (IX) (front palatal arch)
  • btw the two arches is the tonsil 
Term

 

 

 

Waldeyer's Ring

Definition
  • pharyngeal tonsil
  • tubal tonsil
  • palatine tonsil
  • lingual tonsil
  • lateral band of tonsil
Term

 

 

 

External Nose

parts

Definition
  • tip is the apex(mobile)
  • attaches to the forehead via the root
  • top of nose is the dorsum
  • dorsum is the top of the nose
  • each nostril is bounded laterally by the ala (wing) and medially by the nasal septum
Term

 

 

 

External Nose

Skeleton

Definition

bony skeleton

  • nasal bones(root of nose)
  • frontal process of maxilla

Cartilaginous skeleton(mobile parts)

  • lateral nasal cartilages
  • alar and lesser alar cartilages
  • septal cartilages(ant portion of nasal septum
Term

 

 

 

Choanae

Definition
  • posterior nasal apertures
  • opening that goes down into the pharynx
Term

 

 

 

Roof of the nasal Cavity

Definition
  • frontonasal-anterior
  • ethmoidal-middle(CN I)
  • sphenoidal-posterior
Term

 

 

 

Floor of the Nasal Cavity

Definition
  • maxilla(palatine process) anterior 2/3
  • palatine(horizontal process (posterior 1/3
Term

 

 

 

Nasal Septum Composition

Definition
  • bony elemetns include the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (superior) and the vomer bone (posterior and inferior)
  • cartilaginous element is the septal cartilage that is anterior and mobile
Term

 

 

 

Contents of the Inferior meatus

Definition
  • below the inferior conchae
  • nasolacrimal duct
Term

 

 

 

Contents of the Middle Meatus

Definition
  •  ethmoidal infundibulum communicates with frontal sinus via frontonasal duct
  • infundibulum also communicates with anterior ethmoidal cells
  • semilunar hiatus comminicates maxillary sinus via maxillary ostium 
  • ethmoidal bulla above semilunar hiatus is elvation formed by middle ethmoid cells that communicate thru opening near bulla
Term

 

 

 

Superior Meatus

Definition
  • posterior ethmoidal air cells cells
Term

 

 

 

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Definition
  • about the superior conchae
  • opening to sphenoid sinus 
Term

 

 

 

Vaculature of the Nose

Definition
  • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery (opthalmic artery)
  • sphenopalatine artery (maxillary a)
  • greater palatine artery (maxillary a)
  • septal branch of superior labial artery (facial a)
  • kiesselbach's area is the anastomoses of these arteries on nasal septum (near front of nose)
Term

 

 

 

Rhinitis

Definition
  • nasal mucosa becomes swallen and inflamed during severe upper respitory infections and allergic rx
  • swelling happens readily because of its vascularity 
  • infections of nasal cavity may spread to: anterior cranial fossa, nasopharynx and retropharyngeal soft tissue, middle ear(auditory tube) paranasal sinuses, and lacrimal apparatus
Term

 

 

 

Epistaxis

Definition
  • nose bleed is relatively common because of rich blood supply
  • most bleeding from anterior third of nose(kiesselbach area)
  • also associated w/ infections and hypertension
  • spurting of blood results from rupture of arteries
  • mild epistaxis may also result from nose picking which tears veins of vesitbule
Term

 

 

 

Opthalmic Nerve (V1) innervation of 

Nasal septum

Definition
  • anterosuperior portion of nasal cavity
  • gives off anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
Term

 

 

 

Maxillary Nerve (V2) innervation

for nasal septum

Definition
  • posteroinferior part of nasal cavity
  • nasopalatine nerve
Term

 

 

 

Opthalmic Nerve intervation of

Lateral Nasal Wall 

 

 

 

Definition
  • anterosuperior portion of nasal cavity
  • internal nasal branches from anterior ethmoid nerve
Term

 

 

 

Maxillary Innervation of 

Lateral Nasal Wall

Definition
  • posteroinferior part of nasal cavity
  • lateral nasal branches from greater palatine nerve
Term

 

 

 

Passage out of Pterygopalatine Fossa

Definition
  • lateral pterygomaxillary fissure 
  • posterior wall is foramen rotundum and pterygoid canal
  • medial wall is pshenopalatine foramen
  • roof is inferior orbital fissure
  • floor is greater and lesser palatine canals
Term

 

 

 

Frontal Sinus

Definition
  • bone:frontal bone
  • outflow: frontonasal duct to middle meatus
  • innervated by branches of V1 (supraorbital nerves)
  • variable left to right (not always symmetrical)
Term

 

 

 

Sphenoid sinuses (2)

Definition
  • bone: sphenoid bone
  • outflow: sphenoethmoidal recess
  • innervated by branches of V1 (posterior ethmoidal n)
Term

 

 

 

Ethmoidal Sinuses

Definition
  • bone: lateral part of ethmoid bone
  • outflow: anterior- middle meatus via infundibulum, middle- middle meatus near bulla, posterior - superior meatus
  • innvervated by branches of V1 (nasociliary n)
Term

 

 

 

Maxillary Sinuses (2)

 

Definition
  • bone: maxilla
  • outflow: middle meatus via maxillary ostium (in semilnar canal)
  • innervated by branches of V2 (superior alveolar nerves)
Term

 

 

 

Sinusitis

Definition
  • infections may spread from nasal cavity to the sinuses producing inflammation and swelling of the mucosa and local pain
  • sometives several sinuses are inflammed (pansinusitis)
  • swelling of mucosa may block one or more openings of the sinuses into the nasal cavity
Term

 

 

 

Infection of the maxillary Sinuses

Definition
  • most commonly infected because ostia are small and located high on their superomedial walls
  • because of this position when head is erect, it is impossible to drain the snuses until they are full
  • causings rolling back and forth at night to drain one then the other
  • can be drained by passing a cannula into it
Term

 

 

 

Infection of the Ethmoidal Cells

Definition
  • if nasal drainage is blocked, ethmoidal infection may break through fragile medial wall of orbit
  • severe infections may cause blindness because some posterior ethmoidal cells lie close to optic canal containing optic neve and opthalmic artery (internal carotid)
  • infection can also spread to nerve sheath causeing optic neuritis
Term

 

 

 

Epithelium of oral cavity

Definition
  • lips, soft palate, cheeks, floor of mouth, and most other surfaces covered with stratified squamos non-k epithelium
  • gingiva, hard palate are parakeratinized(surface cells nucleated but filled with keratin-provides extra protection against abrasion for bony surfaces
Term

 

 

 

Vestibule of Mouth

Definition
  • slit like space btw teeth and the gums and lips
  • other part of mouth is oral cavity proper
Term

 

 

 

Lip Microanatomy

Definition
  • exterior is SSqK epi with hair, sweat glands and subacous glands
  • Vermillion border is thin skin with capilary tufts close to surface giving red color to lips(contains no hair or glands)
  • interior is SSqNK epithelium
Term

 

 

 

Deciduos Teeth

Definition
  • baby teeth
  • first set of teeth to erupt from 6 months - 2years
  • 20 teeth total
  • each quadrant has 2 incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars
Term

 

 

 

Permanent Teeth

Definition
  • second set of teeth to erupt from 6-21 years
  • typically 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars I2-C1-P2-M3
Term

 

 

 

Types of Teeth

Definition
  • incisors: anterior, wedge shaped that propagate cracks
  • canines are good at puncturing
  • premolars: bicuspid, crush and grind food
  • molars: posterior and multiple cusps that crush and grind food
Term

 

 

 

Parts of the Tooth

Definition
  • crown is the portion of tooth projecting above the gingivae
  • root is the portion fixed in the tooth socket(alveolar process) by the periodontium(periodontal ligament)
  • neck between crown and root
  • pulp cavity contains nerves and vessels inside the tooth
Term

 

 

 

 Dental Tissues

Definition
  • enamel is the hard outer tissue of crown
  • dentin forms most of tooth (yellowish)
  • cementum covers dentin on the root(perodontium ligaments attach)
  • mineralized with hydroxyapatite
Term

 

 

 

Teeth and Maxilary Sinus

Definition
  • maxillary molars are close to maxillary sinuses
  • improper extraction may lead to a root of the molar pierceing the sinus creating a communication
  • this can lead to infection and because maxilary sinus shares superior alveolar nerve(V2) the inflamation is often accompanied by toothache
Term

 

 

 

Ginvivitis

Definition
  • inflammation of the gingivae 
  • swell and redden as result
  • if untreated could spread to other supporting structures, including alveolar bone causing periodontitis (inflamation and destruction of the bone and periodontium)
  • dentoalveolar abscesses(collection of pus) may drain to the oral cavity and lips
Term

 

 

 

Ameloblasts

Definition
  • when tooth erupts they undergo apoptosis leaving enamel exposed to the exterior
  • why no new enamel is produced
  • enamel covers the crown of the tooth
Term

 

 

 

Sharpey's fibers

Definition
  • attach the periodontal ligament to both the cemuntum and the alveolar bone
  • this helps hold teeth in the bony sockets called alveoli
  • if it didnt exist orthodontists could not move teeth
Term

 

 

 

Scurvy

Definition
  • disease caused by vitamin C deficiency resulting in abnormal collagen formation
  • the peridontal ligament and sharpeys fibers are affected resulting in the loosening of teeth and bleeding from gums (scorbutic gums)
Term

 

 

 

Extrinsic tongue Muscles

Definition
  • Genioglossus: mental spine, depresses tongue (CNXII)
  • hyoglossus: hyoid bone, depress and retrude tongue (CN XII)
  • styloglossus: styloid process retrude and curls tongue (CNXII)
  • palatoglossus: soft palate, elevates tongue (CN X)(palatal arch)
Term

 

 

 

Intrinsic Muscles

Definition
  • attachment confined tongue
  • mainly change tongue shape
  • four muscles: superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical
Term

 

 

 

General Sensation of the Tongue

Definition
  • anterior 2/3 - lingual nerve (V3)
  • posterior 1/3 - glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and small part of Vagus(CN X)
Term

 

 

 

Special Sense of Tongue

Definition
  • anterior 2/3- chorda tympani (CN VII)
  • posterior 1/3 -glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and small part by vagus ( CN X) 
Term

 

 

 

Tongue Mucosa and Papillae

Definition
  • Ventral surface is SSqNK epithelium
  • dorsal surface is keratinized with papillae
  • mucosa strongly attached to underlying muscle by lamina propria
  • lymphoid and lingual tonsils on posterior 1/3
  • papilae  are other bumps and four types
Term

 

 

 

Foliate

Definition
  • tongue papillae
  • consist of two or more parallel ridges and furrows, "peg-like", on dorsolateral surface of tongue
  • contain taste buds
  • poorly developed in humans
Term

 

 

 

Filiform 

Definition
  • type of tongue papillae
  • elongate with conical shape "threadlike"
  • keratinized tip (rough feel on cats tongue)
  • numerous scattered on dorsal tongue
  • no taste buds
  • can be used to clean yourself (cats)
Term

 

 

 

Fungiform

Definition
  • type of papillae
  • mushroom shaped with narrow stalk and dialated upper portion
  • contain taste buds on apical and lateral surfaces
  • appear as red dots on dorsal surface interspersed among filiform papillae
Term

 

 

 

Circumvallate

Definition
  • 7-12 large circular papillae arranged in a V anterior to sulcus terminalis
  • taste buds?
  • van ebners gland located at base? 
Term

 

 

 

von Ebner's glands

Definition
  • serous gland
  • drain into deep moats surround these papillae
  • fluid washes taste buds (last bite) and secrete lipase to help prevent formation of hydrophobic layers on taste buds
Term

 

 

 

Taste Buds

Definition
  • onion shaped structures of about 50-100 cells that sit on basal lamina with apical projections(taste pores)
  • contain both taste cells and supporting secretory cells
  • 4 tastes: saltines(ion), sourness (ion), sweetness (receptor), and bitterness(receptor)
  • tastants dissolve in saliva and contanct taste cells depolarize cell that stimulates afferent nerves at base
Term

 

 

 

Palatine Tonsils

Definition
  • largest mass of lymphoid tissue in waldyers ring
  • sits in tonsillar fossa bounded anteriorly by palatoglossal arch and posteriorly by palatopharyngeal arch
  • has a discrete body with a capsule formed by a portion of pharyngobasilar fascia
  • rest primarly on superior constrictor
  • glosopharyngeal nerve can be found behind this
  • have crypts in there SSqNK epithelium (stain dark)
Term

 

 

 

Tonsilectomy

Definition
  • repeated infections(5/year) reason for removal
  • obstruction of the oropharynx and airway(kissing tonsils) is another reason
  • palatine tonsils
  • bleed can occur from exernal palatine vein
  • glossopharyngeal nerve that follows tonsilar artery is at risk as well as internal carotid
Term

 

 

 

Adenoiditis

Definition
  • inflammatio of the pharyngeal tonsils
  • can block nasopharynx impairing breathing
  • infection can spread to tubal tonsils, causing impairment of pharyngotympanic tubes
  • infection can also spread to middle ear caising a middle ear infection and temporary to permanent hearing loss
  • sometimes pharyngeal tonsils are removed with palatine tonsils
Term

 

 

 

Pharyngotympanic Tube

Definition
  • connects nasopharynx to middle ear
  • posterolateral 1/3 is bone and remained is cartilaginous
  • closely related to tensor veli palatine and levator veli palatini muscles
  • equalizes pressurve btw middle ear cavity and atmosphere
  • contraction of levator and tensor help to open auditory tube and equalize
  • blocking it results in lower pressure and retracting tympanic membrane and interfering with movt. effects hearing(tube shorter and more horizontal ages 1-3)
Term

 

 

 

Minor Salivary Glands

Definition
  • scattered throughout the oral cavity 
  • secretes 10% of saliva 
  • 70% of the mucous in saliva
Term

 

 

 

Parotid Salivary Gland (2)

Definition
  • largest of salivary glands
  • positioned laterally on face over ramus of mandible
  • parotid duct empties at second upper molar
  • almost exclusively serous cells
  • high in amylase(sweet taste) for breakdown of carbs
Term

 

 

 

Submandibular Salivary Gland(2)

Definition
  • wraps around body of mandible
  • submandibular duct runs anteriorly and ends next to lingual frenulum(tie down of tongue) at sublingual caruncle (where saliva exits)
  • conains both serous(90%) and mucous (10%) cells with serous demilunes(secrete lysozyme)
Term

 

 

 

Sublingual Salivary Gland(2)

Definition
  • smallest of salivary glands
  • lying in floor of mouth
  • saliva exists thru sublingual ducts 
  • mucous cells predominate with serous demilunes present
Term

 

 

 

Striated Ducts

Definition
  • part of salivary gland
  • striations in striated duct reflects infoldings of basal cell membrane that are lined by mitochondria
  • indicative of active transport
  • cells pump out Na+ and Cl- out of lumen of duct and pump in k+ and HCO3-
Term

 

 

 

Xerostomia

Definition
  • the inability to produce salive
  • usually drug induced or due to nerve injury during surgery
  • pain in salivary glands, difficulties eating, swallowing and speaking, fissuring of tongue and lips, dental caries and susceptibility to fungal infections
  • usually change in RX solves those cases
Term

 

 

 

Mumps

Definition
  • inflammation of parotid gland caused by a myxovirus
  • spread through the saliva by coughing
  • its symptoms include swelling of the parotid gland, fever, los of appetite, headache/earache
  • can spreaad to other organs causing orchiditis, pancreatitis, or encephalitis
  • immunization
Term

 

 

 

Hard Palate

Definition
  • anterior 2/3 of palate
  • formed by maxilla and palatine bones
  • lined with mucosa
  • mucous secreting palatine glands (VII)
  • incisive fossa, greater and leser palatine foramen transmit nerves and vessels
Term

 

 

 

Soft Palate

Definition
  • muscular posterior 1/3 of palate
  •  lacks a boy skeleton but has palatine aponeurosis that provides attachment for muscles
  • levator veli palatini and tensor v. p. attach above and palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus attach from below
  • uvula attaches at midline
  • during swalowing it tenses to close off the nasopharynx
  • tensor is V3 motor and the rest are CNX motor
  • sensory is V2
Term

 

 

 

Cleft Palate

Definition
  • congenital fissure btw left and right sides of palate(usually in midline)
  • one in 700 births
  • often associated with cleft lip
  • can be surgically repaired but may take multiple surguries
  • difficulty in suckling (increased risk of ear infections), cannot make vaccum
Term

 

 

 

 

Temporal Mandibular Joint

Definition
  • mandibular fossa and condyle of mandibule, as well as articular eminence
  • translation and rotation
  • covered in fibrocartilage instead of hyoid cartilage and has articular disk
  • a TMJ capsule and a TMJ ligament
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