Term
| What are the main cancer types? |
|
Definition
Carcinomas (epithelial tumors)
Leukemias/Lymphomas (hematological tumors)
Sarcomas (mesenchymal tumors) |
|
|
Term
| The process of cancer development |
|
Definition
| benign-> transformed cells(unlimited growth) -> tumour cells -> malignant |
|
|
Term
| Why recently incidence of cancer increased? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hallmarks of neoplastic diseases? |
|
Definition
ustaining proliferative signaling,
evading growth suppressors, resisting
cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What are the new hallmarks of cancer? |
|
Definition
reprogramming of energy
metabolism and evading immune destruction.
Tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited normal cells that contribute to the tumor microenvironment. |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of tumour development? |
|
Definition
Autonomous proliferation
Loss of contact inhibition
Inhibition of aging program
Intracellular cell death defense mechanisms
Immune attack defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal growth factor genes which become constitutively activated. |
|
|
Term
| What is tumour-supressor genes? |
|
Definition
| Inactivation of normal genes which control and suppress cell proliferation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control integrity and stability of genome; e.g. FA, ATM, XP, BRCA genes |
|
|
Term
| What is gatekeeper genes? |
|
Definition
| control cell cycle progression of cells; e. g. RB, p53, NF genes |
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|
Term
| What are genetic alterations in human cancers? |
|
Definition
Somatic mutations
Copy-number-variations
Aneuploidy
Chromosomal translocations
DNA methylation
Non-protein-coding RNAs
Viral gene sequences |
|
|
Term
| What are chemical causes of sporadic cancer? |
|
Definition
| Mutagenic molecules (genotoxins):cigarette smoke,nitrosamines, metals |
|
|
Term
| What are physical causes of sporadic cancer? |
|
Definition
Oxygen radicals from water hydrolysis
Irradiation(UV, X-rays) |
|
|
Term
| What are biological causes of sporadic cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are endogenous DNA damage agents? |
|
Definition
| reactive oxygen species (ROS), spontaneous chemical DNA decay, replication errors |
|
|
Term
| What are exogenous DNA damage agents? |
|
Definition
| many clastogenic compounds and irradiation |
|
|
Term
| How many mutations does cancer posses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of autosomal recessive genes in cancer contest? |
|
Definition
DNA stability/caretaker genes
Gene dosis of 50 % sufficient for normal function. |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of autosomal dominant (supressor) genes in cancer contest? |
|
Definition
Tumor suppressor genes
Inherited heterozygous gene defect, and mutation in remaining wildtype allele during life span. |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of autosomal dominant (oncogenes) genes in cancer contest? |
|
Definition
oncogenes, RTK pathways
Heterozygote single allele mutation sufficient for cancer development. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At least 2 hits of gene by mutation are necessary for cancer development |
|
|
Term
| How vascularization of tumour occurs? What for? |
|
Definition
secretion of growth factors
For: Improvement of energy supply
• Improvement of growth factor and oxygen supply
• Higher elimination rate of toxic metabolits |
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|
Term
| Describe hierarchical CSC evolution model |
|
Definition
| Only the cancer stem cell can accumulate additional genetic changes that can drive tumour progression and drug resistance. |
|
|
Term
| Describe stochastic/clonal CSC evolution model |
|
Definition
| Cellular phenotypes are not stable and can change as the tumour evolves. All tumour cells have the capacity to undergo self-renewing division; |
|
|
Term
| Describe niche CSC concept |
|
Definition
Model of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in solid tumors. CSCs are associated with the stromal components of the tumor, including fibroblasts and/or blood vessels, which make up the CSC ‘niche’. The niche cells secrete factors that support CSC self renewal. CSCs retain differentiation potential and may
express CSC-specific antigens. |
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Term
| How tumour effects immune cells? |
|
Definition
| The tumour microenvironment polarizes immune cells and macrophages towards a tumor-promoting phenotype. Changed macrophages can induce blood vessels growth |
|
|
Term
| What are cancer treatment options? |
|
Definition
Surgery
Irradiation
Chemotherapy
Endocrine therapy
Protein therapy
Nucleic acid therapy
Cell therapy |
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