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| 1050-1450; time during which Western Europe secured its borders against invaders and planted seeds of economic growth |
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| Why did monarchs, nobles, and the Church struggle for power? |
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monarchs ruled their own domain but still relied on vassals for military support; wanted to centralize power
nobles and the Church had as much power as the king; wanted to guard any effort by rulers to increase royal authority |
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| battle fought by William the Conqueror and Harold (King Edward's brother-in-law); William came out victorious and took the crown of England |
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also known as "Duke William of Normandy"
known for assuming crown of England and Doomsday Book |
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| census taken 1086 that took inventory of everything in the kingdom; helped build an efficient tax system |
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| when the jury makes a decision for a trial |
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| jury that determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial |
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"great charter"
document that affirmed a long list of feudal rights |
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| largest European royal house; began with Hugh Capet |
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| body that had representatives from all 3 estates (classes) - clergy, nobles, and townspeople |
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| law that was the same for all people |
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| treaty that gave the Church the sole power to elect and invest bishops, and gave the emperor the right to invest them with fiefs |
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| one of the greatest and most controversial medieval popes; admired and revered, but also extremely hated by enemies |
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| successor of Pope Gregory VII; embodied the triumph of the Church |
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- failed to achieve chief goal: conquest of Holy Land
- increased trade - reintroduced fabrics, spices, and perfumes from Middle East
- papal power increased
- power of feudal monarchs increased
- gave a wider world view - exploration |
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| "reconquest"; Spanish campaign to drive Muslims from Spain |
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| 2 monarchs of Spain; wanted to unify the nation; began Spanish Inquisition |
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| buildings and towns that reflected Roman influences |
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| style of buildings (usually churches) known for incredible heights, enormous windows, and high ceilings |
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- up early for morning prayers
- morning classes until 10 - first meal of the day
- afternoon classes until 5- light supper
- study hall until bed |
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| using reason to support Christian beliefs |
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| everyday languages of ordinary people |
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| theology scholar; wrote the Summa Theologica |
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| book by Thomas Aquinas; examined Christian teachings in light of reason |
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| written by Christine de Pizan; examined achievements of women |
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| great Spanish epic poem; involves conflict with Islam |
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| poem by famous Italian poet Dante Alighieri about hell, purgatory, and heaven |
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| by Geoggrey Chaucer; follows a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket's tomb |
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| global epidemic - the bubonic plague; spread by rats; spread from Asia to Europe; 1 in 3 people died |
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- series of conflicts between England and France
- over land disputes, economic rivalry, national pride
- 1337-1453
- France won; took back land taken by England |
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| 17 year old peasant woman; led French army against England; declared a saint |
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| emperor of Byzantine empire; known for determination to revive grandeur of ancient Rome, code of laws, and Hagia Sofia |
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| Justinian's wife; very involved with empire |
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| "Holy Wisdom"; magnificent church in Constantinope |
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| sole ruler with complete authority |
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| highest Church official; appointed by Byzantine emperor |
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| what became of the Eastern Roman Empire; known for magnificent churches, trade, and mixes of cultures |
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| large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage |
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| How did Europe become home to other ethnic groups? |
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- geographic features and climate prevent nomadic people from moving any farther; decides to just stay
invasions, conversions, and trade contributed to mix |
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| Russian word for Vikings; expert sailors and traders |
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| Mongol armies that invaded and ruled Russia |
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| title of ruler of Russian empire |
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| czar of Russia; driving force behind Moscow's rising power; brought most of northern Russia under his rule |
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| grandson of Ivan the Great; centralized royal power; became unstable and violent |
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