Parts of Neuron

(Hand)

Dendrites (fingers)- recieve info from other neurons & sensory receptors

Soma (palm) - life support system

Axon (Forearm, base of spint -> brain, longest axon 3 ft.): carries Neruon's message to other body cells

Mylein Sheath (Axon with MS move faster) - covers the axon of some neruons to insulate & help speed nerual impulses.

fatty insulation that cover some axons of neurons

; info: cover myelin-instant pain

not covered myelin- pain after covered

EX: bike incident; Hassett

Mutiple Scierosis (MS) : Myelin Shealth progressivly deteriorates

Acetylcholine

(ACH)

affects muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory

low lvl of ACH = Alzheimer's disease

Dopamine

(DA)

Affects movement, attention, memory, learning & emotions

info: Neruon that is associated addiction: pleasureful reward

High lvl of DA = Schizophrenia

Low lvl of DA = Parkinson's disease

ADD

Norepinephrine (NE)

or Noradrenaline

affects learning, memory, dreamining, emotion, waking from sleep, eatting, alterness, wakefulness, reactions to stress

Low lvl of NE: Depression

High lvl of NE: Bi-polar Disorder

Neurotransmitters: Endorphins

Produce effects similar to opilates

Epinephrine or Adrenaline: affects emotional arousal, memory storage, and metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release

Serotonin

affects mood, sleep, appetite

relates to depression, bipolar disorder, mania

EEG

Measure & records brain wave activity

- how we sleep

-brain waves

CT Scan

takes x-rays from different angles & combined into composite

-strucutral info.

-images

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

(glucose (Brain Nutrient) For Energy) - normally injected (or inhale) with radioactive form of glucose, detetors pick up where glucose has gone, showing which areas are active. (red, yellow = active, blue, green = not active)

-activity

-check for brain damage

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Magnetic fields

-powerful magnetics

-magnetic fields passed through brain 3-dimensional picture of brain

-provides structual info. (MORE detailed)

Brain Stem

lower end contiuation of spinal cord & higher end deep w/in brain

(hindbrain) Medulla

• damage is rapidly fatal
• deals w/ breathing, heartbeat, other vital life  functions

(hindbrain) Reticular Formation

• regulation of sleep
• arousal system
  EX: talking to someone, someone says your name, your attention is on who said your name

(hindbrain) Pons

(latin for bridge)

• forms conections bet. medulla & high brain areas
  EX: if you are hungry, you look for food. if not, then no food
• Forms connects w/ cerebellum

(hindbrain) Cerebellum

• Voluntary Movement
• Balance
• ears, eyes deal w/ cerebellum
• perception
• cognition

(Limbic System) Amygdala

learning & express: of fear & ability to recog. fear in faces of others, aggression, rage

-Autism-abnormal amygdala socially inapporiate behavior

Frontal Lobes

(recieve & coordinate messages from other lobes, as well as being responsible for motor contorl, speech, production, & higher functions) emotion, memory, personality

-schizophrena=abnormal frontal lobes

Temporal lobe

(hearin, lang. comprehension, memory & some emotional control)

-deals with schiz.

Parietal lobe

receives info. about pressure .....

Labeling inv. w/ Psychological disorders (disadvantages)

1. discrimination
2. "crutch" (don't expect too much)
3. self-fulfilling prophecy (tell someone they have it, they show it)
4. Misdiagnosis
5. affects how we peceive them

Labeling indiv. w/ phsych. disorders (advantages)

1. empathy for others
2. protect others from harm
3. can lead to treatment & seeking it out

(anxiety disorder) Obessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD)

Obessions- persitent, unwanted thoughts

Compulsions- irresitble uges to repeat an act or ritual

Common: hand washing, checking

EX: case studies: woman washing hands (stephaine) - wanted therapy, watched self

also boy fixing stairs

To rid: shaping slowly

SEVERLY EFFECT SOCIAL LIFE

not: hassett with roommate=stove

(anxiety disorder) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

or Shell-Shock

(war, accident, natural disastesr, rape)

-severe anxiety associated w/ feelings of help lessenss & horror during traumatic event

• relieve (flashbacks, nightmares)
• emotional numbing
• social withdrawl
• insomnia
  
  causes: learning-harmful way of coping (classical &operant, observational)
  biological perspective: evolutionary predisposition to fear dangerous objects/sit, genetic, overarousal of brain areas assoc. w/ impulsve control

Famous Study: Rosenhan's Study

problems w/labeling

-labeled schizophrenia

-hospital staff saw what they expected to see

= paces = he has anxiety

= wrote in book = paranoid

. changes conceptions, stereotypes, misjudge

(anxiety disorder) 1) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) aka "Free Floating Anxiety"

chronic, excessive worry that lasts at least 6 months & not focused on particular object ('free floating')

-several diff. things

PHYSICAL SIGNS: (may come & go) ,muscle tension, headaches, heart palpitations, EX: fight or flight response, dizziness, insomnia

Phobias

1. intense, irrational fear & avoidance of specific object or situation
   
   1. Agoraphobia
2. Simple-specific object/situation
   EX: heights, closed places, snakes, spiders, etc
3. Social- intense fear of being scrutnized (neg. evaluated) by others
   public speaking
   eatting i pusblic
   avoid parties

(mood disorders) Bipolar Disorder

alternating episodes of mania & depression

SYMPTOMS OF MANIA: overly excited, extremely active, distractible, silly, argumentative, inflated self-esteem & importance, poor judgement, don't sleep much, speak very rapidly

Depressed: happy at one point, then slowly go down; sleep a lot

Sucide Signs: 1) talk jokingly about it? NO
they don't really speak of it
2) Ask if suicidal, they think of sucide now NO
Already have a thought of it

3) socially withdrawl

4) giving away belongings

What can you do? sucide prevention

911

walk to therapist

CAUSES: bio factors- left frontal lobe is inactive during depression; inbalance of serotonin, norepinephrine, (dopamine), inhert

env/psych factors- neg. self-talk & belief system

neg. mood-> recall of neg memories

bad events -> bad mood

(mood disorder) Depression

major depression disorder (unipolar depression)

-long lasting depressed mood (2+ weeks ina row) that inteferes w/ ability to unction, to feel pleasure & maintain interest in life; usually w/out apparent trigger

SYMPTOMS: appetite & weight changes (loss or gain)

insomnia or hyper insomnia

social w/ withdrawl, low lvl motivation & productivity

Fatigue, difficulty concentration, losing interest in things once liked, hopeless, worthless, pestimistic, suicidal thinking

AT LEAST 5 of the SYMPTOMS

(mood disorder) Schizophrenia

(psychosis-out of touch w/ reality)
late teens, mid 30's

SYMPTOMS: 1) perceptual (hallucinations) - sensory perceptions w/out external stimulus

TYPE of hallucination: auditory (most common)

visual

tactile (feeling)

somatic (body)

olfactory (smell)

gustatory (taste)

2) language disturbances- jumping from topic to topic

jumbling words & phrases

3) thought disturbances (delusions): false belief

TYPE of delusion: a) control- feelings, thoughts & actions are being controlled by others/things (imagination, mental, telepathy)

b) grandur-someone important (EX: women who drowned her children -> anti-christ 666)

*c) reference- unrelated events have special meaning

EX: shannon's mother's neighbor

4) emotional disturbances - exaggerated emotions or flattend affect (no emotional resp.)

5) behavioral disturbances - disorganized &/or inappropriate

EX: movie theatre-overracting, loud

bizzare beh.-hold bizzare positions for long periods, or "catatonic stupor"

TYPES: 1) Positive Symptoms - additional/exaggerations of normal thoughts/beh.

EX: hallucinations, holding positions for a long period of time

2) NEG. symtoms - loss/absence of normal thoughts/ beh.

CAUSES: Biological: genes (1 out of 100 people)

neurostransmitters( high lvl of dopamine, high lvl of serotonin)

brain damage (enlrged ventrides), thalamus, frontal, temporal lobes)

maternal virus during mid-pregnancy

EX: flu in winter

ENIVRON: 1st bio, factors (stress, common style) inhert genes & then it's trigged by envir.

(Dissociative Disorders) Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) or Multiple Personality Disorder

(consciousness/memory is split/altered; due to a traumatic event)

2+ idntities w/ disctinct trait/memories

EX: Shannon - interested in psych.

-group home of abused boys: 6-12

-night shift, 'bill' = sweet, delayed speech 'jack'= pounding mirriors, spoken clean, aggressive

CASE STUDY: sexually abused by parents & friends

punishment: hanging in closet

(personality disorder) Anti Social Personality Disorder (Psychopaths)

(inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that impair social occupational functioning)

- spent some time in jail

-ego centric, impulsive, violate rights of others, lack of no conscious, no remorse, superficial, charm

CAUSES: bio. factors: genes, abnormal, autonomic nervous system, activity during stress, reducted act in frontal lobes

envir. factors: abuse, neglect, inconsistent discipline, instability in mood

(personality disorder) Borderline Personality Disorder

impulsive, instability in mood, self-image, unstrable relationships, destructive, promiscuious, extreme fear of being abandoned, maniulative

EX: south ca -> hma sexuality

sally: blpd (informed before hand)

started to yell at Shannon

CAUSES: envir. same as anti-social

bio. factors: genes, abuse

Psychoanalysic/Psychodynamic Thereapies

(a person's psyche (mind) is analyzed method media portray; how unconscious forces interplay with thoughts, feelings & actions)

GOAL: to bring unconscious conflicts, which date back to childhood, into consciousness

3 lvls of consciousness

1) conscious- thoughts, feelings, actions, we are currently aware of or are remembering

2) preconscious- mental activies not currently aware of, but can be readily brought to mind (memories)

3) unconscious- primitive, instinctual motives, repressed memories, prevented from entering consciousness; can be brought to consciousness thru psychoanalysis