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HarderTermsSoc100
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134
Sociology
Undergraduate 3
07/07/2011

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Term
Classical sociological theory
Definition
social theory as a response to the rise of society
Term
The Enlightenment
Definition
moral philosophy accompanied the rise of natural theology, age of reason, modernity triumphant over tradition
Term
Immanuel Kant
Definition
experience has to be organized so it can be intelligible
Term
Social evolutionism
Definition
the transformation of society
Term
The problems of Modernity
Definition
the socialization of the individual, the rationality of knowledge, and the legitimation of power
Term
Global difference
Definition
the difference between modern and primitive society
Term
The sociological canon
Definition
the foundational works/classical texts of sociology
Term
Ontology
Definition
what kinds of things do or can exist in that domain and what are their conditions of existence
Term
Epistemology
Definition
the theory of knowledge
Term
Positivism
Definition
declares natural (empirical) sciences to be the sole source of true knowledge and rejects the cognitive value of philosophical study
Term
Hermeneutics
Definition
understanding requires inter subjective meanings, science is social, studying what the event means to individuals
Term
Critical Theory
Definition
the whole is greater than the parts, and contradictions continually appear and disappear into new synthesis
Term
Naturalism
Definition
assumes soc. Sciences can be studied in the same ways as the physical sciences and in fact the soc sciences should mimic the physical sciences as much as possible
Term
Nomothetic Laws
Definition
laws that allows us to make generalizations about phenomenon and can be applied throughout history
Term
Ideographic Knowledge
Definition
history consists of idiographic events in the sense of being unique/non repeatable, individualist
Term
Empiricism
Definition
our senses are unmediated
Term
Frederick Engels
Definition
Collaborated with Marx as well as having his own books of thought
Term
Empiricism
Definition
unmediated sense, the collection of facts and observations (qualitative and quantitative data) evidence to base your conclusions, positivism
Term
Kantianism
Definition
categories of the mind
Term
Dialectics
Definition
the science of the general laws of motion, both of the external world and of human thought
Term
The Three Principles of Dialectics
Definition
unity of opposites, transformation, negation of the negation
Term
Transformation
Definition
quantity <--> quality
Term
Negation of the negation
Definition
preservation of insigts and contributions from history
Term
G.W.F. Hegel
Definition
the initial forms of thins are not their "true forms" but rather their negative condition which only transforms to its true form after the negativity is overcome -- therefore given facts are temporary/partial truths
Term
Alienation
Definition
strips individuals of their human powers and turns them to animal ways, humans have species specific powers
Term
Species-being
Definition
we don’t always do things out of necessity, different needs and powers dependent on time and place in history
Term
Materialism
Definition
mode of production of material life conditions the general process of soc/pol/intel life
Term
Idealism
Definition
the consciousness of men determines their social being
Term
Materialist conception of history
Definition
social being determines social consciousness --> the mode of production(economic) creates the cultural superstructure
Term
Forces of production
Definition
allow society to create a surplus of goods beyond what is needed to survive, the development of this suplus gave rise to classes, a particular class tries to take and expropriate this surplus which determines the relations of production
Term
Relations of production
Definition
property relations between classes
Term
Mode of production (Economic Base)
Definition
together relations and forces combine to make the mode of production which determines/conditions what can arise within the cultural superstructure
Term
Cultural superstructure
Definition
general process of social political and intellectual life
Term
Class
Definition
defined by the ownership of property and production
Term
Class-for-itself
Definition
the realization of a class consciousness leads to individuals becoming part of a cohesive class that consciously articulates their common interests
Term
Class consciousness
Definition
becoming aware of the existence of a class for it self that has different wants and desires from the ruling class
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
capitalists, owners of the modes of production
Term
Proletariat
Definition
working class/laborer
Term
The state
Definition
an instrument of the state and exploitation of wage-labor by capital
Term
Religion
Definition
the illusions created by the oppressed/proletariat to comfort - people seek meaning and happiness in the divine hereafter rather than the human world (religion is an opium)
Term
Dominant ideology
Definition
reflect, or serves, the interests of the dominant class in that society
Term
False consciousness
Definition
the systematic misrepresentation of dominant social relations in the consciousness of subordinate classes
Term
Ludwig Feuerbach
Definition
left-hegelian, elaborated the enlightenment view of religion as an "illusion"
Term
“vulgar Marxism”
Definition
economic determinism with alleged determination of the ideological superstructure by the economical infrastructure
Term
Feudalism
Definition
landlord exploited the peasants under his control by seizing a portion of their produce but the workforce retained direct contact with the means of production (land)
Term
Asiatic mode of production
Definition
stationary character: the absense of private ownership of land, autonomous village communities, public water/irrigation etc in control of central gov
Term
Oriental despotism
Definition
system in which all power was centralized in the hands of the emperor
Term
Capitalist mode of production
Definition
process that separates the producer from his means of production & subsistence while placing those means under the exclusive control of the capitalist
Term
Manufacture (hand production)
Definition
increasingly complex division of labor, employed by one and the same capitalist
Term
Factory system (machine production)
Definition
capitalist desire for a productive process that is continuous and uninterrupted, worker becomes an appendage to the machine
Term
The Communist Manifesto
Definition
presents an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism
Term
deviance
Definition
unifies society by reaffirming social norms within the large group
Term
Morality
Definition
a nonmaterial social fact, principles of what is considered right and wrong
Term
Collective conscience
Definition
the general understanding of shared beliefs
Term
Collective Representations
Definition
smaller component of collective conscience that is easier to be connected with actual icons/rituals/etc
Term
Social Currents
Definition
widespread feeling produced in public gatherics
Term
Functionalist analysis
Definition
what is that function serving way of relating part and whole, what does the particular object serve to function as in society
Term
The Division of Labor
Definition
a material social fact involving the degree to which tasks or responsibilities are specialized
Term
Mechanical solidarity
Definition
People are unified because they are all generalists, carry out same activities, collective consciousness
Term
Repressive sanctions
Definition
visible, fear, deterrent, bodily, larger consequences
Term
Organic solidarity
Definition
Free individuals pursuing different functions are united by their complementary roles, links the individual to society and outlines the belief system shared by all individuals in society
Term
Restitutive sanctions
Definition
reparations, fines, lessened punishment
Term
Suicide
Definition
suicide rates are the result of social currents
Term
Egoistic suicide
Definition
lack of integration into society, the needs of individual cannot be met
Term
Altruistic suicide
Definition
society importance above their own
Term
Anomic suicide
Definition
Regulated powers/values/norms of society disrupted and therefore there is a lack of constraint on the individual
Term
Fatalistic suicide
Definition
over regulation
Term
Sacred
Definition
represented the interests of the group, especially unity
Term
Profane
Definition
mundane individual concerns
Term
Social origins of classification
Definition
primitive peoples classifications reflect their social organization
Term
Social facts
Definition
social structures, cultural norms, and values of society that external to and coercive of actors
Term
Sui generis
Definition
"of its own kind." sociological explanation of social fact by other social facts
Term
Material social facts
Definition
real material entities, structural, morphological components
Term
nonmaterial social facts
Definition
internal to the social actor
Term
Morphological Components
Definition
distribution of population, channels of communication that exist, housing arrangements
Term
Methodenstreit
Definition
series of debates on what would be the appropriate methods to the study of history and in the context of this debate economics
Term
Nomothetic
Definition
history composed through general laws, neoclassical school
Term
Ideographic
Definition
history composed of unique and non repeatable, individual, events
Term
Verstehen
Definition
must understand the phenomenon as well as the subjective motivations that actors hold that explain their actions
Term
Value relevance
Definition
rsearch relevant to our values, not purely objective beings and therefore influenced by our values
Term
Causality
Definition
an event will be accompanied or followed with another event that was derived from the initial event
Term
Objective possibility
Definition
probabilistic statements about relationships between social phenomen
Term
Social action
Definition
subjective meaning that humans attach to their actions and interactions within specific social contexts
Term
Ideal type
Definition
analytical construct that serves as a construction of certain elements of reality into a logically precise conception
Term
Power
Definition
the probability of an individual or group to realize theor own will in communal action
Term
Class
Definition
defined by commodity, life chances, and economic interests
Term
Status group
Definition
based on the consumption of goods and honor
Term
Party
Definition
organizations striving for a goal in a planned manner
Term
Instrumentally rational action
Definition
action which are determined by expectations about the properties of objects and the human beings that the actor encounters
Term
Value-rational action
Definition
action which are determined by the conscious belief in the value of a type of behavior regarless of likelihood of success
Term
Affective action
Definition
action which are determine by the actor's feelings, emotions, attachments, etc
Term
Traditional action
Definition
action which are determined by action habit, unthinking, almost automatic behavior in response to everyday stimuli
Term
Domination
Definition
subset of power, voluntary compliance or obedience
Term
Authority
Definition
belief of domination as legitimate gives power
Term
Legal-rational authority
Definition
empowered by a formalistic belief in the content of the laws of legality and rationality
Term
Bureaucracy
Definition
hierarchy, spheres of competence, written documents, specialized training, impersonal rules, vocation
Term
Traditional authority
Definition
Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition. The ability and right to rule is passed down, often through heredity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to be irrational and inconsistent, and perpetuates the status quO
Term
Gerentocracy
Definition
rule by elders
Term
Partriarchalism
Definition
within a group that is usually organized on both economic and kinship basis authority is exercised by a particular individual who is designated by a definite rule of inheritance
Term
Patrimonialism
Definition
authority rests on the personal and bureaucratic power exercised by a royal household, where that power is formally arbitrary and under the direct control of the ruler
Term
Asceticism
Definition
a rational methodical approach to life which calls for the avoidance of pleasure and temptations of the flesh and external things, against the irrational use of wealth
Term
Unanticipated consequences
Definition
through their actions the protestant ethic developed by the Calvinist developed the economic ethos of capitalism
Term
World Rejecting Asceticism
Definition
One whose attitude is that participation in the wordly activities may be regarded as wrong and therefore formal withdrawl from the world for salvation
Term
Innerworldly asceticism
Definition
a path of salvation that requires particiption in worldly activity but in opposition to them based on individual religious dispositions
Term
Charismatic authority
Definition
a leader whose mission and vision inspire others
Term
Routinization of Charisma
Definition
orders are traditionalized, the staff or followers change into legal or “estate-like” (traditional) staff, or the meaning of charisma itself may undergo change.
Term
Formal Rationality
Definition
universally applied rules, laws and regulations that characterize organizations/action
Term
Rationalization
Definition
means to an end calculations, systematic form of development
Term
The Protestant Ethic
Definition
the way of life of Protestant groups was an important factor of their econominc success and since worldly success could be interpreted as a sign of eternal salvation, it was vigorously pursued.
Term
Martin Luther
Definition
developed the moral justification for worldly activity
Term
The Protestant ethic
Definition
necessity for hard work as a component of a person's calling as well as their participation in worldly success as a visible sign or result (not a cause) of personal salvation
Term
A “calling”
Definition
the task set by god
Term
Spirit of capitalism
Definition
Calling by God to work and prosper and put it towards good use by participating in worldly activity
Term
John Calvin
Definition
introduced the theological doctrines which combined with those of Martin Luther to form a significant new attitude toward work establishing the idea to profit
Term
Calvinism
Definition
transformed capitalism it into a rational and unashamed pursuit of profit for its own sake
Term
Doctrine of predestination
Definition
god is an omniscient being so your fate is inevitable and there is nothing individuals can do to ensure their salvation
Term
the elect
Definition
those going to heaven
Term
the damnation
Definition
those going to hell
Term
Formal sociology
Definition
frameworks that structure social interaction
Term
Dialectic of fashion
Definition
something is developed as fashionable and unique it gets popular and then it becomes undermined --cycle of fashion
Term
Social geometry
Definition
because it is focused on both numbers and distance
Term
Numbers
Definition
number of individuals involved
Term
Distance
Definition
proximity, how you share norms, values
Term
Sociation
Definition
interaction
Term
Dyand and Triad
Definition
Quantitative changes In group size will have qualitative affect on the groups
Term
The stranger
Definition
import qualities that cannot stem within the group itself, more objective
Term
“social distance”
Definition
a person who is neither too close nor too far in social distance
Term
Blasé attitude
Definition
money becomes the common denominator of all values
Term
Secrecy
Definition
one’s person intent of hiding something and another person’s intent to reveal
Term
dyand
Definition
each of the two participants is confronted by only one or the other, withdrawal of one participant will destory the entire group
Term
triad
Definition
simplest structure in which people can turn on each other (domination)
Term
objective approach
Definition
cultural artifacts that have already been produced
Term
Subjective approach
Definition
the individual capacity to produce
Term
philosophy of money
Definition
in order for something to be valuable it can't be too easy or too difficult to acquire. money creates distance between people and objects, but it can also contribute to bringing people together. quality dissolves into quantity
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