Term
| Where are voluntary movements initiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where parasympathetic nerve arrises? |
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Definition
medula and midbrain, cranial nerves, 3, 7, 9, 10
and from S2-S4 through ventral roots |
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Term
| From where Sympathetic fibers arise? |
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Definition
ventral root T1-L2 and synapses with sympathetic chain ganglia, which lie adjacent to vertebral column.
-some nerves run directly to the adrenal medula, where they release epinephrine in the blood |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter does sympathetic system use? |
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Definition
| postganglionic cells use norepinephrine |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter does parasympathetic system use? |
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Definition
| postganglionic cells use acetylcholine |
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Term
| What is the difference between PSNS and SNS? |
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Definition
1.Location of first neuron in the pathway in PSNS- cranial-sacral
SNS- thoraco-lumbar division
2. different neurotransmitter has different effects: PSNS- Ach neurtransmitter, target cell Ach
SNS-Ach neurotransmitter, target cell norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
Local stretch on a muscle.
When you put food in the mouth and swallow it, contraction occur)
In stomach, digestion track |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex comes from inside of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Both divisions of autonomic NS: SNS and PSNS target the same tissue (increased heart rate, decreased heart rate)
Specific receptors are open for neurotransmitter. |
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Term
| Which ganglionic fibres in SNS? Not sure |
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Definition
| Short preganglionic fibres |
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Term
| 4 possibilities what is the target tissue is: |
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Definition
adipose tissue
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
glands |
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Term
| What does SNS has effect on? |
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Definition
Heart-inc. heart rate; inc. force of contraction
Airways-inc. dilation, inc. rate of respiration
GI-dec. secreation, de. Motility
Sweat glands- inc.
Blood vessesls- dilation of blood
Kidney/urinary- dec. formation of urine
Salivary activity-dec. |
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Term
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Definition
Heart- dec. heart rate, dec. force of contraction
Airways- dec. dilation, dec. rate of respiration
Kidney/ urinary- none
Blood vessels- none
Sweat glands-none
Salivary activity- increased
GI- inc. secretion inc. motility |
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Term
| Why is endocrine system different than nervous? |
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Definition
| It has slower response but longer lasting |
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Term
| Can protein based hormones cross plasma membrane? |
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Definition
Can’t cross plasma membrane
Need second messenger system to cross.
1st messenger- attaches to receptors outside
2nd activation of G proteins inside membrane from ATP to CAMP |
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Term
| Can steroid based proteins cross plasma membrane? |
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Definition
Yes, because they are lipid soluble
-getting picked up by the carrier inside the cell and delivered to nucleus and changes genetic… |
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Term
| What are 2 things that increase effectiveness of hormone? |
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Definition
1. more receptors available and more hormones are more likely meet with protein
2. the sensitivity of receptors |
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Term
| What hormone lowers blood glucose level? |
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Definition
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Term
What is infundibulum or hypothalamic-pituitary stalk?
2 parts of stalk? |
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Definition
The connection between hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Vascular(blood) and nervous ( goes to lobe 1) |
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Term
| What is the function of ADH? |
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Definition
| Filters the blood in the kidney, reduces water loss |
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Term
| What are 2 hormones are in Posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
Posterior-stores 2,but are produced in hypothalamus
ADH(antidiuretic hormone)
**Controls homeostasis of blood preassure, inc. ADH, Inc blood preassure
Oxytocin in women targets smooth muscle (walls of urethra, in the reproductive system, mamanory glands )
In males- ejaculation
-positive feedback system |
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Term
| What 6 hormones do anterior pituitary produces? |
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Definition
It stores 6, produces them and releases them:
1. Human growth hormone(secreted by somatotrophs) –targets almost all tissues in the body; raises blood glucose levels; bone growth, metabolism
SPARES GLUCOSE FOR CNS.
2. adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates adrenal cortex-releses cortisol
3. FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
4.LH(luteinizing hormone) , both act on gonads, stimulate sperm production and secreation of testesterone , gonadotropins cells
5. TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone) –growth inhibititing hormone, controls secreation and other activities in thyroid gland.
6.Prolactin-target on mammary gland, inhibits milk production |
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Term
| What do parathyroid hormones do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oxytocin- ejection of milk( targets smooth muscle)
Prolactin- synthesis of milk |
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Term
| Thyroid gland, produces what hormones? What does it target? |
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Definition
Produces thyroid stimulating hormone
Targets almost all tissues in the body
Increases basic metabolic rate |
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Term
| Follicular cells? What they produce? |
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Definition
Responsible for making thyroid hormones (t3, t4)
-synthesis of thyroglobulin |
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Term
| Thyroid hormones do when get to target cell? |
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Definition
Inc. O2 consumption
Inc. atp
Inc. body temperature |
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Term
| What do perifolicular cells produce? |
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Definition
| Produce calcitonin, which]h lower blood Ca levels |
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Term
| Parathyroid gland produces? |
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Definition
Parathyroid hormone, has a target on a bone( to inc. blood Ca levels)
Encourages vitamin D synthesis |
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Term
| Stimulating factor? Inhibitor factor |
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Definition
Stimulating- increases activity
Inhibitor- decreases, slows it down |
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Term
| What are 2 parts of adrenal gland? |
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Definition
Cortex- outer part( produces from different hormones)
Medula |
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Term
| What are 3 groups of hormones produces in cortex: |
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Definition
Mineral corticoids-controls minerals, Aldosterone targets kidney tubules, kidney releases rennin which help convert angiotensin to angiotensin 2
-increases reabsorbtion of Na at kidney tubules, water follow it
-inc. in blood preassure
-inc. heart rate
Glucocorticoids- increases blood glucose in the blood. Releases cortisol (stress hormone), anti-inflammatory, anti immune.
Androgens- produced in males and females, -secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
What hormones increases blood glucose levels?
Which decreases? |
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Definition
T3 T4
Cortisol
TSH
Growth hormone
insulin |
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Term
| What hormones produced in adrenal medula? |
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Definition
Epinephrine and norepinephrine- both support fight/ flight response
Chromaffin cells produce those hormones
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons release Ach. |
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Term
| What are the cell types in the pancreatin islets? |
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Definition
alpha cells- produces hormone glucagon, inc. glucose levels
beta cells- secrete insulin, targets liver and muscle cell, lowers blood glucose levels
F-pancreatic polypeptide- promotes digestive system
D cells produce somatostatin. |
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