Term
| Name the major functions of the skin |
|
Definition
1- Protection (minimizing injury)
2-Preventing penetration
3- Perception (touch/pain/temperature)
4- Temp regulation
5- Identification (self-image)
6- Communication (emotions)
7- Wound repair (cell repair)
8- Absorption and excretion
9- Production of vitamin D |
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Term
| What type of light converts cholesterol into Vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the layers of the skin |
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Definition
Epidermis- thin,
Dermis-
Subcutaneous- adipose tissue |
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Term
| Explain what vellus versus is: |
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Definition
Covers most of body, few exceptions.
(Palms, soles, fingers, umbilicus, penis, labia.) |
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Term
| Explain what terminal hair is: |
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Definition
Hair on the head; darker and thicker.
Scalp, pubic areas, axillae, chest, face. |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for pediatrics (newborns and infants) |
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Definition
Milia- pimples
Stork bites- red marks from birth canal
Mongolian spots- dark spots on bottom (present in blacks, asians, and indians.
Strawberry marks- immature hemangioma
Lanugo- soft hair found on newborns |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for adolescents: |
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Definition
1. Communicable diseases (chickenpox)
2. Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
3. Tinea corporis (ringworm)
4. Impetigo
5. Acne |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for pregnant females: |
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Definition
1. Chloasma (racoon face)
2. Linea nigra (dark line on abdomen)
3. Darkening of the nipples or areola
4. Striae gravidarum (stretch marks)
5. Fat deposit in hips and buttocks |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for geriatric patients: |
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Definition
1. Skin elasticity decreasing
2. Perspiration decreases
3. Melanin production decreases (gray)
4. Nails brittle, sensitive to light.
5. Liver spots
6. Seborrheic keratosis (dark growths)
7. Actinic keratosis: spots from sun
8. Acrochordons: skin tags |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is some of the Subjective Data that needs to be obtained about the skin? |
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Definition
1. Past hx of skin disease?
2. Birthmarks or tattoos?
3. Piercings?
4. Change in pigmentation?
5. Change in moles (size or shape)
6. Excessive dryness or oily?
7. Pruritus, bruising, rash, hair loss?
8. Medication changes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickening of the skin in dry, silvery, patches due to the overproduction of skin cells. |
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Term
| What is a Port-Wine Stain? |
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Definition
| Large red birthmarks that present early on in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the self care behaviors that can be asked during an assessment of the skin? |
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Definition
Self checks of the:
1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Nails |
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Term
| What are some examples of objective data during a skin assessment? |
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Definition
1. General pigmentation
2. Color of skin
3. Temperature, moisture, thickeness
4. Edema
5. Mobility/ Turgor (hydration)
6. Vascularity/ bruising
7. Lesions |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Skin pigmentation missing, blotchy colored skin. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What do the terms ecchymosis and hematoma mean? |
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Definition
E: bruising.
H: Area under the skin of clotted blood. |
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Term
| What type of body marks have a high risk of hepatitis C? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary lesions? |
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Definition
Primary lesions: form on previous unaltered skin.
Secondary lesions: Change over time due to scratching or infection. |
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Term
| Name and describe the two types of primary lesions? |
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Definition
Papule: elevated, smaller than 0.5cm, (mole or wart)
Plaque: elevated, larger than 0.5cm, (psorasis or actinic keratosis) |
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Term
| Vesicles of the skin are what size? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bulla's of the skin are what size? |
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Definition
| Larger than 0.5cm, elevated, fluid-filled and round. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What is edema and explain the "pitting" scale. |
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Definition
Edema- abnormal fluid in intracellular spaces.
________________________
1+ : mild pitting (2mm)
2+ : moderate pitting (4mm)
3+ : deep pitting (6mm) (CHF, Renal pts.)
4+ : very deep pitting (8mm) (skin broken) |
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Term
| How is non-pitting edema measured? |
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Definition
| Mild, moderate, or large. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Overgrowth of scar tissue (collagen), prominent in people of color. |
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Term
| Name the four types of malignant lesions? |
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Definition
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma
2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma- (dried blood and irregular borders)
3. Malignant melanoma: (looks wet and bloody)
4. Kaposi's Sarcoma: Maroon, skin cancer for people with aids. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Name some of the abnormal hair findings? |
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Definition
1. Seborrhea
2. Tinea Capitis
3. Alopecia areata
4. Infections (folliculitis, furuncles)
5. Hirsutism |
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Term
| What is Seborrheic dermatitis? |
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Definition
| Cradle cap- common in infants. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Abscess of the hair (underarms mostly) |
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Term
| What is the Schamroth technique? |
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Definition
| Diamond shape made with the beds of your nails pressed together. |
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Term
| Name some of the abnormal nail findings? |
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Definition
1. Spoon nails (koilonychia)
2. Paronychia- (infection in skin by nail)
3. Beau's line- (heart valve problem.)
4. Splinter hemorrhage
5. Onycholysis |
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Term
| What is the ABCDE Criteria for Melanoma Assessment? |
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Definition
A: Asymmetry
B: Border Irregularity
C: Color variegation
D: Diameter greater than 6mm
E: "Evolving changes" (changes in size, shape, color, tenderness, etc...) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Preauricular
2. Postauricular
3. Occipital
4. Submental
5. Submandibular
6. Jugulodiagastric
7. Superficial cervical chain
8. Deep cervical chain
9. Posterior cervical chain
10. Supraclavicular |
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Term
| Name some pediatric developmental considerations for the head, neck, and lymph: |
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Definition
1. Fontanels( anterior/ posterior)
2. Lymphoid tissue (full size at 6 yrs.)
3. Circumference of head bigger than chest until 2 years old. |
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Term
| Describe the anterior and posterior fontanels: |
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Definition
Posterior: (triangle shaped, closes at 1-2 months.
Anterior: (diamond shaped, closes between 9 months to 2 years.)
* At birth head is bigger than chest until 2 yrs old when they equal out, at 6 yrs old the chest is bigger. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flat spot on a babies head from not changing positions. |
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Term
| Name some developmental considerations for females in regards to head, neck, and lymph. |
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Definition
1. Edema- (facial and lower extremities)
2. Thyroid- (enlarges, can feel ONLY TIME)
3. Headaches- 1st trimester bc of increased hormones, late pregnancy bc of possible preeclampsia. |
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Term
| Name some developmental considerations for the geriatric population in the head, neck, and lymph aspects: |
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Definition
1. Decreased elasticity in skin.
2. Facial bones more prominent.
3. Hair changes
4. Loss of teeth
5. Range of motion limited.
6. Thyroid gland function decreases. |
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Term
| Name the three types of headaches: |
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Definition
1. Migraine
2. Cluster
3. Tension |
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Term
| Describe a tension headache: |
|
Definition
(Normal headache)
- occipital/ front (band-like tightness)
- Fx- stress, anxiety, contraceptives, alcohol, drugs, carbon monoxide/dioxide. |
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Term
| Describe a migraine (vascular): |
|
Definition
Supraorbital/frontotemporal regions
-Throbbing (twice a month 1-3 days)
-fx: stress, alcohol, menstration
Symptoms- nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity. |
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Term
| Describe a cluster headache (vascular): |
|
Definition
Around eyes, temple, forehead, cheeks.
-Excruciating (1-2 times per day/ 1-2 per month.
-Eye reddening/ tearing, eyelid drooping, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion.
*NEED TO PACE TO FEEL BETTER* (unilateral) |
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Term
| Describe subjective vs. objective vertigo: |
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Definition
Subjective: perception that person is spinning.
Objective: Room is spinning. |
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Term
| Explain concussion symptoms and the test name to check for concussion: |
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Definition
Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC)
-10% lose conciousness
-headache, vomiting, reaction time, etc... |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Name the objective techniques for head, neck, and lymph? |
|
Definition
Inspection
Palpation
Auscultation |
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Term
| Name three involuntary movements of the facial structure. |
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Definition
1. Tics
2. Tremors
3. Fasiculations |
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Term
| What is a lymphadenopathy? |
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Definition
| Disease affecting the lymph nodes |
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Term
| What is a normal JVD and how many cm is it? |
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Definition
| Angle of Louis shows distention of the jugular, normal JVD is 3cm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Goiters are enlargements of the thyroid gland, this shows an iodine deficiency. |
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Term
| Name some abnormalities of the skull and face: |
|
Definition
1. Hydrocephalus(looks like swollen head)
2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
3. Acromegaly- "giantism"
4. Cushing's Syndrome
5. Down Syndrome- Upslanting eyes, nose.
6. Parkinson's Disease- maslike expression
7. Bell's Palsy- (stroke like, CN 7) |
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Term
| Describe Cushing's Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Excessive secretion of ACTH, Rounded "moon" face, ruddy cheeks, double chin, facial hair( male/female) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stroke like symptoms, from cranial nerve 7, possibly caused by virus, resolves in weeks. |
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Term
| Name the two common thyroid abnormalities and explain them: |
|
Definition
(Hyperthyroidism)
1. Grave's Disease- bulging eyes.
(Hypothyroidism-Myxedema)
1. Rapid weight gain, fatigue, cool/dry skin, cold intolerance, puffy hands and feet, dry coarse hair, etc... |
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Term
| Developmental Considerations for pediatric patients of the eyes: |
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Definition
1. Change to permanent color by 3 months
2. Born farsighted- 80%
3. Lateral deviations normal until 4 mon. |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for the eyes in pregnant women: |
|
Definition
1. Dry/ irritated eyes
2. Blurred vision
3. Changes in shape of eye during last trimester. |
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Term
| Developmental considerations for the geriatrics of the eyes: |
|
Definition
1. Presbyopia- depth perception off.
2. Aging characterisics; cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, etc.. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cloudy clumping of protein in the lens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lipid material around the limbus, (circle of lipid around outer portion of pupil) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Soft, raised yellow plaque on the inside of the EYELIDS. More frequent in women. |
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Term
| Describe macular degeneration: |
|
Definition
| Central vision loss, peripheral vision intact. Most common cause of blindness. |
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Term
| Define the term pinguecula: |
|
Definition
| Yellow raised bump on the conjuctiva of the eye. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased ocular pressure. Common to see floaters, and black sports (strings) |
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Term
| Give some examples of subjective data gathered for eye exams? |
|
Definition
1. Vision difficulty or loss
2. Pain
3. Redness, watering, discharge
4. Hx of ocular problems
5. Glaucoma, strabismus
6. Glasses or meds? |
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|
Term
| Explain the three types of Strabismus (crossed eyed): |
|
Definition
1. Diplopia- (2 images of a single object)
2. Esotropia- (inward turning of eyes)
3. Exotropia- (outward turning of eyes) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Snellen vs. Jaegar(Rosenbaum) |
|
Definition
Snellen: 20 ft. from chart, cover one eye and read the E chart. 20/20 normal.
Jaegar: 14 in. from eyes. normal 14/14 |
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|
Term
| Describe the corneal light reflex test: |
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Definition
| Also called Hirschberg Test, shine light towards eyes, 12 inches away, note reflection on cornea at the same spot. |
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Term
| Describe the Cover Eye Test: |
|
Definition
| Cover one eye, then uncover with paper. Checking for strabismus, you want a "steady, fixed gaze." |
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|
Term
| Describe the Diagnostic Positions Test: |
|
Definition
| Testing EMO's. Checking for nystagmus or ptosis. Windmill positioning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Beating or jumping of eyes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Difference between Ectropion and Entropion? |
|
Definition
Ectropion: Lower lid rolls out
Entropion: Lower lid rolls in |
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|
Term
| Difference between Exophthalmos vs. Enophthalmos? |
|
Definition
Exophthalmos: Protrusion of the eyes
Enophthalmos: Sunken in eyes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the eyelids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal color for the sclera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pink eye; inflammation of the outer membrane |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the inner eye |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
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|
Term
| What does PERRLA stand for? |
|
Definition
Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, and Accommodation to light reflex.
*Test by shining light in one eye twice, and observing both pupils to see if they are reactive.* |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is miosis of the eye? |
|
Definition
| Constriction of the pupil |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intracranial pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are in charge of the taste buds? |
|
Definition
Cranial Nerve IX (9): bitter/sour
Cranial Nerve VII (8): Salty/sweet |
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Term
| Developmental considerations of the Ears, Nose, Mouth, and Throat in pediatrics: |
|
Definition
1. Auditory ear canal: pull pinna straight down.
2. Eustacian tubes (shorter/horizontal)
3. Teeth (20 Deciduous; 6-24 months.
4. Girls and Blacks go sooner. |
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Term
| Development Considerations for pregnant females of the Ears, nose, mouth, and throat: |
|
Definition
1. Rhinitis- Nasal infection
2. Epistaxis- Nose bleed
3. Heighted sense of smell.
4. Edema of vocal cords causing voice to deepen.
Gingivitis- inflammation of the gums. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some Developmental considerations of the geriatric community Ears, Nose, Mouth, and Throat. |
|
Definition
1. Loss of high frequency sounds (presbycusis)
2. Cerumen becomes stiff and coarse
3. Decreased production of saliva |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Define:
Otorrhea-
Presbycusis-
Tinnitus- |
|
Definition
Otorrhea- discharge
Presbycusis- hearing loss
Tinnitus- ringing, cracking, buzzing |
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|
Term
| What is the color of the tympanic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some abnormal findings of the ear: |
|
Definition
1. Hemotympanum- blood in the middle ear.
2. Infections of the inner/outer ear
3. Lesions of the external ear |
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Term
| Infections of the inner and outer ear names: |
|
Definition
Otitis externa- outer ear
Otitis media- inner ear |
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|
Term
| For the Rinne test which should be higher bone or air conduction? |
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Definition
| Air conduction should be higher than bone conduction. |
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|
Term
| What does the Romberg Test test for? |
|
Definition
Romberg tests the equilibrum.
-Feet together, eyes closed for 20 seconds. |
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Term
| Name the assessment areas of the mouth: |
|
Definition
1. Lips- color/moisture
2. Teeth- white/straight
3. Gums-pink, no bleeding
4. Tongue- color/surface
5. Buccal mucosa(cheek)- pink, moist
6. Uvula- rises midline. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white/cheesy "curdlike" yeast infection on the tongue. |
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|
Term
| What type of infection is the Black Hairy Tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atrophic glossitis? |
|
Definition
| Smooth/glossy tongue- vitamin deficiency. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| White/ thicker raised patches, common in heavy smokers and alcohol abusers. |
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|
Term
| Describe an inspection of the throat, in regards to the tonsils: |
|
Definition
1+ : visible
2+ : halfway between pillars and uvula
3+ touching uvula
4: touching each other (possible airway obstruction) |
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Term
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Definition
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