Term
Genetic predisposition with specific triggers such as caffeine, alcohol, chocolate and cheese
Clinical Picture criteria:
• Minimum of 2 attacks of headache
• With any 3 of the following:
• Reversible aura
• Aura develops gradually over 4 min+
• Aura does not last more than 1 hour
• Unilateral headache follows the aura
• With at least 1 of the following:
• Nausea or vomiting
• phonophobia or photophobia
• Aura may show a blind spot (scotoma)
Surrounded by flashing lights (scintillation)
May be classified as complicated if associated with ataxia and vertigo [brain stem ischemia] |
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Definition
| Migraine with aura [classic] |
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Term
Genetic predisposition with specific triggers such as caffeine, alcohol, chocolate and cheese
Clinical Picture criteria:
Minimum of 5 attacks
us any 2 of the following:
Pl Unilateral location
Pulsatile quality
Worse on climbing stairs
and at least 1 of the following:
Nausea or vomiting
Photophobia or phonophobia |
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Definition
| Migraine without aura [common] |
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Term
International Headache Society diagnostic criteria:
At least 10 episodes lasting 30 minutes to 7 days PLUS 2 of the following:
• bilateral location
• pressing or tightening or squeezing in character
• mild to moderate intensity
• not aggravated by activity
In addition, there should not be any nausea, photophobia or phonophobia. Pain is usually worse in the afternoon or early evening. |
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Definition
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Term
| Presents with referred pain beyond C2-3 dermatomes radiating to the forehead, orbital and temporal regions with at least one of the following [International Headache Society] criteria: abnormal tenderness of neck muscles, limitation of passive neck movements, changes in the tone or texture of the neck muscles in response to active and passive stretching of the neck with or without vertigo |
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Definition
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Term
may be triggered by alcohol, smoking, barometric pressure changes and napping in the afternoon; males. May be due to parasympathetic activation and sympathetic impairment.
Clinical Picture International Headache Society criteria:
Minimum of 5 attacks in a predictable manner [about the same time every day] with severe unilateral peri-orbital pain peaking in 10-15 minutes and lasting up to 3 hours plus any of the following on the same side: ptosis, red eye, constricted pupil, tearing, nasal congestion and a runny nose. Attacks can occur several times per day for one to several weeks. Then recurrence may not occur for months |
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Definition
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Term
Autoimmune disease affecting the tunica media of medium-sized vessels
More common in females >60 years; associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
Clinical Picture Temporal headache with scalp tenderness and jaw claudication
The temporal artery may be nodular, enlarged and tender
It may be complicated by sudden onset of blindness
About 50% have pain in the temples, 50-70% have scalp tenderness.
Patient may have aching pain in the upper trunk if they have polymyalgia rheumatic (40% may have this). |
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Definition
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Term
Bacterial infection following obstruction to the drainage of the sinus; Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza are the common pathogens implicated
Clinical Picture Fever, headache or facial pain or pain between the eyes made worse with bending forwards
There may be tenderness on percussion of the inflamed sinus along with a purulent nasal discharge
There might be decreased transillumination of the affected sinus
May be complicated by a brain abscess which may present with headache, fever or convulsions |
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Definition
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Term
Many people are asymptomatic; beware of the auscultatory gap in which the systolic pressure is underestimated
Some may present with headaches especially on waking in the morning especially when the diastolic pressure is over 120
There may be evidence of end-organ damage: cardiomegaly with a displaced apex beat and silver wiring of vessels on fundoscopy
Additional findings: purple striae and buffalo hump [Cushing’s], goiter and bulging eyes [hyperthyroidism] may be present |
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Definition
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Term
| Clinical Picture Sudden onset of “the worst headache ever” with neck stiffness, nausea and vomiting; there may be loss of consciousness |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain in the ear or the temporal region, clicking or popping sounds on opening of the jaw, tenderness on palpation and limited opening of the joint [unable to place 2 knuckles in between the front teeth |
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Definition
| TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION |
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Term
| Sudden onset of severe excruciating, lancinating pain lasting between a few seconds and 2 minutes along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve |
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Definition
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