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"She-wolf"
c. 500 BCE or 450-430 BCE
(15th or 16th century twins added)
Etruscan art
Bronze with glass paste eyes
33 1/2" tall
-story of the founding of Rome
-"she-wolf" saved twins set adrift on tigre river: Remus and Romulus.
-wolf has a personality |
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"Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple"
Based on description by Vitruvius written 33 and 23 CE.
- much more compact
- deep porch: only one entrance
- cult statues in 3 different rooms
- wood roof with terra cotta tiles
- most of the sculptural decoration would have been done in terra cotta
- statue along peaked roof |
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"Apollo from Veii"
Vulca - very famous sculpture & only we know by name
c. 510- 500 BCE
Painted terracotta
5'10" high
- archaic statue from Greek- related
- Archaic Smile
- battling Hercules |
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Burial Chamber: "Tomb of the Reliefs"
Cerveteri
3rd Century BCE
Etruscan Art
Decorations made of stucco-molded plaster
- deep underground
- modeled after an Etruscan home |
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"Sarcophagus from Cerveteri"
c. 520 BCE
Terracotta: 4 pieces joined together
6'7" long --> lifesize --> unusual!
- couple is eating- eating was done while laying down
- very active |
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| Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born ca. 80/70 BC?; died ca. 25 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer (praefectus fabrum), active in the 1st century BC |
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| Entruscan temples were built on a podium, rather than a stylobate. |
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Pont Du Gard
Nimes, France [Southern France]
Late 1st century BCE
Republican Period
- aquaduct
- demonstrates roman exploitation of the arch
- function- to channel spring water into Nimes and bridge. |
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Temple (perhaps dedicated to Portunus)
Rome
Late 2nd Century BCE
Republican Period
Tufa- volcanic stone
- has engaged columns- half columns attached to wall for decoration, but not for support.
- stuco decorations
- ionic temple
- lots of ancient Greek influence (and Etruscan) |
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Augustus of Primaporta
Early 1st century CE
Roman Augustine Period
Marble
6'8" high
- gesture conveys addressing someone.
- Saddam Hussein used this idea.
- military uniform
- contrapposto pose
- extra support: little cupid figure |
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c. 509- 27 BCE
-In 509 BCE, the people of Rome threw out the rule of the Etruscan King. |
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Ara Pacis Augustae and Imperial Procession
Rome- Augustine Period
13-9 BCE
Marble
- celebrates the fact that Augustus was able to restore peace --> Pax Augusta --> Pax Romana
- Children emphasize family valuesj on the Imperial Procession |
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Definition
| Largest ever:
[image]
395 BCE- 27 BCE
- Senate
- Trade - close to sea |
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Definition
-Originally called Octavian
-Adopted son of Julius Caesar
-Great Political mind
-23BCE- the Roman Senate named him Augustus--> Exhaulted
-"First-citizen"- Becomes first emperor
- sets the stage for a good emperor
-Always portrayed himself in an idealistic manner |
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Peristyle Garden
House of the Vettii
Pompei
Rebuilt 62-79 CE
Imperial Rome
-wealthy wall paintings- very recent because of earthquake in 62CE |
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"Initiation of the cult Baccus" (Dyonisis)
Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
c. 60-50 BCE
Imperial Rome
- dedo- for text for image above
- fictional narrative paintings above
- mystery cult - not official roman cult
- women would belong to this |
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Garden Scene
From the dining room of the Villa of Livia (wife of Augustus) at Primaporta
Late 1st Century BCE
Imperial Rome
Windowless Room |
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Definition
| an individual tile in a mosaic |
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Arch of Titus and Spoils from the Temple of Solomon
Rome
Imperial Rome
c. 81 CE
concrete and white marble
50' high
- constructed by Titus' brother, Donition
- Triumph arches- commemorates major military victory
- military campaign to the holy land
- "The Senate and the Roman People to the Deified Titus Vespasian Augustus, son of the Deified Vespasian."
- On the "sacred way" - major processional way
- Inner Relief - procession |
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Definition
Flavian Ampitheater (Colosseum)
Rome
Imperial Rome: Flavian Dynasty
70-80 CE
- Ampitheatre= "Double Theatre"
- Animal Fights, Gladiators
- Seating capacity of 40,000- maximum 50,000
- Velarium- large awning for use during the heat
- Top teir added by Vaspasian's second son.
- Vomitorium- Passageways ringing arena
- Effecient entry and exit
- travertine |
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Term
[image] |
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Definition
Restored view of the Basilica Ulpia
Forum of Trajan
106-112 CE
- Worked with architect Apollodorous of Damascus
- Served as a law court |
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Definition
Column of Trajan and Romans Crossing the Danube and Building a Fort
113-116 CE
Imperial Rome: Period of 5 Good Emperors
125' tall 625' of relief-continuous narrative
- Political propoganda
- Staircase running up column inside
- Marble
- Romans valued their preparation
- Became a funerary monument after Trajan's death. |
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Pantheon
Rome
c. 118-128 CE
Imperial Roman Period: 5 Good Emperors: Hadrian
- dedicated to all of the gods
- fuzed traditional rectangular temple with circular
- meant to be entered into and experienced
- same height as width
- poured concrete made first with wooden frame
- really thick walls- 20' thick!
- oculus- round open window
- coffers- square indentations |
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Term
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Definition
| structure in the shape of a monumental archway, in theory built to celebrate a victory in war, actually usually to celebrate a ruler |
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Definition
- Prior to serving as emperor, he served under his father in the first Jewish-Roman war
- Arch of Titus
- Ruled the Roman empire from 79 to 81 CE |
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Definition
- during his reign, the colleseum was began
- emperor from 69 to 79 CE |
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Definition
| a series of three Roman Emperors - Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian - who ruled from 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors", to 96. |
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Definition
- commercial district and also a religious and political center
- the center, "downtown" of the city |
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Term
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Definition
| - any large, open, rectangular building |
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Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
Rome: Severan Dynasty
c. 176 CE
Hollow cast gilt bronze- kept b/c mistaken as Constantine
11'6" high
- fallen foe under right hoof of horse- gone
- similar to augustus portrait
- horse is proportionally unequal
- political propoganda |
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Definition
The Tetrarchs
Imperial Rome: Tetrarchy
Church of San Marco, Venice: sacked from Constantinople
c. 300 CE
porphyr- hard stone- from Egypt- purple, royal color
- relief sculptures
- missing foot and base in Constantinople
- clean- shaven ones are the Caesars
- not a whole lot of character coming through
- symbolism- shows unity in government
- movement away from the Classical and towards the abstracted |
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Constantine the Great
Roman Empire
325-26 CE
8'6" high (just head)
Basilica of Maxentious and Constantine (Basilica Nova)
- Came to power in the year 312 CE
- Father had been a Caesar in the city of Trier
- Battle of Milvian Bridge, 312 CE (Constantine defeated rival Maxintious holding cross painted shields)
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Arch of Constantine, Rome
Rome
312-15 CE (begun just after Battle of Milvian Bridge)
- at a pount that the processions would go
- sculptural decoration on outside
- close to Colliseum
- Pieces pilfered from other monuments
- Constantine, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Trajan: "good emperors" |
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Wall with Torah niche,
house synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria
244-245 CE
Jewish and Early Christian Art
- walls covered with the continuous mass of fresco paintings
- biblical scenes divided into compartments
- prototypes linked to near- eastern tradition |
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Good Shepherd, Orants, and Story of Jonah
Catacomb of Sts. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome
Late 3rd century- early 4th century
- orants- figures holding hands out - ancient prayer posture
- center medallion--> Good shepherd- early way of depicting Christ
- down below - typology= "One holding that things in Christian belief are prefigured or symbolized by things in the Old Testament."
- i.e. Jonah and the Whale parallels the death and resurrection of Christ
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Sarcophagus of the church of Santa Maria Antiqua
Rome
Early Christian Art
c. 270 CE
- figures appropriate for eithaer a pagan or a Christian family
- orant: Christian soul
- seated man: teaching Christ
- Christ the good shepherd
- scene of baptism
- sleeping man- Jonah |
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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
c. 359 CE
St Peter's, Rome
Early Christian Art
Marble
- inscription across the top - says for who it was made
- very, very expensive tomb ---> movement away from modest Christian art
- mixture of old testament and new testament images divided into registers
- central image of Christ flanked by Peter and Paul
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313 CE
Legalized various religiouns, including Christianity |
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Definition
network of underground burial sites
- not cremated: believed in resurrection |
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| One holding that things in Christian belief are prefigured or symbolized by things in the Old Testament. |
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Definition
| two different visual traditions being combined |
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Definition
| small rooms used for a number of different purposes |
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Reconstruction of Old Saint Peter's
Rome
c. 320- 327 CE
Imperial Christian Art and Architecture
- elongated composition
- large open courtyard- atrium
- narthax
- nave- center aisle of basilica
- had relic @ altar- body of st. peter
- nave is flanked by two aisles
- crossbar at west side= transept
- crossing- heart of the basilica - where transept meets the nave
- clerestory- best way to illuminate basilica (windows in roof)
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Interior, Santa Sabina
Rome
Imperial Christian Art and Architecture
c. 422-32 CE
- exterior is very plain
- all beautiful art is inside
- preceded by Narthax
- well organized
- midieval twist- arches over columns
- spoils- materials taken from one building and used in another |
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Santa Costanza, Rome, plan, interior and Harvesting of Grapes
Rome
c. 350 CE
Built as a mausoleum for Constantina (Costanza), Constantine's daughter
Located on the side aisle of thechurch of St. Agnes
- mausoleum was simply attatched to basilica (not surviving)
- central (centralized plan)
- ambulatory (altar aisle that is circular.....
" Harvesting of Grapes"
- Abulatory Vault
- shows cherubs harvesting grapes
- wine symbolizing communion/eucharist |
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Good Shepherd
Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
Ravenna, Italy
c. 425-426 CE
- not necessarily her mausoleum
- originally attached to Narthax of church standing in the background
- Marble revetment with everything else above done in mosaic
- the good shepherd- less generic than ordinary shepherd
Gold garment with purple cloak
Very prominent halo and cross |
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Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Hagia Sophia Itanbul, Turkey Byzantine Art and Architecture Artists: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletes: two architects (professor of Mathematics and professor of Physics) Hagia Sophia= "holy wisdom" c. 532-537 CE Centrally Planned Church Pierced Dome- Allows light to flood into the structure Pendentive Dome- allows for a dome to be placed over the structure at a high hight through the use of pendentives. Gallery- a space reserved for women or for overflow crowds Patron: Justinian the Great |
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San Vitale, Ravenna Built c. 520 CE Consecrated 547 CE Mosaics, c. 546-48 CE Commisioned by Ecclesius, Bishop of Ravena - "Emperor Justinian and His Attendants" Emperor and Pope in the East Acting as either altar boy or altar girl |
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| Emperor Justinian and His Attendants, San Vitale, Ravenna |
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Transfiguration of Christ with Sant'Apollinare Classe (Near Ravenna) Consecrated 549 CE Byzantine Art - Abstract Image: the transfiguration of Christ - 6th Century - Peter, James & John = sheep - Mosaic |
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"Byzantine Art can be thought of broadly as the art of Constantinople, and the regions under its influence" -spoke greek- move away from latin |
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Virgin of Vladimir Probably from Constantinople 11th-12th Century Byzantine Art and Architecture Tempera on panel- used egg to bind thought to protect the people of the city where it resided no depth |
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Archangel Michael Late 10th or Early 11th Century Silver Gilt with Enamel Icon - possibly the front and back covers of a book |
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Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem Jerusalem= center for Judaeism, Christianity and Islam 691-92 CE Inlaid Tiles- unsurviving exterior mosaic decoration Marker of a very sacred place- site of the temple of solomon, where abraham almost sacrificed his son and where muhammud heard God's word. |
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The Great Mosque Kairouan, Tunisia 836-875 CE Islamic Art and Architecture Mosque= "a place where on postrates onself [in front of God]" - developed from Muhammud's home plan - minaret- bell tower- vocal call for prayer - Qibla- wall that marks the directional focus of prayer - Mihrab- marked by dome little space, niche, also serves as directional prayer focus (similar to apse) |
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1. Profession of faith= "There is no god but Allah and Muhammud is his prophet." 2. Five daily prayers 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Pilgrimage to the Ka'ba in Mecca. |
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(726-843) Images were essentially outlawed |
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Definition
| From greek word "image" - refers to an image that is usually a portrait of a holy figure. |
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| in Islam is a proscription against the creation of images of Allah in Islam. More extreme forms of aniconism in Islam prohibit the depiction of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or even of other living creatures in artwork. |
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| Mosque in which the prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports, or columns, that can multiply indefinitely. Dominant type in the early period. |
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| A tall slender tower, circular or square in section, built next or in a mosque, from which the Muslims are called to prayer. Mosques may have one, two, three, four, and up to six minarets. |
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Definition
| A wall recess, mostly in the form of arched niche, in the qibla wall, indicating the position of the prayer-leader facing the direction toward Mecca. |
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[image] |
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Prayer hall and Dome, Great Mosque Cordoba, Spain Begun 785-86 CE Islamic Art and Architecture - attached to Kalif's Palace - horseshoe arches - hypostyle hall Dome: 965 CE ribbed dome - text- aniconic decoration - mosaic - "melon" dome - sculptural- ridges add contrast and movement - polygonal dome with eight criss-crossing arches - voussoirs - segments that fit together with other segments to form arches- the central piece of which is called the keystone |
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Courtyard, Congregational Mosque Isfahan, Iran Islamic Art 11-18 century - iwan- big arched opening - colored tiles |
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Medallion Rug Anatolia (present-day Turkey) 16th century Islamic Art - evokes paridise |
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Qur'an Frontispiece Cairo, Egypt c. 1368 ink, pigments and gold on paper Calligraphy- the art of writing |
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