HISTORICAL EVENTS

Primitive Medicine=

Used= 

 Idea of supernatural

HISTORICAL EVENTS

Civilization Advanced=

Medicine became sub specialty of religion.

Egyptian= 1st to take medicine to new level

=they believed body fluids came from one pump

Who is Hippocrates=

Father of modern medicine with the use of rational medicine.

Who is Claudius Galen?

Anatomist & experimenter

(dissected animals & tied off arteries to understand the blood)

Who is William Harvey?

First physician to correctly described blood circulation 

Who is Edward Jenner?

What is known for?

Father of immunology

1) Small pox vaccine

Who is Girolamo Fracastoro?

What was he noted for?

Venetian physician= most scientific study of epidemics

Noted for= disease transmission

(hence germs theory emerges)

Who is John Snow?

what is he known for?

Father of epidemiology 

(study of factors that affect health and illness in a pop)

Cholera outbreak in Soho, England by drinking water from single pump

Who is Claude Bernard?

Function of Pancreas

Who is Rudolf Virchow?

What was he known for doing?

Father of modern pathology

Controlling crowd diseases

Who is Robert Koch?

Bacteria Culturing

Who is Joseph Lister?

Antiseptic and Surgery cleanliness

What does a PUBLIC HEALTH approach to disease prevention and health promotion entail? 

1) Looking at the person first=values, beliefs, eating behaviors.

2)What they bring to the table= education, habits (grew up with)

YPLL=

how does it work?

Years of Potential Life Loss

ex. die premature at 25 cancer ....life expectancy=80

           YYPL = 55

Co-morbidity=

Disease exist together but not have to be related 

Attributable Risks=

Genetics/ lifestyle

Health Expectancy=

Healthy life expectancy or health-adjusted life expectancy is based on life expectancy at birth but includes an adjustment for time spent in poor health

Pathophysiology=

Change in physiologic function seen in disease processes.

Etiology=

The theory of disease causation, many/most disease is "multi-factual," genetics, biology, environment, stress, aging, more resistant bugs. 

Idiopathic= 

No known or unknown etiology (cause)

Iatrogenic Disease= 

Conditions that are caused by the actions of physicians or surgeons (treatment induced) 

Neoplasia=

Perversion of cellular growth as growth in cancer

Atrophy= 

Reduction in size of organ or tissue

Referred Pain=

Originates in one site.... felt in another

Morbidity=

How certain diseases affect patients 

Incidence=

Measured the risk of developing new condition within a certain time

Prevalence=

Total # disease cases in the pop. at a certain time

Endemic=

Maintained within a population

pandemic=

disease that spread throughout population 

Epidemic=

diseases that transmitted from person to person

Ischemia=

Blood supply restriction

Necrosis=

Structural changes with cells death

Pyogenic=

bacterial infection that makes pus

Hyperplasia=

Increased # of cells

Metaplasia=

Change from one type to more resistant type

NCID=

Became 4 agencies in 07-08

What are the 4 agencies of NCID=

1)ZVED= zoonetic, vector-borne, and enteric diseases

2)NCHHSTP= National center for HIV/AIDS, viral helpatitis, STD, and TB prevention

3) NCIRD= national center for immunization and respiratory

4) NCPDCID= national center for preparedness, detection and control of infectious diseases.

Factors of microbial resistance=

What to do about it?

oreganism acquire resistance, either by mutating or sharing the resistance genes of resistance organisms

Appropriate use of antibiotics, minimize spread of infection from patient to patient, washing hands

What does the CDC do?

provides health and safety topic of diseases and conditions, healthy living, emergency preparedness and response, injury, violence, and safety, environmental health, travelers health, life stages and populations, and workplace safety and health. 

why are people living much longer today than they did in 1900?

what factors contributed to these gains?

what programs and achievement?

tobacco rates deceased, death rates for heart disease been cut in half, shifting in disparities gaps.

factors= insurance available, medication, and doctor

achievements= technology, better living conditions, earlier diagnosis, better prognosis and healthcare.

What are the main body defenses?

What health promotion/health behavior strategies have been found to bolster body defenses and reduce your risks of illness?

Skin, mucous membranes, lining of respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, and sebaceous glands in skin, coughing, vomiting, and urinating

STRATEGIES= perspiration, tears, and saliva contain an enzyme(lysozyme) that attacks the cell walls of gram-postive bacteria. As a result, the surface of the skin is acidic (pH 3-5) making it in hospitable to most bacteria. 

What is the Global Burden of disease?

what are likely to be the 3 major contributors to disease burden in the future?

CVD 

depression, road traffic accidents, and CVD

Describe bacteria=

1) what is it?

2) two characteristics=

1)responsible for breakdown of dead animals and plants/it is necessary and present everywhere

1) grow rapidly= interfere/functioning by consuming nutrients

2) excrete toxins

what is a virus?

2 characteristics =

entries in HUMAN and PLANTS=

infinite number of types, shapes, sizes, very small, non-cellular parasites.

1)obligate to parasite =can't reproduce without host

2) can't reproduce outside cell.

3) enter body by HUMAN= complex entries fluids/cavities

PLANTS= mouth of insects who are carriers

Leading cause of death in 1900?

(list 3)

1)pneumonia

2) TB

3) Diarrheal and Enteritis 

Leading causes of death in US?

(list 5)

1) heart disease

2) cancer

3) stroke

4) chronic lower respiratory diseases

5) accidents

Leading cause of preventable death?

(list 7)

1) smoking

2) obesity

3)physical inactivity

4)high dietary salt

5)lower dietary omega (c-reactive proteins which causes 

inflammation)

6)high trans fat

7)alcohol abuse

what is a reportable disease?

disease that must be reported to federal, state, or local health officials when diagnosed 

required by law==to local health dept.

(might have subjected restrictions)

What is the leading cause of death-globally NOW?

what is global burden of disease?

CVD............(2010=cancer rising)

CVD, accidents, depression

projected leading cause of death globally in 2030?

1) heart disease

2) stroke

 3)pulmonary disease

4) pneumonia=75% death in developing countries

Leading causes of death 15-24?

key contributors= 

1) Unintentional injuries 

2) homicide

3) suicide 

4) cancers

= sleep deprivation and alocohol

what are the leading cause of death in 25-44 year olds?

1) unintentional injuries

2) cancer

3) heart disease

4) suicide

5) homicide

By the 1950's life expectancy rose to 68.2 most of gain due to????

decreased tobacco rates

what does history tell us about each new generation?

what are the progresses?

will live longer than the one before

1) technology,

2) better living conditions,

3) science,

4) better health care,

5) earlier diagnosis,

6) better prognosis

new projections from late 2007 about next generations?

will NOT live longer because:

1) air pollution,

2) diseases,

3) genetic mutations,

4) toxic substances,

5) declining resistance,

6) immunocompetency failing

TODAY, what is the avg life expectancy at birth?

Average=> 77.8 yrs

women => 80.1yrs

men => 75. 8 yrs

still behind other- japan, longest L.E. 81.9

Where do we rank?

why does that matter?

ranked 47th

indication of sanitation, housing, food, healthcare, quality of life.

leading cause under age 85??

cancer.... first time since 1918

CVD second

what are the positive and negative trends of today?

POSITIVE= rapid growth in certain diseases, decline in death rates (aids, homicide, cancer, accidents, and heart disease)

because better medical care and decline in smoking, helmet/drunk driving laws, policies in workplace.

NEGATIVE= 1) death rates in diabetes increasing

2) # of uninsured rising

3) increase out of pocket spending

Causes of disease=

(list 5)

1)heredity

2)congenital

3)traumatic

4)physical agents (temp, electricl hazards, radiation, atmospheric pressure)

5)chemical poisons (accidents, suicide, industrial)

one of the leading contributors to increases risk for infectious and chronic disease=

persistent poverty

4 humors of ANCIENT GREECE=

significance=

1) Yellow bile....................hot/dry........fire.........liver

2) Balck bile......................dry/cold......earth.......spleen

3) Phlegm.........................cold/wet......water......brain

4) Blood...........................hot/wet........air..........heart

*when 4 elements in balance=healthy 

1)what causes Leprosy?

2)updates..today..

3)what is it aka?

1)bacteria causes toxins= kills tissue so body begins to

die..ex. fingers.....gives of odor...

2) vaccine

3) hansen's disease 

1)when did the black plaque hit?

2) how much did it wipe out?

3)what is it aka?

1) 1400s

2) 1/3 europe

3) bubonic plaque

1) what is MIASMA?

breathing bad air

what did Alexander Fleming discover?

penicillin/chemotherapy