Term
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Definition
| study of humankind (homo sapiens) from a broad perspective, especially focusing on the biological & cultural diff and sim between populations and societies of both past and present |
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Term
| physical (biological) anthropology |
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Definition
| the subfield that studies the biological aspects of humankind |
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Definition
| specialization in the investigation of the biological evolution of the human species |
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Definition
| study of primates, including monkeys and apes |
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Definition
| refers to physical diff between human pops; an interest of physical anthropology |
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Definition
| the investigation of past cultures through excavation of material remains |
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Term
| cultural anthropology (ethnology) |
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Definition
| subfield that studied the way of life of contemporary and historically recent human pops |
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Definition
| ethnographic research that involves observing and interviewing the members of a culture to describe their contemporary way of life |
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Definition
| a written description of the way of life of some human pops |
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Term
| anthropological linguistics |
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Definition
| subfield that focuses on the interrelationships between language and other aspects of people's culture |
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Term
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Definition
| subfield whose practitioners use anthropological methods, theories, and concepts to solve practical real-world problems; practitioners are often employed by a gov't agency or private organization |
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Definition
| the assumption that any aspect of a culture is integrated with other aspects, so that no dimension of culture can be understood in isolation |
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Definition
| notion that one should not judge the behavior of other peoples using the standards of one's own culture |
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Definition
| insistence by anthropologists that valid hypotheses and theories about humanity be tested with data from a wide range of cultures |
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Definition
| the attitude or opinion that the morals, values, and customs of one's own culture are superior to those of other peoples |
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Definition
| shared, socially transmitted knowledge of behavior |
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Term
| enculturation (socialization) |
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Definition
| transmission of culture to succeeding generations by means of social learning |
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Definition
| a social position in a group with its associated and reciprocal rights (privileges) and duties (obligations) |
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Definition
| shared ideas and or expectations about how certain people ought to act in given situations |
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Definition
| shared ideas or standards about the worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles |
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Definition
| objects, behaviors, and so forth whose culturally defined meaning have no necessary relation to their inherent physical qualities |
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Term
| classification of reality |
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Definition
| ways in which the members of a culture divide up the natural and social world into named categories |
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Term
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Definition
| the way people interpret reality and events, including how they are themselves as relation to the world around them |
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Term
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Definition
| the main technique used in conducting ethnographic fieldwork, invovlving being among a ppl and participating ind daily activities |
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Definition
| preconceived mental images of a group that biases the way they are perceived and how their behavior is interpreted |
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Definition
| a member of a society who provides infor to a fieldworker, often through formal interviews or surveys |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling of uncertainty and anxiety and indiv. experiences when placed in a strange cultural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| total system of linguistic knowledge that allows the speakers of a language to send meaningful messages and hearers to understand them |
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Definition
| languages in which changing voice pitch within a word alters the meaning of the word |
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Definition
| all the words that exist in a single language |
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Definition
| a class of things or properties that are perceived as alike in some fundamental respect; hierarchially organized |
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Definition
| specialty within cultural anthro that studies how language is related to culture and the social uses of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that language profoundly shapes the perceptions and world views of its speakers |
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Term
| acceptability of whorf-sapis hyp. |
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Definition
not widely accepted b/c
1. world views change more rapidly than language
2. cultural similatiries between related languages are rarely found significant |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which organisms develop physical and behavioral characteristics allowing them to survive and reproduce in their habitats |
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Term
| hunting and gathering (foraging) |
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Definition
| adaptation based on harvest of only wild (undomesticated) plants & animals |
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Term
| agriculture (cultivation) |
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Definition
| adaptation based primarily on the planting, tending, and harvesting of domesticated plants (crops) |
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Definition
| adaptation based on control and breeding of domesticated livestock, which are taken to naturally occurring pasturelands |
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Definition
| a small foraging group with flexible composition hat migrates seasonally |
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Definition
| process by which ppl control the distribution, abundance, and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness to humans |
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Definition
| a method of cultivation in which hand tools powered by human muscles are used |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of cultivation in which plots are planted annually and semi-annually; usually uses irrigation, natural fertilizers, and (in Old World) plows powered by animals |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of food (or other goods) a worker produces in excess of consumption of herself or himself and his or her dependents |
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal mobility, often involving migration to high-altitude ares during the hottest and driest parts of the year |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of goods for goods between two or more indiv or groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of goods for goods between two or more indiv or groups |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange by means of buying and selling, using money |
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Term
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Definition
| the giving of goods without expectation of a return of equal value at any definite future time |
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Term
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Definition
| the exchange of goods considered to have roughly equal value; social purposes usually motivate the exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange motivated by the desire to obtain goods, in which the parties try to gain all the matrial goods they can |
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Definition
| the rendering of goods (typically including food) to an authority such as a chief |
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Term
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Definition
| a money that can be used to purchase a very broad range of goods and services |
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Term
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Definition
| money that may be used to purchase only a few kinds of goods |
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Term
| 5 key properties of language |
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Definition
1. arbitrary
2. discrete and recombinable element
3. productivity
4. multimedia potention
5. displacement |
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Term
| Main goal of scientific approach |
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Definition
| the explanation of cultural diff and sim to make generalizations |
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Term
| main goal of humanistic approach |
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Definition
| to describe and interpret particular cultures, to achieve an 'insider's' view |
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Term
| Scientific Approach: Humans |
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Definition
are part of the natural world, diff only in degree from other animals
are fundamentally similar, sharing a core of motivations, emotions, behavioral predispositions and the like |
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Term
| Humanistic Approach: Humans |
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Definition
are unique b/c theya re conscious, cultural beings, diff in kind from other animals.
differ profoudly in their motives, emotions, and behavioral tendencies, accorind to the culture they were raised in |
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Term
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Definition
| regularities and consistent patterns exist across..discoverable by empirical observation and systematic comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| indiv cultures so complex that each cultures must be understood on its own terms; comparison distort cultures compared |
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Term
| Sci Approach: field methods emphasize... |
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Definition
| observation and quantification of group patternsof behavior; descriptions are objectively attainable in that two trained fieldworkers can discover the same set of facts |
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Term
| Hum Approach: field methods emphasize... |
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Definition
| participation and interation with indiv; descriptiosn emerge from interaction of the fieldworker with local ppl, and two fieldworkers with have diff accounts depending ont heir personal characteristics and these interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by extremely large land for animal holdings "turning oil into food" |
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Term
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Definition
1. generalized (charity)
2. balanced
3. negative (bartar systems; taking advantage) |
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Term
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Definition
1. reciprocity
2. redistribution
3. market |
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Term
| hunting/gathering org. of communities |
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Definition
| small, mobile bands #10-50, varying seasonally |
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Term
| hunting/gathering...rights to resources |
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Definition
| flexible access to resources over large territories |
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Term
| hunt/gath internal differentiation |
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Definition
| division of labor based on sex and age; equality based on sharing |
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Term
| horiculture basic org. of communities |
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Definition
| scattered hamlets or village of 100 or more, largely by variable sedentary |
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Term
| horticulture...rights to resources |
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Definition
| ownership of land and productive rosources by kin groups and.or residential groups |
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Term
| horticulture...internal differentiation |
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Definition
| variable, but little specialization and inequality |
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Term
| intensive agriculture..basic org of communities |
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Definition
| central administrative places with cities and towsn surrounded by rural "peasant" communities |
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Term
| intensive agriculture...rights to resources |
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Definition
| vested in or controlled by multilevel administrative officials reponsible to the "state" |
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Term
| inten. agric...internal differentiation |
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Definition
| craft and service specialization with social distinctions and major inequalities |
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Term
| pastoralism-basic org of commun. |
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Definition
| seasonally nomadic living units of varying size and composition |
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Term
| pastor...rights to resources |
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Definition
| grazing rights based on membership in families, kin groups, or the tribe itself |
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Term
| pastoralism...internal differentiation |
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Definition
| variably complex; based on age, sex,a nd often hereditary distinctions |
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Term
| hunt/gath food acquired by means of |
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Definition
| collection/gathering of wild plants; hunting of animals; sometimes fishing |
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Term
| horticulture food acquired by means of |
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Definition
| cultivation of crops using hand tools, with or without livestock |
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Term
| intensive agriculture food acquired by means of |
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Definition
| cultivation of crops with animal-powered plows or other means of using land intensively |
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Term
| pastoralism food acquired by means of |
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Definition
| livestock provided products (mean, milk, hides, wool) to eat, trade, and sell |
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Term
| 5 institutions of culture |
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Definition
1. family
2. religion
3. enculturation (education)
4. economics
5. politics |
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Term
| main categories of murdock's universals |
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Definition
1. basic physiological needs
2. reproduction
3. cultural transmission
4. social order
5. supernatural
6. communication |
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Term
| # of distinctive cultures and nation states |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| perspective of insider (native) of cultures |
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Definition
| perspective of outsider (tends to hold bias based on own cultural perspective) |
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Term
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Definition
| what a cultural system strives to be |
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Term
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Definition
| exceptions, what actually occurs within a cultural system. departure from ideals...pressures and change over time bridges a gap beween ideal culture and real cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| implied/not advertised but important to learn; know-how; need not be overt |
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Term
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Definition
| outweardly spoken/performed |
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Term
| 9 characteristics of hunter/gatherers |
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Definition
1. seasonal mobility
2. weak notions of property
3. leadership by example
4. equalitarians
5. division of labor (sex/age)
6. fission-fusion (separation into smaller groups and coming together)
7. reciprocity
7. animistic religion (spirit is everwhere and in everything) |
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Term
| 3 distinct perspectives of cultural anthro |
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Definition
1. holistic
2. cultural relativism
3. comparative perspective |
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