Term
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Definition
- 1 of the main causes of WWI
- Established the 2 sides of the war
- Caused bitterness
- Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria
- Triple Entente: GB, France, and Russia
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Term
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Definition
- Balkan Crisis
- 1878 Serbia gained ind.
- Wanted to establish a Slavic kingdom -> Pan-Slavism
- Bosnia + Herzegovina annexed by Austria 1908
- Serbia pissed
- Alliances
- Arms Race after 1890
- Glorified war
- Militarism= building an army and warring
- "My country is better than yours!"
- Extreme Nationalism
- Territorial Disputes
- Imperialism
- FINAL SPARK: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Black Hand
- Black Hand= Serbian terrorist group
- June 28, 1914
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Term
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Definition
- Austria wanted to go to war with Serbia, but they were afraid of Russia interfering, so they asked Germany for help
- The blank check=Germany saying that they would help A at any cost, even if it meant entering a war
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Term
| Ultimatum to Serbia-- WWI |
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Definition
- After the assassination of FF, Austria wanted to go to war with Serbia, so after they had G's support, they issued an ultimatum to S with extreme demands
- One of them: They would be able to have troops in S
- If they complied, it would be good for A
- If they refused, A could use it as an excuse to declare war
- S agreed to most of them, but they couldn't deal with that one
- Austria declared war on S on July 28, 1914
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Term
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Definition
- Plan by G general to avoid a 2-front war
- G invaded through Belgium
- Fr-G border would be more difficult
- Would only put in a few troops for R, and the rest would invade Fr
- R wouldn't be able to mobilize quick enough and GB wouldn't be able to cross English Channel quick enough
- Put weaker army in border near Alsace-Lorraine to tempt Fr
Assumptions - Belgium wouldn't be violent
- Fr would be lured to A-L border
- It would take R 6 wks to mobilize
- By that time G would've defeated GB + Fr
- *War would be short*
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Term
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Definition
- Warfare in which all of a nation's resources, including civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for the war effort
- Draft
- Government took control of economy
- rationed food, nationalized transportation and industries, and experimented with price, wage, and rent controls
- Censorship to promote nationalism
- Brought an end to unemployment
- Soldiers went off to work (leaving labor force) so more people were needed
- Opened new roles for women
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Term
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk--WWI |
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Definition
- March 3, 1918
- Treaty that got R out of the war
- R to Germany
- R gave up a lot of land
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Term
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Definition
- British ship that had Americans on it that was sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915
- Unrestricted submarine warfare by G
- Caused the US to enter the war
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Term
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Definition
- What officially entered the US into the war
- A telegram supposedly sent by G to Mexico saying that if Mexico fought against the US, they would get all of their old land back.
- GB "intercepted" the telegram +showed it to US, which was outraged
- G said that they never sent it and GB created it to get the US involved
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Term
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Definition
- Submarines
- G used submarines to attack civilians
- Called unrestricted submarine warfare
- G justified the sinking of ships by saying that US was supplying the Allies with supplies in cruise ships and other boats with civilians
- Caused US to enter the war April 6, 1917
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Term
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Definition
- G vs. GB and Fr
- Trench warfare --> neither side able to move
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Term
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Definition
- G and A vs. R
- More mobility than W Front
- G defeated Russia, so was not that big of a threat
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Term
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Definition
- Started with 1st Battle of the Marne
- Western Front
- Soldiers dug trenches, and then hid in them
- First, would "soften up" enemy by attacking
- Then soldiers would come out of trenches to go to enemy's trenches
- Rarely worked because of machine guns
- Poison gas caused many deaths
- Had to deal with harsh conditions and hundreds of thousands of deaths
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Term
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Definition
- Ended war
- Nov 11, 1918 at 11:00
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Term
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Definition
- Thought of by Woodrow Wilson
- No secret alliances (that was what started the war in the first place
- Ships can travel wherever they want (no URS or blockades)
- Free trade
- Keep the military at a minimum
- Fair treatment of colonial peoples
- Alsace-Lorraine back to Fr
- Define borders of Italy
- Free Russia
- Free Belgium
- Allow/promote self-determination (creation of new and independent nations)
- *Creation of the League of Nations
- Not listened to by rest of the countries
- Instead they wrote the Treaty if Versailles
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Term
| Treaty of Versailles--WWI |
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Definition
- Signed June 28, 1919
- Very harsh on G
- Made G pay a lot of $$ as reparations
- Disarmament
- G had to reduce army to 100,000 men
- No air force
- Very small navy
- Give back Alsace-Lorraine to Fr
- Give independence to Poland
- Gave Saarland to Fr
- No colonies
- Caused unemployment
- Very bad for G economy because Saarland=one of the areas that makes them the most money
- Unemployment because men coming back from war, only a few men employed in army, can't work in Saarland
- Couldn't pay reparations
- **Not a fair and lasting peace; purpose is to inflict punishment instead of producing peace
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Term
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Definition
- Idea by Woodrow Wilson
- Thought that an international convention was necesary to avoid future world wars
- US senate didn't approve, so didn't even end up joining
- Unsuccessful because didn't have army, so couldn't enforce decisions
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Term
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Definition
- Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles
- Said that G would have to pay $33 billion for reparations
- Thought that G was responsible for starting the war, so would have to pay all Allies for war damages
- Did not help the economic crisis- the little money that they actually made had to be given to other countries
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Term
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Definition
- U-Boats: Unrestricted submarine warfare
- Machine guns
- Made things more violent
- Made trench warfare more bloody and ineffective, so war went on longer
- Poison gases
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Term
| First Battle of the Marne--WWI |
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Definition
- First major battle of the war
- G had been advancing into Fr after finally trudging through Belgium; Allies halted the advance and a battle ensued at the Marne River
- Trench Warfare
- All sides found out that the war would last longer than they thought
- September 1914
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Term
| First Battle of Ypres--WWI |
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Definition
- Oct/Nov 1914
- "Race to the Sea"
- Armies kept trying to outflank each other to North and West and ended up near North Sea coast
- GB and Fr eventually able to hold off G and trenches got extended N to the N Sea coast
- Indian regiments will be used here and will fight hard and well for the Allies
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Term
| Second Battle of Ypres--WWI |
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Definition
- April 1915
- First use of poison gas
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Term
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Definition
- May 1915
- GB Expeditionary Force, Australia, New Zealand, Canadian regiments used in planned offensive to open up Dardanelles straits in Black Sea
- Planned by Winston Churchill
- Invasion was botched
- R suffered most severe losses + led to their withdrawal
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Term
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Definition
- February 1916
- Briand ordered Verdun to be protected at all cost
- Verdun was a historic Fr village
- Would be crushing morale if it was destroyed
- Heavy losses
- Battle of attrition
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Term
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Definition
- July-Nov 1916
- First battle when they used tanks
- Planned major Allied offense
- reason why commandersdidn't want to go to Verdun because they weresaving up for this
- Attack preceded by 8 day bombardment agst G in hopes of wearing them down
- supposed to be a surprise attack
- Much of GB mutitions had been duds and G found out and were prepared for the attack
- GB persisted and both sides fought to wear each other down
- Allies able to get some land
- Heavy losses on both sides
- end of 1916 both sides exhausted and Allies pretty much lost on E Front
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Term
| Battle of Chateau-Thierry--WWI |
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Definition
- June 1918
- Allies led by US general
- First battle that the US participated in
- US new into the war, so had fresh troops, supplies, and morale
- Last-ditch G offensive
- Allies able to hold off G attacks
- Led to last major battle
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Term
| Second Battle of the Marne--WWI |
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Definition
- July-Aug 1918
- G tried to break thru Allied lines in Belgium and part of Fr
- unsuccessful; had to retreat
- Led to mutinies agst G
- Citizens also losing
- Last battle of the war
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Term
| Bloody Sunday--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- January 9, 1905
- People came to tell Czar Nick II about their problems
- Starvation, poverty, etc.
- Protest was peaceful
- He wasn't there, and was oblivious to their suffering
- Palace guards attacked group
- Led to forming of the Duma
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Term
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Definition
- Formed in 1905 after Bloody Sunday
- The October Manifesto caused it
- Supposed to help avoid a full-scale revolution
- Legislative body
- It satisfied people for a little while
- Ineffective because Nick II still had veto power, and he kept dissolving
- He believed in autocracy
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Term
| Nicolas II--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Czar of Russia
- Oblivious of his people's suffering
- Didn't believe in autocracy
- Led them in WWI
- Believd in divine right
- Died on July 16, 1918 with the rest of his family
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Term
| Rasputin--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Buddy-buddy with royal family
- Corrupt
- People thought that he was to close to rulers and didn't like him
- A bunch ofpeople triedto kill him
- He was almost impossible to kill
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Term
| War communism--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Lenin's policy of nationalizing industrial and other facilities and requisitioning the peasants' produce during the civil war
- Centralized government under Bolshevik control
- Draft reinstated
- Everyone under 50 had to contribute to the war effort
- Women used in industrial jobs
- Strikes were banned
Significance - EPIC FAIL
- Peasants starving
- Can't have a centralized gov't with a country of R's size
- Commerce was at a standstill
- Revolts began to break out
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Term
| Whites, Reds, and Greens--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
Reds - Bolsheviks
- They like communism
Whites - Allies, Mensheviks, Anti-Bolsheviks, pro-tsarists, military officers
- Common goal: eradicate Communism
- Didn't agree on anything else, which is why they weren't as strong as the Reds
Greens - Ukrainian peasants who wanted their land back
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Term
| New Economic Policy--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- A modified version of the old capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and war communism
- Forced requisitioning of peasants' grain was stopped
- peasants allowed to sell their own produce
- Small industries could be operated under private ownership
- Much more successful than war communism
- Intended to be only temporary, but it was so successful that they kept it
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Term
| Five Year Plans and Collectivization of Agriculture--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Implemented by Stalin
- First was supposed to focus on heavy industry, and the second was supposed to be on light industry
- Replaced the NEP
- Thought that the farms needed to be connected to government; shouldn't be able to work just for selves
- 1928 was the first one
- Easier to industrialize since everything had already been invented
- Industries had to meet quotas, or else they were punished
- Production increased 250% but not quality
- "Socialist Competition"
- "Who can be the best Communist?"
- Gave them an incentive: were rewarded
- Socialist Realism
- Art that depicts people being happy working for government
- No unemployment
- Collectivization of farms
- To finance industralization
- took land away from peasants and grouped them together
- Thought they would be more productive
- Surplus was to be sold overseasto make money
- Kulaks didn't want this
- opposed to Stalin
- hoarded food
- burned crops rather than let the government have them
- Stalin sent them all to the Gulags
- They were all the best farmer, so when they died, there was a famine
- Postivie things
- Education and Literacy went up
- Negative things
- Standard of living went down
- Were very afraid of government
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Term
| Kulaks--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Wealthy peasants farmers
- Became wealthy under the NEP
- Didn't like collectivization of farms because it didn't let them grow the food for their own money
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Term
| Sergei Kirov--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Murdered under Stalin's orders
- High-ranking official in the government
- Saw him as a threat
- Blamed it on Trotskyites
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Term
| Purge Trials--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- 1934-1939
- Not even trials; basically forcing people to confes, even if they didn't do anything
- Gave fear to the people
- Agst high-ranking members of the party
- NOBODY was safe from Stalin's paranoia
- Purged army, government, and regular people
- KGB=promoted terror
- **Caused fear to people because they saw that members of the government were corrupt, and also they thought that since there were actually trials, everything was fair
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Term
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Definition
- Leader of the Bolsheviks
- Also leader of the Soviet government (Council of People's Commissars
- Helped Bol. take over
- Believed that only a revolution by trained revolutionaries could destroy capitalism
- Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918
- Got them out of the war
- Said that it wouldn't matter anyway because the spread of the socialist revolution would make the land given up irrelevant
- Started War Communism in 1918 during thecivil war
- Replaced it with the NEP in 1921
- Died in 1924
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Term
| Trotsky--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
- Commissioner of war
- Expelled from party in 1927
- Helped Bol. takeover
- Stalin's rival
- Leader of the Left
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Term
| Petrograd--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- City in R
- Strikes broke out in Mar 1917
- Women marched there Mar 8
- General strike (wanted Bol. control)
- Many soldiers sent to fight to stop rebellions ended up joining them
- Leads to the Duma taking over
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Term
| Provisional Government--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- The Duma became this after they forced Nick II to abdicate
- Led By Alex Kerensky
- Made up of educated individuals who wanted:
- to continue the war
- universal male suffrage
- Western-style parliament
- 8 hour work day
- Unions and strikes legal
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Term
| Bolsheviks--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Communists
- Led by Lenin
- Different from Marx because didn't want to wait for the proletariat to grow
- Replaced the Provisional Government
- Caused:
- End of war
- redistribution of land to peasants
- Transfer of industries to commitees of workers
- Provisional Government gave power to soviets
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Term
| Politburo--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Bol. Government
- After Lenin died, power struggle
- Left (Trotsky) wanted to end the NEP and industrialize at the expense of the peasants
- Right wanted socialism, continuation of NEP, believed that industrializing too much too fast would harm peasants
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Term
| Stalin--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Was originally General Secretary of Communist Party
- Made that position most powerful in Com. party
- Used it to gather support
- Eliminated old Bol. party members with the Purge Trials
- VERY paranoid, which is why he got rid of everyone whom he thought was plotting against him
- Established a dictatorship
- Used the Five Year Plans to industrialize rapidly
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Term
| Cheka--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- Terrorist police force under Lenin
- Called the Red Terror
- Used to destroy all enemies of Bol.
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Term
| Cult of Personality--Russian Revolution |
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Definition
- When a leader becomes a god-like figure
- Brainwashing
- Only in totalitarian governments
- Created this by using
- propaganda
- fear
- censorship
- no religion
- education (were taught in school to love S)
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Term
Spread of Communism to China--Russian Revolution
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Definition
- Chiang Kai-shek = leader of the Nationalist party
- Did not like Com.
- Drove them out of Shanghai
- Used their superior army to force Mao and co. out of their guerrila lair
- Tried to make Ch. better, but failed
- Scared of Com. influence, so used censorship
- Caused a civil war
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Term
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Definition
- An ideology or movement that exalts the nation over the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition
- Leader above the law
- Leaders will is the state's will is the people's will
- Combo of absolutism, organiscism, irrationalism
- National unity as a reflection of leader's ideas
- Similar to Stalinism
- Capitalism is the economic system
- Highlights war and force
- Conservative
- Bourgeosie like it
- Proletariat doesn't
- Invented by Mussolini
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Term
| Mussolini--Inter-War Period |
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Definition
- Was a Socialist at first, but they kicked him out because he wanted war
- Thought that democracy was weak and ineffective
- Advocated nationalism
- Supported army
- Founded Fasci di Combattimiento (Combat Group) in Milan in 1919
- war veterans, discontented, believed in strong Italy, nationalist socialists, pro-war
- Wasn't getting support until the middle of 1921, when they got seats in Parliament
- Made deals with wealthy to get their support
- Summer 1922 got a part in the coalition gov't
- Oct 29, 1922 M appointed PM by King Victor Emmanuel after the March on Rome
- Matteotti murdered June 1924
- High-ranking socialist party member
- M's opposition
- Makes the opposition party boycott Par
- Jan 1925 M becomes dictator
- Opposition arrested
- censorship
- Nov 1926 all non-fascist political parties banned
- created corporate state
- Did not have control of: Catholic Church, Monarchy, and Army
Foreign Policy - 1924 obtained Fiume through treaty with Yugoslavia
- 1926 infiltrated Albania
- 1935 invades Ethiopia
- chooses that because it is weak and it is one of the few countries they could beat
- win in 1936
- only won because they had more tech
- Not very strong
- On the whole, not a very effective leader
- Ended up being killed by his own people after trying to flee
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Syndicates and Corporations--Inter-war Period |
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Definition
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Term
| Weimar Republic--Inter-war Period |
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Definition
The government that took over after Kaiser Will II abdicated (after WWI)
Problems Many didn't accept legitimacy Divided people and pushed them to extremist parties 2 main parties unwilling to compromise Couldn't solve economic problems Democracy not considered effective as a form of government Hyperinflation and unemployment caused by Ruhr occupation Couldn't solve problems Many shunned "Weimar culture" and wanted to return to pre-war ideals New rights for women upset conservatives Conservatives wanted to return to traditional family values No strong support from prominent politicians President Hindenburg was a really sucky leader because he was a monarchist, so he did not have the interests of his people at heart
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Term
| Article 48--Inter-war period |
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Definition
Article in the constitution of the Weimar Republic Gave H "special powers" in an emergency Gave him the right to pretty much take over
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Term
| Enabling Act--Inter-war period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Since G couldn't pay reparationsto Fr, Fr took the Ruhr (G's chief industrial and mining center)
- G wouldn't pay reparations, but they would have to let Fr have all the mines
- G adopted policy of passive resistance
- G workers went on strike (didn't want to work with Fr)
- G financed it by printing lots of paper money
- Caused hyperinflation
- Economic disaster
- Ended up causing political upheaval (Weimar to Nazis)
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Term
| Mein Kampf--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Book written by H while he was in jail
- Published 1925
- Dictated to Ralph Hess (one of H's friends)
- Themes:
- Anti-Semitism/Racism
- Nationalism
- Social Darwinism
- Anti-Communism
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Term
| Dawes Plan--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Reduced reparations
- Stablilized G's payments on the basis of its ability to pay
- Granted $200 mil loan to G from US
- Opened door for Americans to invest heavily in Europe
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Term
| Reichstag Fire--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Fire that burnt down the Reichstag (government)
- Hitler blamed it on Coms
- Used this as an excuse to suspend civil liberties
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Term
| Storm Troopers--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- The original army of the Nazis
- "Brown Shirts"
- Used to crush opponents using violence
- Ernst Rohm was leader
- NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES:
- H heard rumors of homosexuality in the SA
- Worried about Rohm as rival
- Needed to purge it
- June 1934 the SS killed a lot of the SA (including Rohm)
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Term
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Definition
- Led by Himmler
- Originally H's bodyguard, but then after that came to control all police forces (public and secret)
- 2 main principles: terror and ideology
- Concentration camps, forceful censorship, etc.
- One of main jobs: get rid of Jews
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Term
| Nuremburg Laws--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Laws in G thatwere intended to purify G
- Forbade marriage b/w Jews and Gs
- Jews can't employ women
- Only Aryans could be citizens
- **Made Jews legally inferior
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Term
| Kristallnacht--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Nov 9-10 1938
- "Night of the Broken Glass"
- Nazis burned synagogues, Jewish businesses destroyed, many Jews killed
- Their excuse: a secretary in the G embassy in Paris was assassinated (wtf? How is this relevant?)
- **Officially begins Holocaust
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Term
| Holocaust--Inter-war period/WWII |
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Definition
- The mass slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during WWII
- Jews sent to concentration camps
- A LOT of cruelty
- **Hitler and the Nazis believed in Aryan superiority, which is why they wanted to get rid of all of the Jews
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Term
| Great Depression--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Causes:
- Downturn of domestic economy
- International financial crisis caused by the collapse of the stock market in US on Oct 28, 1929
- In 1925, states in central and eastern Eu began to impose tariffs to promote domestic economy
- Increase in use of hydroelectricity and oil led to decline of coal industry
- **A lot of the Eu prosperity had been based on US investments in G,
- In 1928 Americans began to take their money out of Eu and invest it in NYC, and then the stock market crashed, so they had to withdraw all of their money in Eu
- Weakened the banks of countries of central Eu
- G's main bank collapsed in 1931
- ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
- trade slowed
- industrialists cutting back production
- unemployment!
- SOCIAL REPERCUSSIONS
- Women able to get more jobs (maid, servant, etc) while many men unemployed
- High unemployment rates among young men caused them to join gangs
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Term
| Ataturk --Inter-war period |
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Definition
- Founded modern Turkey
- Was military officer, but then resigned to form new republic of Turkey
- Negotiated treaty with GB togive them land in Anatolian peninsula
- **Tried to turn Turkey into a modern, secular republic
- Democracy
- Turkish nationalism
- Turkish language now used Roman alphabet
- Old aristocratic titles abolished
- Education
- Established light industrial sector
- Economy=captialism
- Modernized agriculture
- ***Tried to make Turkey secular
- free from influence of Islamic clerics
- Islamic law taken away and replaced with a Swiss law code
- Women's rights
- discouraged from wearing Islamic veil
- Received right to vote
- Granted equal righs with men in all aspects of marraige and inheritance
- Abolished all monasteries and brotherhoods
- ***SUCCEEDED!
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Term
| Sinn Fein/Ireland--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- SF=Political organization of the Irish Republican Army
- Wanted Irish Home Rule/independence
- This polarized N and S Ireland on religious lines
- N=protestant, wanted to stay part of GB
- S=Catholic, wanted ind.
- Members were final elected to Parliament
- Declared own Parliament in Dublin
- IRA starts campaigning against GB
- Irish start resigning from police force because they don't want to work with GB
- Black and Tans become new police force
- GB people
- start counterattacks to IRA
- 1919 war erupts
- B&Ts attack civilians (torture, etc.)
- That strengthened resolve of the Irish (nationalism)
- GB people think that they should just go all-out or get the heck out
- 1921 Treaty with Sinn Fein
- GB grants independence to all but 6 counties
- Those are the counties that wanted to stay a part of GB
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Term
| Political Turmoil in GB--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- After war were not doing well economically
- David Lloyd George lost support and resigned Oct 1922
- General election goes toward conservatives
- End of 1923 another election
- Form coalition govt
- Mix of Liberal and Labor (mod)
- PM: Ramsay MacDonald
- Believed in democracy
- Tried to improve unemployment
- Led to no confidence in govt (didn't work)
- Another election 1924
- New con. govt
- Mid-1920s economy started to improve
- exports still low because of competition
- went back to gold standard for $
- unemployment still high
- 1926 coal strike, leading to general strike
- 1931 Statute of Westminster gave political independence to dominions of UK (Canada, New Zealand, etc.)
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Term
| France in between the wars, Stavisky Scandal, Le New Deal--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- George Clemenceau resigned 1920
- Replaced by Aristide Briand 1921
- He was replaced by Poincare in Jan 1922
- introduced reforms
- imports labor
- tries to raise taxes
- Emergence of R-wing groups:
- Action Francaise wanted to return to Old Regime, thought modern govt was corrupt, the force ofn"Camelots du Roi"
- Croix de Feu: Fascist veterans, extremists
- These groups don't become too powerful
- 1924 economic recovery starts
- 1929 Great Depression causes Fr to come back down in 1932
- Stavisky Scandal Feb 1934
- Financial scandal that resulted in political crisis
- Stavisky was a swindler who embezzled millions and had close govt ties
- Daladier (PM) had to resign
- Allowed for R-wing political groups to get more power
- Popular Front formed by Leon Blum
- group of radical socs, Coms, L-wing
- won election in 1936
- People wanted social reforms and more quitable distribution of wealth
- **Le New Deal
- 40 hour work week
- higer wages
- 2 weeks vacation
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Term
| Appeasement--Inter-war period |
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Definition
- The policy, followed by Eu in the 1930s, of accepting H's annexation of A and Czech in the belief that letting him have his way would keep peace and stability
- H thought that Eu would just give in to anything he asked for to avoid a war
- **Munich Conference: H wanted the Sutenland (part of Czech) and he said that he would risk another World War to get it
- At the conference they gave in to almost all of H's terms
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Term
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Definition
- An attack that hits fast and hard (a lightning war)
- Used by G to attack Poland, and then Norway and Denmark
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Term
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Definition
- May 29-June 4 1940
- 330,000 GB troops saved by many boats
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Term
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Definition
- H felt that in order to win, he needed to gain ar superiority, so he had the Luftwaffe do daily blitzes
- Then he started going after cities instead of RAF airfields, so the RAF was able to strike back and bomb Berlin, which is when H called it off
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Term
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Definition
- The G air force
- **Essential during the Battle of Britain, which was fought entirely in the air
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Term
| Operation Barbarossa--WWII |
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Definition
- G invade SU on Mar 22, 1941
- S didn't listen to his advisors when they told him that H would invade soon
- H thought he could win before winter, but he got held up because he had to go bail out M in Greece
- On the first day, 6,000 SU aircraft destroyed, and within 6 days Minsk was captured
- Winter starting, and the farther in the Gs got, the further away their supplies got
- By Oct, only 15 mi from Moscow
- When tried to attack in Nov, resisted by Red Army
- Dec, Red Army launched counterattack and by Jan 1942 G had been pushed back 200 mi
- **shows that G is able to be held off (G is not invincible) so caused MORALE BOOST
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Term
| Battle of Stalingrad--WWII |
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Definition
- Summer of 1942
- G was advancing again after Op. Barbarossa, but slowly (had to ration fuel)
- At one point they ran out of fuel, so they had to wait until Aug until they could move again
- Didn't want to waste any fuel, so only sent a small group to try to encircle the city of Stalingrad
- But SU was fighting back
- H ordered that S-grad had to be taken down no matter what, so he sends supplies
- supplies delayed because of weather
- By Nov, G had 90% of the city under its control
- Red Army launched a counteroffensive and since G's supplies were low, had to retreat
- Feb 2, 1943 G surrenders
- **Turning point of WWII because up until the, G had been winning a lot, and it also showed the Allies that G could lose a HUGE battle like this
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Term
| Attack on Pearl Harbor--WWII |
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Definition
- Dec 7, 1941 Japan launched an attackon Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
- **This made the US enter the war
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Term
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Definition
- G took over Fr on June 22, 1940
- They occupied the N and put the Vichy French in charge of the the South
- Vichy French=Nazi puppetgovt led by Henry Petain
- Helped round up Jews for H
- Free France=opposition
- led by DeGaulle
- Once Fr liberated after the war, became the official govt
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Term
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Definition
- G Gen. in charge of the Afrika Korps, who were defending N Africa
- Kept winning many battles over GB, but when US switched generals, G kept losing
- **El Alamein: major battle
- GB broke through G lines on Nov 4, 1942
- Rommel escaped to Tunisia
- Had his last stand 200 miles NW of Tripoli, where the Allies were
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Term
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Definition
- When J invaded China, they wentinto Nanking and looted and destroyed the whole town, and raped a lot of women
- **Ch still holds a grudge to this day
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Term
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Definition
- June 6, 1944
- Planned byGen Eisenhower
- Attack on beaches of Normandy (5 parts: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno)
- First part was an air attack
- Then an amphibious attack
- **Largest single-day battle invasion ever
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Term
| Battle of the Bulge--WWII |
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Definition
- H's last stand in Dec 1944-Jan 1945 (EPIC FAIL)
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Term
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Definition
- The tactic of fighting individual battles on seperate islands; a strategy first used by the Japanese but then later employed by the US
- Set us up for land invasion
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Term
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Definition
- J invaded Philippines December 8, 1941
- Captured many American and Filipino soldiers
- made soldiers march in april 1942 to death camps
- Tens of thousands died
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Term
| Battle of Coral Sea--WWII |
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Definition
- May 4-8 1942
- First time aircraft carriers used in battle
- Tactical victory for J, but also win for Allies because J didn't get Port Moresby, New Guinea
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Term
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Definition
- June 4-5 1942
- Decisive US victory that would be the turning point of the war in the Pacific
- US inflicted heavy losses on J
- **Allies finally started winning in the Pacific
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Term
| Battle of Guadalcanal--WWII |
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Definition
- Aug 4 1942-Feb 7 1943
- US Marines begin this battle and fight for the next 6 months to control the island
- Battle in all 3 areas: land, air, and sea
- Allies won, and from this point on, J becomes more focused on defense than offense
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Term
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Definition
- March-June 1945
- Largest amphibious invasion of the Pacific Theater
- Bloodiest battle in the Pacific
- **Last major battle of the Pacific Theater
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Term
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Definition
- The building of the A-bomb
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Term
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki--WWII |
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Definition
- Hiroshima was bombed by the atom bomb on Aug 6, 1945 because J would not surrender unconditionally
- When J still refused, we dropped another a-bomb on Nagasaki Aug 9
- J finally surrendered
- war ended Aug 15, 1945
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Term
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Definition
- US president during WWII
- **he was the one who agreed to drop the atom bomb
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Term
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Definition
- Passed by FDR in March 1941
- Called for the US to aid any country fighting the Axis Powers
- **Way to bypass own neutrality (we're not actually fighting, we're just supplying the fighters)
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Term
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Definition
- Nov 8, 1942
- Operation in N Africa led by Eisenhower
- Divided into 3 sections
- First able to capture Algiers easily
- Second and third met with more resistance from Fr because Fr wantd to keep colonies, but took Oran and Morocco on Nov 10-11
- G took advantage of Fr defeat by occupying the rest of Fr
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Term
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Definition
- The time between when the war was declared and when war finally started
- fall 1939-apr 1940
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Term
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Definition
- In Nov 1939, SU invaded Finland
- March 1940 Finland surrendered and ceded 12% of its territory to SU
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Term
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Definition
- Feb 4-11 1945
- Plans for dealing with defeat of G; policy for postwar Eu; agreement in forming UN; agreement on conditions under which SU would enter a war agst J
- **S agreed to free elections in E Eu
- contributed to Col War because S didn't end up giving them free elections
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Term
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Definition
- July 17-Aug 2, 1945
- Potsdam Declaration demanding J surrender
- agreement on principles governing treatment of G
- Once Nazis were defeated, were no longer united by a common goal
- S said that they weren't going to give free elections
- caused antagonism between US and SU
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Term
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Definition
- Security Council=most powerful
- International Court of Justice=judicial branch
- General Assembly=representatives from every country (legislative?)
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Term
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Definition
- US plan and policy to limit the spead of communism and isolate Eastern Eu
- To offer financial support to any Eu country resisting com and SU (Greece and Iran)
- GB was originally the maincountry doing this, but they got weaker and Truman got scared, so he made this
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Term
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Definition
- Devised in 1946 by Secretary of State George Marshall to financially aid Eu nations, thereby exacting democratic influence
- S declines this offer on behalf of E Eu
- saw it as capitalism/imperialism
- This plan helped to rebuild W Eu after WWII
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Term
| Berlin Blockade/Airlift--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- 1948-49
- S blockaded Berlin which was deep in East G, hoping to drive out Allies
- S's reaction to economic measures taken by Truman refusing to allow G industries to pay reparations to SU
- S closes off road, and there was no treaty that would ever force S to let Allies travel through anypart of SU
- Truman institutes the Berlin Airlift
- aircrafts fly in and out of Berlin for 324 days carrying supples
- Blockade lifted May 11 1949, but planes kept flying until Sep just in case S changed his mind
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Term
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Definition
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Allies felt that they needed something tangible to provde their solidarity to the SU
- April 1949 signed North Atlantic charter
- Artcile V: if you attack one of the countries, you attack all of us
- **This is why SU never invaded Western Eu
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Term
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Definition
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
- SU response to NATO
- Formed Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
- "you attack one of us, you attack all of us"
- Nikita Khrushchev designed it (S died 1953)
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Term
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Definition
- Over the eve of J surrender in 1945, US and SU decided to split Korea
- Planned to hold elections and reunify country, butcold war tensions led to 2 govts being formed
- June 25, 1950 N Koreans invade S Korea with S's approval
- Truman sent S naval and air support for S and UN Security Council passed resolution fr members to resist invasion
- Ended up pushing N toward China
- worried Truman because China was com and didn't want it spreading/uniting and becoming more powerful
- Ch sent troops to support N
- sent signal to US that they wanted to spread Com all over Asia but Truman didn't want to invade
- Com Ch isolated from W powers and forced to rely on SU
- By mid-1950s Ch willingto work with outside world and made cease-fire agreement between N and S in July 1953 ENDING WAR
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Term
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Definition
- Roots in end of WWII
- Fr had Indochina first, but then J took over, but when Fr tried to return, they found hostile people under leadership of Ho Chi Minh
- was a com
- had seized control of N and central Viet
- War broke out in 1946
- BothUS and Ch intervened
- 1954 Geneva Conference, Fr agreed to settlement: N=com, s=anti-com
- 1954 US signs a treaty with Taiwan=bad relations with Ch
- US sent aid to anti-coms (Ngo Dinh Diem)
- Diem got rid of dissenters and refused to have elections because thought that Com would win
- 1959 Ho Chi Minh promoted revolution
- 1963 S not doing well and Coms expanded influence
- Mar 1965 L Johnson sent troops to protect S
- war went through 1960s
- Ch supported N
- when Nixon came into office fixed relations with Ch so withdrew support 1972
- Jan 1973 Treaty of Paris
- Get rid of all US forces from S to get peace with N
- Early 1975 Com resumed offensive after end to negotiations and at end of Apr became all-com
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Term
| China under Communism--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- New Democracy: like NEP, made people believe in soc. superiority but a lot like capitalism
- Ran 1949-1955 and focused on honest govt, land reform, and peace
- was a success, except with landlords who lost land
- 1953 launched first 5 year plan but didn't work very well, so passed Great Leap Forward in 1928
- Collectivized into people's communes
- Responsible for economy in that area
- DISASTER: a lot of people died of starvation
- 1966-76 new forced march toward com launched by Mao
- Mobilized youth and unhappy people into revolutionary units (Red Guard)
- got rid of old though, old culture, old customs, and old habits
- After Mao died, Deng Xiaoping came to power and reesteablished ties with W
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Term
| Roots of Arab-Israeli conflict--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- Palestine had been a GB mandate since 192, but in 1947 GB said that they were going to give it up and UN created special agency to deal with it
- As date for GB withdrawl neared, tensions grew
- With withdrawal of GB troops on May 14, 1948 Israel declares independence
- Received recognition from US and SU
- Each side thought they had the religious right to be there and have that land
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Term
| First Arab-Israeli War--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- Day after Isr declared ind. several Arab nations joined forces and attacked
- Not a success
- Isr seized land that had been designated for Palestine
- Many refugees
- **Arab countries would not acknowledge Isr or make peace
- War crimes by both sides
- **Lebanon was a Xtian state, so when absorbed Palestinian refugees, upset balance b/t Xtians and Muslims
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Term
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Definition
- In 1954, Nasser seized power and instituted land reforms program, declared neutrality, liked Arabs
- Egypt didn't like the fact that GB still had Suez Canal
- Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company in 1956, so GB and Fr attacked
- Eisenhower thought this was like colonialism, so supported Nasser
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Term
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Definition
- In 1952, King Farouk ousted in military coup by Nasser and in 1953 became a republic
- 1954 he took power
- Was a big fan of Pan-Arabism
- Egypt and Syria formed United Arab republic in 1958
- Wanted it to eventually include all Arab states, but factors made it not work:
- Countries did not want to share $$ they got from oil even though it would improve general standard of life
- Wanted to nationalize and centralize natural resources and major industries
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Term
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Definition
- June 1967
- Isr launches air strikes agst Egypt which broke blockade of Aqaba and occupied Sinai peninsula, all of Jerusalem. West Bank, Golan Heights
- Added 1 mil Palestinians due to new borders
- Arabs demanded land back (backed by SU) but Isr refused (backed by US)
- Nasser died 1970 and Anwar al-Sadat succeeded him
- He tried to make peace with Isr if they went back to their pre-1967 borders, but they refused because they didn't think that the other countries would recognize it and didn't want to look weak
- **Set stage for Yom Kippur War
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Term
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Definition
- Oct 1973
- Egypt suddenly launched air attack on Sinai
- Isr managed to hold them off and kept borders
- **Tensions grew in Lebanon because Palestinians came and set up PLO headquarters putting it in the front lines of the conflict
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Term
| Camp David Accords--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- September 1978
- Jimmy Carter bring Sadat and Isr PM to negotiate
- Isr gave back Sinai in return for recognition
- Refused to withdraw from other places unless they got recognition from the other countries
- Sadat assassinated by Islamic militant in 1981 and no Arab countries would recognize Isr
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Term
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Definition
- 1987-93
- The first of 2 uprisings of the Palestinians agst the Isr occupation
- violent resistance
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Term
| Consequences Today/1993 Dayton Accords--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- US sponsored peace talks between Arafat and Rabin that called for Palestinian autonomy in certain parts of Isr
- Signals the move toward a 2-state solution
- Both states co-existing
- Obstacles:
- both wanted Jerusalem
- Isr building illegal settlements in West Bank
- Displacement of refugees
- lack of recognition on both sides
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Term
| Iranian Revolution--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- Overthrow of the Shah who had western ties (corrupted govt)
- Bad conditions for peasants
- Opposition led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini
- Radical Shi'ite cleric
- had been exiled
- Became leader of Iran
- Introduced Islamic law (Shar'ia)
- Dissenters executed
- Since 70s, has modernized somewhat, but still doesn't get along with US
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Term
| Cuban Missile Crisis--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- Following Cold War, Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator and began com totalitarian regime
- US tried to overthrow him in 1961, but failed
- SU puts nuclear weapons in Cuba
- Justified because US had put nuclear weapons in Turkey
- US gets angry
- Kennedy decides to blockade Cuba to prevents ships carrying missiles from getting there
- Delayed confrontation and gave both sides time to find peaceful solution
- Khrushchev agreed to turn back if Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba
- 1963 both sides agreed to ban nuclear weapons
- **step toward lessening tensions b/t US and SU
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Term
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Definition
- Palestinian Liberation Organization
- Formed 1964 by Egypt
- Made charter saying that only Palestinians had a right to form a state in the old GB mandate
- Guerilla movement (Fatah) led by Arafat bgan launching terrorist attacks which caused Isr to raid Palestinian refugee camps
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Term
Gulf War/Iraq War--Unit 9 |
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Definition
- 1991 Persian Gulf War
- Iraq invaded Kuwait for oil
- US goes to help Kuwait; backed by UN
- Unnecessary act of violence
- 2003 Iraq War
- No UN support
- Formed International Atomic Energy Agency
- Job was to check for weapons
- US ignored UN and went in anyway (we thought they had WMDs)
- **Shows that UN is weak
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