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| Ethics is a term that means the examination and understanding of |
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| Normative theories of ethics are prescriptive |
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| _____involves analysis of the language, concepts, and methods of reasoning in normative ethics |
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| ___refers to the norms about rights and wrong human conduct |
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| The ___ is the set of norms shared by all persons committed to morality |
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| BC6 accept moral pluralism in particular moralities but not in the common morality |
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| Clearly many amoral, immoral, or selectively moral persons do not care about or identify with moral demands |
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| Morality includes ideals, communal norms, and virtues |
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| A "professional" is distinguished from a non-professional by three criteria. Name them |
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1.Specialized knowledge and training
2. Maintaining self-regulating organizations
3. Background knowledge/ supervised training |
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| Problems of professional ethics usually arise from one of two situations. Name these two. |
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1. conflicts over appropriate professional standards
2. conflicts between professional committments and the committments professionals have to outside activities |
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| _______________________ refers to a set of normative, enforceable guidelines accepted by an official public body, such as an agency of government or a legislature, to govern a particular area of conduct |
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| We can move with assurance from a judgment that a policy is morally right to a judgment that a corresponding act is morally right. (T/F) |
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| Briefly describe the two forms of moral dilemma: |
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1. some evidence or argumment indicates that an act is morally permissable and some evidence indicates that an act is morally wrong, but the evidence or strength of argument on both sides is inconclusive
2. one or more moral norms obligate an agent to do x and one or more moral norms obligate the agent to do y, but both cannot be done |
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| BC6 believe that there exist no situations wherein moral principles conflict in such a way that the resulting moral dilemma is irresolvable. (T/F) |
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| Name two differences between rules and principles: |
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1. Principles do not function as precise guides to action that directs us
2. rules are more specific |
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| Most but not all general moral norms are justifiably overridden in some circumstances. (T/F) |
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| A ______________________ obligation is one that must be fulfilled unless it conflicts, on a particular occasion, with an equal or stronger obligation. |
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| _________________________ is a process of reducing the indeterminate character of abstract norms and generating more specific, action-guiding content. |
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| ___________________________ is concerned with the relative weights and strengths of different moral norms |
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| Name six conditions that constrain balancing: |
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1. good reasons for overriding norm over infringed norm
2. moral objective realistic prospect of achievement
3. no morally preferrable alternative to infringement
4. lowest level of infringement used
5. negative effects of infringement minimized
6. all affected parties treated impartially |
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| The American Medical Association has not emphasized the virtues in their codes of ethics. (T/F) |
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| Conscience is the final authority in moral justification. (T/F) |
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| One moral problem with acting merely from virtue/character: |
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| the person will not feel the appropriate feelings |
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| The friend who acts only from obligation lacks the ________________ of friendliness |
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| Virtues can never lead persons to act inappropriately. (T/F) |
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| ___________ refers to care for, emotional commitment to, and deep willingness to act on behalf of persons with whom one has a significant relationship. |
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| Psychologist Carol Gilligan advanced the influential hypothesis that “women speak in a “_____________________.” |
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| There exists a sharp boundary line between obligation and supererogation, therefore we must retain these two different terms. (T/F) |
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| The care perspective approves of the emphasis on impartiality by traditional theories of morality. (T/F) |
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| A moral virtue is a socially-approved trait of character. (T/F) |
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| _________________ involves the imaginative reconstruction of another person’s experience. |
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| Among the contributing causes of the erosion of a climate of trust in the health care system are three specific factors named by BC6. Name them. |
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1. loss of intimate contact between patients and physicians
2. increased use of specialists
3. growth of large impersonal medical institutions |
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| Some writers closely associate the virtue of __________________ with practical wisdom. |
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| _____________________ is a form of self-reflection on, and judgment about, whether one’s acts are obligatory or prohibited, right or wrong, good or bad. |
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| Caring itself is a feeling but has no cognitive dimension. (T/F) |
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| _________________ (philosopher) maintained that we acquire virtues much as we do skills such as carpentry, playing a musical instrument, and cooking. |
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| The virtue of ____________________ is expressed in acts of beneficence that attempt to alleviate the misfortune or suffering of another person. |
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| ______________ means the imaginative reconstruction of another person’s experience. |
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| A person can lack moral integrity in several respects. Name four: |
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| hypocrisy, insincerity, bad faith, self-deception |
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| The person of ____________________ is disposed to understand and perceive what circumstances demand. |
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| _____________ is a confident belief in and reliance on the moral character and competence of another person. |
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| __________, 18th century philosopher, wrote that “No passion of another discovers itself immediately to the mind. We are only sensible of its causes or effects. From these we infer the passion: And consequently these give rise to our sympathy.” |
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| __________ means fidelity in adherence to moral norms. |
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| One who acts conscientiously is ___________________ to do what is right because it is right, has tried to __________________ what is right, ______________ to do what is right, and exerts an appropriate level of ___________ to do so. |
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| motivated; determine; intends; effort |
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| Wherever a person is on the continuum of moral development, there will be a goal of excellence that exceeds what he or she has already achieved. (T/F) |
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| If a pharmacist refuses to fill a legal prescription for reasons of personal conscience, then s/he still has an ethical duty to disclose options for obtaining these services elsewhere. (T/F) |
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| Supererogatory acts are exceptionally arduous, costly, or risky. (T/F) |
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| In the absence of public and institutional constraints, partiality toward others is the expected form of interaction and is morally permissible. (T/F) |
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| Conscience is a special faculty and a self-justifying moral authority that many times determines how a person should act. (T/F) |
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| _____________________ acts are ones going beyond what is morally required. |
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| Those who do not pursue moral ideals can be rightly criticized. (T/F) |
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| BC6 argue we should aspire to moral excellence rather than settling for meeting a bare minimum of moral obligations. (T/F) |
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| The virtue of ____________________ involves the ability to make fitting judgments and reach decisions without being unduly influenced by extraneous considerations, fears, personal attachments, and the like. |
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| ______________ wrote Not All of Us Are Saints. |
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| Living organ donation raises complex ethical issues because the transplant team subjects a healthy person to a risky medical procedure with no _______________________. |
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| The principle of utility asserts we ought always do our duties in accordance with the categorical imperative. (T/F) |
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| Utilitarians refer to intrinsic goods as individual’s preferences. (T/F) |
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| The difference between a rule utilitarian and act utilitarian is the application of what? |
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Act: no rules, calculate the value and disvalue for every single act
Rules: acts should follow general rules that themselves for the most part generate the most overall happiness, minimize the most overall unhappiness |
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| The utilitarian holds that the principle of utility is the sole and absolute principle of ethics. (T/F) |
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| Utilitarian theory is not on its own a coherent theory. Give three reasons why this is so: |
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1.problems with immoral preferences and actions
2. utilitarian demands too much
3. problems of unjust distribution |
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| Give two strengths of utilitarian theory: |
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1. effective tool for making public policy
2. beneficence, welfare emphasized |
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| Deontologists hold a moral action brings about a greater amount of positive consequences than negative consequences (with “consequences” meaning different things for different deontologists). (T/F) |
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| Kant held that morality is grounded in tradition. (T/F) |
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| An act is a moral act, according to Kant, only if there is a moral motivation. (T/F) |
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| To test the validity of one’s maxims/rules, one should ask whether one would be willing to do what to the maxim/rule represented by one’s action: |
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| “Deceitful promise” is a contradiction, according to Kant. (T/F) |
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| According to Kant, autonomy requires knowingly acting in accordance with universally valid moral principles that pass what test? Name it: |
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| requirements of categorical imperative |
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| Kant asserts that only a compassionate will acting morally chooses autonomously. (T/F) |
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| Kant asserts that a person’s dignity comes from being morally ______________________. |
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| A point of consensus between utilitarians and Kantians is in accepting the need for deontological constraints forbidding certain actions. (T/F) |
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| Name three main problems with Kantianism as a comprehensive moral theory: |
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1. problem of conflicting obligations
2. overemphasizes law, underemphasizes relationships
3. motivation of virtue and emotion has no moral worth |
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| Name two major positives of the Kantian theory: |
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1. it has far-reaching effects
2. captures conception of inherent wrongness of some actions |
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| The liberal individualist builds off of one basic presumption. Name that proposition |
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| a just political system must carve out a certain space within which the individual may pursue personal projects |
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| __________ are instruments that function to guarantee that individuals cannot be sacrificed to government or majority interests. |
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| Rights may never be overridden. (T/F) |
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| All obligations have corresponding rights. (T/F) |
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| ______________ are justified claims to certain benefits; _________________ are justified burdens on the part of duty-bearers. |
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| Three major problems with rights theory as a moral theory: |
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Definition
1. rights alone incapable to account for all relevent moral concepts
2. not clear when one should exercise rights
3. neglects communal goods, group interests,and communal virtues |
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| Two major positive aspects of rights theory: |
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1.no one moral concept has done as much good to counter injustice, inhumane treatment
2. rights language crosses international boundaries |
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| A communitarian holds that an act is moral if it is done in accordance with ________________, __________________, and ______________________. |
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| traditions, loyalties, and the social practices of life |
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| Communitarians commonly hold that rights come before community interests. (T/F) |
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| A ________________ is a cooperative arrangement in pursuit of good that are internal to a structured communal life. |
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| Three major problems with the communitarian theory: |
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1. unfair account of liberal theories
2. false dichotomy: community or autonomy
3. failed challenge to rights |
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| One major benefit of communitarian theory: |
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| re-discovering the import of community |
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| To justify a moral claim is to provide ______________________. |
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Definition
| sufficient relevent reasons |
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| If a reason is good then it is sufficient. (T/F) |
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| The two major models of justification are called what? |
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| Simply explain the way a top-down model of moral justification works: |
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| applying a general moral principle to a specific case or situation, therby "justifying" one's action |
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| Simply explain how a bottom-up model of moral justification works: |
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Definition
| start with individual cases and build precendent. principles and rules are derived from cases |
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| We may ________________________ a particular judgment, belief, or hypothesis by bringing it under the scope of one or more moral rules. |
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| Three problems with a top-down model of moral justification: |
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Definition
1. principles and rules are too abstract, indeterminate
2. situations where no general principle or rule applies
3. potential infinite regress of justification |
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| Three major criticisms lodged against BC6 by Gert, Clouser, Culver: |
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Definition
1. prima facie principles often conflict
2. no normative guidance on justice
3. no duty of beneficence |
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| The term __________________ refers to the use of case comparison and analogy to reach moral conclusions. |
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| Casuists entirely exclude rules and principles. (T/F) |
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| Three major criticisms of casuistry: |
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Definition
1. not clear how/when justification occurs
2. lacks critical distance
3. lacks initial moral premises |
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| _______________________ is a term referring to justification as a reflective testing of our moral beliefs, moral principles, theoretical postulate and the like to make them as coherent as possible. |
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| We start in ethics with a particular set of beliefs—the set of considered judgments that are acceptable initially without argumentative support. (T/F) |
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| Innovation and moral change usually involves removing one or more principles of the common morality. (T/F) |
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| Even if abstract principles do not change, the _______________ of their application does change. |
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| Namely and briefly explain each of the three justifications offered by BC6 to defend the common morality as rightly seen as universally |
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Definition
1. empirical justification- conclusions can be empirically tested; difficult to design empirical studies because of either missing target or begging the question
2. normative theoretical justification- utilitarian, kantian, rights-based, and communitarian all provide a theoretical justification of the norms of common morality
3. conceptual justification- the conceptof morality is clearly a normative notion; privliged norms are constitutive of morality itself |
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