Bio ANthro Definition

primatology

human paleontology- fossil remains of early human species 

forensics- murders and accidents

human pop genetics- heredity diff b/n pop

human  behavioral ecology- natural selection aplied to study of human behavioral in eco settings

why humans act/ are they way they do

scientific knowledge about species

earth at center of universe

revolving spheres in perfect regularity

stable and unchanging

treatise on Ptolemy s ancient system

Sun= heliocentric 

Earth = geocentric

Newton

Fossils= remains of real plants and animals 

-many marine animal fosils far from water mean earths surface has changed dramatically

-fixity of species (unchanged)

fixity of species 

-system a naturae- classification systems for plants and animals through common traits

-static 

2 latin names(binomial nomenclature)

genus and species

variation

influenced by conditions

-Theory of macro evolution

-inheritence of acquired charactoristics- effects of use/disuse passed on

considered want wish desire

flawed!

opposed evolution/believed fixity species

-fathe of zoology, paleontology and comp. anatomy

explain extinction through Catastrophism- flood earthquake disastors responsible for ending major geological sequences

father of modern geology- processes in present same as in past

Principle of Uniformitarianism

-earth must vbe much older than expected previously

doubt fixity of species

galapagos islands - 13 finches varied on diff islands

-groups geographically seperated develope into own species -evolution by common descent

-artificial selection

No.

synthesized all ideas of evolution and added natural selection

1) organisms are capable of producing offspring and inc faster than food supply

2) all things show variation

3) Struggle for existance (survival of fittest)

4) favorable traits passed down

5) small changes every generation lead to large change over time

cell theory-

all organisms made of cells

experiment w pea plants

P1-parent only produces one kind when self crossed

each charactoristic had 2 distinct phenotypes

F1- hybrid of 2 diff true breds

F2 cross of hybrids

crossing of two different true breds. 

recessive and dominant traits

a charactor is determined in the plant by 2 factors-genes

seperate from one another so that each gamete has only one for each charactoristic

maksed but not lost

genotype and phenotype

show possible expressions 

predict proportion of phenotypes

characteristics segregate independant of one another

sexual reproduction shuffles genes that affect diff traits

genes on same chromosome stay together in formation of gametes- Linkage

-exception to linkage

switching of segments of DNA b/n chromo pairs during meiosis

-farther apart 2 genes on a chromo the more likely crossover

1st discovered mendelian trait.

short stubby fingers

best known of red blood cell systems is ABO- Karl Landsteiner

3 phenotypes were inherited as result of 3 alleles of a single gene

symbolized as I- isoagglutinogen

can only posses 2 allels

O is recessive to both A &B

O blood 

-due to rare recessive mutation

heteroz has has phenotype that is intermediate to those of homoz parents

ex. snap dragon flowers: red +white =pink babies

charts of mating that have already taken place and resulting offspring in humans

over generations

determine if trait is mendelian in nature by following generations

mode of inheritance

autosomal dominant

auto recessive

y linked

x linked dominant

x linked recessive

mitochondrial

auto dom.

gradual loss of motor control

degenerative personality changes

death wihtin 15 yrs. 

chromo 4

dont produce hexoaminidase A- a protein that helps break down chemical in nerve tissue

on chromo 15

rickets or bowleggedness 

affected males pass down to daughters only

hemophilia

examples

lack of clotting ability

x linked recessive

-red/green colorblindedness and muscular dystrophy also x recessive

only in males

ex. Hairy ears

variation in expression different in males and females 

ex. baldness - dominant in males and recessive in females

ex height 

normal distribution, continuous charactor

not discrete charactor

Regression to the mean

King Fredrick

bell shaped curve- most have phenos b/n extremes

King Fredrick tried to bread giants for his army

Stabilizing Selection

examples

middle=best

bird wings at extremes died in storm

birth weights larger and smaller more likely to die

ex. netting to only catch large salmon, small survive and reproduce. 

ex2. human brain increase over time

biology of cell

cyto=cell

cytogenetics=study of heredity of mechanisms w/in cell

cells=basic unit of life

single celled organisms

enclosed by plasma membrane but does not contain plasma bound nucleus 

cytoplasm

in fungi plants and animals

contain oranelles within cell

molecules comprised of DNA

contains organelles

cellular cite of protein synthesis,-studded w/ ribosomes& comprised of RNA

 chemically modify and distribute protiens synthesized by ER

energy production 

membranes mode of proteins

type of eukaryotic

make up structural compostion of body

type of Eukaryote

gametes

specifically involved in reproduction

period b/n cell division

3 main phases:

G1: immediately after division- uncoiled DNA called chromatin

S phase: duplicate copy of DNA made

G2 growth

Mitosis

somatic cells

simple cell division-2 identical cells

each daughter has 46 chromos

prophase of mitosis 

prophase I of Meiosis

chromo coil & become visible

duplicated chromo join at centromere

nuclear membrane begins to breakdown

centrioles migrate to opposite sides of cell

Metaphase of mitosis

Metaphase I of Meiosis

begins when nuclear membrane completely dissappears

chromo align at equator of cell

spindle fibers attach to centromere

Anaphase of Mitosis

Anaphase I of Mitosis

spindle fibers contract causing centromere to split 

identical chromos seperate to each side(complete set of chromo on each side)

Telophase of Mitosis

Telophase I of Meiosis

spindle fibers breakdown

ER forms new nuclear membranes

chromo uncoil become chromatin

cell divides into 2 daughter cells

development of new individuals 

2 divisions that result in 4 daughter cells

Centrioles migrate to opposite poles

nuclear membrane begins to disappear

nuclear membrane disappears

chromos aligns on equater

spindle fibers attach to centromere

spindle fibers contract splitting centromere

chromos move opposite poles

haploid set of daughter chromo at opposite poles

nuclear membrane reform

cells undergo second meiotic division

-> 4 haploid daughter cells w 1 copy chromos

daughter cells produced by spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form haploid spermanoids

from cytoplasm the neck and whip like tail develop 

-takes 48 days

oogenesis divide by meiosis and for primary oocytes

-produce cells of unequal size

called primary oocyte and polar body cells

oocyte divides to form the ovum and a polar body. 

polar bodies divide into 2 more 

dont function- bc dont have cytoplasm and organelles

end with 4

autosomes 

&

sex chromosomes

governs all physical charactoristics except sex. 

-abnormal # of autosomes are almost always fatal

standard arrangement of chromosomes

-7 groups: A-G

-defined based on chromo size and centromere location

-4 classes based on position of centromere

long arm

basic building blocks of matter

-diff atoms=elements

largest molecule in living organisms

composed of nucleotides

2 types: purines & pyrimidines

developed structural & functional model of DNA

-composed of nucleotides (2 chains)

nucleotide contains sugar phosphate &base

bond to other molecules

-made of amino acids

synthesize mendelian principles and natural selection

-small new changes passed down to offspring

evolution: change in allele freq. from one generation to next.

two stages: production and variation of variation, natural selection

filter genetic variation

-doesnt create new variation, but changes allele frequencies

relative genetic contributionof genotype to next generation

proportion of individuals w given genotype that survive and reproduce

W1:homo dom.

W2: hetero

W3: homo reces.

inverse of fitness

W+S=1

selection against homoz recessive

disease?

selection against dominant

disease?

achondroplastic dwarfism: virtually all dwarfs are heteroz

usually caused by a mutation occuring in sex cells of one parent

homoz=death

approach 0 or 1

sickle cell: hemoglobin- protein in red blood cells transport oxygen, pack together causing rbc to be sikle shaped&clog- protect against malaria

selction against homoz:also called balancing selection

actual alteration in genetic material 

-to have evolutionary significaance must occur in sex cells->passed on from generations

creative force in nature: only way to make new variation

random

can only estimate probability of occuring

some mutations adventagious or nuetral, not just harmful

cant determine exact cause

change in single DNA base

most common

Ex. sickle cell 

addition or deletion of a base as larger section of DNA

-shifts all other bases

-added or lost during crossing over

2 members of chromo pair move together to same gamete(most die due to ova problems)

ex. downsyndrome- trisomy 21 (47 chromos)

1 X chromo

no babies ;(

extra X -> XXY

reduced fertility

short section of chromo 5

retardation

babies sound like cats when cry

deletion -loss of chromo 15

eats compulsively- eats to death

deletion of 15 comes from father

retardation- no speach. but happy/laughing

deletion of 15 from mother

insertion (duplication) mutations

sequence of 3 nucleotides repeat in tandem

frequency of mutation- proportion of gametes carrying newly arisen mutations at a particular loss-

μ

introduce new genes into a population

decrease diff b/n pop. -> more genetically similar

farther apart, less likely to exchange mates 

-most marriages take place w/in few km from birthplace

immunalogical incompatability b/n mother and fetus

mother makes antigens against RH+ -> can kill baby

random factor (sampling phenomena)

inversely related to pop size. 

inc size, decr effect of drift

ppl remain on island 

start w 2 dozen -> 294

bred chinodactyly - deformity of 5th finger