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Guiding Young Children Midterm
Chapters 1-7
78
Education
Undergraduate 2
03/04/2011

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Term
Guidance
Definition
Everything adults deliberately do and say, either directly or indirectly, to influence children's behavior, with the goal of helping the children become well-adjusted, self-directed, productive adults.
Term
Values
Definition
The base of adults' decisions regarding what to do with children.
Term
Social decisions
Definition
The decisions that make up the major portion of guidance. The alternatives are not clear cut.
Term
Educational decisions
Definition
Technical decisions related to choice of curriculum goals and content.
Term
Resource decisions
Definition
Decisions related to allocating the means for achieving goals.
Term
Ethics
Definition
The way we apply our values to our behavior.
Term
Growth
Definition
The increasing size and weight of the individual child. Physical and physiological changes taking place.
Term
Development
Definition
Increasing complexity of various skills and attributes within the child.
Term
Cephalocaudal growth
Definition
Children grow from "head to tail"
Term
Proximodistal growth
Definition
Children grow from the midline of the body toward the extremities.
Term
Maturation
Definition
The general tempo at which various biological, behavioral, and personality characteristics emerge.
Term
Motivation
Definition
The child's incentive or desire to learn a behavior.
Term
Rooting reflex
Definition
Birth-9 months. Sucking motions when baby's cheek is stimulated.
Term
Grasping reflex
Definition
Birth-3 months. Holds fingers tightly.
Term
Moro or startle reflex
Definition
Birth-3 months. Causes the baby to extend legs, arms, and fingers, and arch its back in response to a sudden loud stimulus.
Term
Tonic neck reflex
Definition
Birth-3 months. When the baby is laid on its back, the head turns to one side and the arms and legs assume the position of a fencer.
Term
Social development
Definition
A capacity for relationships with other people.
Term
Emotional development
Definition
Includes the ability to recognize, express, and manage one's feelings and to have empathy for the feelings of others.
Term
Self-efficacy
Definition
The individual's belief in her or his own ability to perform a task. Sense of what you can do and what you are willing to try.
Term
Temperament
Definition
The general way people respond to experiences.
Term
Flexible children
Definition
Adapt easily to their environments and make few demands on their caregivers.
Term
Fearful children
Definition
Slow to warm up and react with hesitation to changes.
Term
Feisty children
Definition
Express their strong likes and dislikes in unmistakable terms.
Term
Sensorimotor
Definition
Piaget. Birth-age 2. Babies make sense of the world by interacting with it through reflexes and perceptual-motor activities.
Term
Object permanence
Definition
Major cognitive achievement of the sensorimotor period. Learning that things do not cease to exist when babies cannot perceive them.
Term
Preoperational
Definition
Piaget. Age 2-7. Children learn as they interact with forces and things in their environment.
Term
Social construction
Definition
Vygotsky. What children have to learn is shaped by the culture in which they live, and that the way they learn is through interaction with older children or adults.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Vygotsky. The process by which an adult supports the child in a task, offering suggestions or filling in bits of missing information, until the child can accomplish the task alone.
Term
Zone of proximal development
Definition
Vygotsky. Anything a child cannot yet do independently, but can do with help.
Term
Private speech
Definition
Vygotsky. Means by which children direct their own learning or behavior.
Term
Family-based intervention
Definition
Families are treated as partners from the beginning, helping to assess their child's needs, to decide on goals, to develop plans for intervention, and to carry out those plans.
Term
Self concept
Definition
Your sense of who you are and where you fit in the world.
Term
Self esteem
Definition
The worth or value you ascribe to your image of yourself and your abilities.
Term
Prosocial behavior
Definition
The positive helping actions that children perform for others including empathy, sympathy, sharing, taking turns, being helpful, and being generous.
Term
Indirect guidance
Definition
The behind-the-scenes work and planning that influences the behavior of the child. Requires the management of the environment- the space, equipment, materials, and human energy that make up the program.
Term
Third teacher
Definition
Reggio Emilia- environment (classroom)
Term
Social space
Definition
An area of space that the child feels belongs to him or her.
Term
Direct guidance
Definition
The physical, verbal, and affective techniques used to influence a child's behavior. Includes facilitating prosocial behaviors, preventing problems by anticipating and redirecting particular behaviors, and using consequences to encourage or discourage particular behaviors.
Term
Physical guidance
Definition
All techniques that employ physical contact of physical proximity to influence the child's behavior.
Term
Demonstrating (modeling)
Definition
Encourages children to imitate the desired behavior.
Term
Leading
Definition
Gets children going in the desired direction.
Term
Restrain
Definition
Necessary to protect the child or others.
Term
Meaningful gestures
Definition
Helps children to understand your guidance, especially if they do not fully understand your directions.
Term
Verbal guidance
Definition
Using words to influence the child's behavior.
Term
Reflective listening
Definition
Putting into words the feelings that the child seems to be experiencing.
Term
Logical consequences
Definition
Help children learn to control their own behavior. The more closely the consequence is related to the behavior, the easier it will be for the children to see the connection and to see the fairness of those consequences.
Term
Affective guidance
Definition
Interaction between the adult and child wherein the adult expresses emotion or feelings to influence the behavior of the child.
Term
Intentionality
Definition
is being planful and deliberate. Knowing what you are doing and why, and being able to explain it to others. Having a vision—as educators, as administrators, as a professions.
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy
Definition
To have Self-Actualization, you must first have
Good Self-Esteem , which requires
Love and Belonging, which first requires
Safety, which requires
Physiological Needs (Food, Water, Shelter)
Term
Decision
Definition
the mental or cognitive processes resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternatives which produces a final choice.
Term
Social Decisions
Definition
Your decisions that effect others (students, teachers, families)
The decisions that make up the major portion of your guidance.
Thinking on your feet
Quick decisions in that moment
All parties may not be happy with the decision
Term
Educational Decisions
Definition
Technical decisions related to choice of curriculum, goals and content.
Includes choice of teaching technique.
Includes choice of educational resources.
Based on knowledge, research, and experience.
Based on goals for children.
Based on societal expectations.
Term
Resource Decisions
Definition
Allocating the means for achieving goals.

Beautiful playground or plenty of art supplies?
New carpet or new computer?
Replace broken toys or get new books?

CREATIVITY is crucial in these decisions.
Term
Evaluate
Definition
examine and judge something: to consider or examine something in order to judge its value, quality, importance, extent, or condition
Term
NAEYC Code of Ethical Conduct and Statement of Commitment
Definition
Appreciate childhood as unique and valuable
Base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn
Appreciate and support the bond btwn child and family
Recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community and society.
Term
Typical patterns
Definition
Children Grow and Develop following predictable patterns. Knowing the typical patterns for the age you are working with will allow you to have a reasonable expectations for the behavior of the children in the group.
Term
Individual Children
Definition
Know all you can about each child in the group.

Individual growth and development depends on genetic makeup, temperament, abilities and disabilities, experience and the home environment.
Term
Development
Definition
Progresses from broad, generalized abilities to more refined, specific skills.
Term
Domains of Development
Definition
Physical
-Large or Gross Motor
-Small or Fine Motor
Cognitive, Mental or Intellectual
Social
Emotional
Language
Term
Social-emotional development
Definition
SOCIAL – refers to the capacity for relationships with other people (peers and adults).

EMOTIONAL – includes the ability to recognize, express, and manage one’s feelings and to have empathy for the feelings of others.
Term
Trust vs. Mistrust
Definition
Erikson. Stage 1.
Occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.

Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers.
Term
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Definition
Erikson. Stage 2.

Takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.

Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence.

Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.

Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.
Term
Initiative vs. Guilt
Definition
Erikson. Stage 3.

During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.
Term
Industry vs. Inferiority
Definition
Erikson. Stage 4.

This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11.

Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.
Term
Stanley Greenspan's Stages
Definition
Babies learn to organize physical sensations and regulate their reactions to those sensations.
They develop the ability to feel intimate connections with others.
They develop intentionality or the ability to behave in purposeful, organized ways.
They learn to read the intentions and expectations of others
They use ideas to express emotions
They become able to think about feelings and interactions with others.
Term
The More Knowledgeable Other
Definition
Vygotsky. Anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner. (teacher, coach, or older adult, peers, a younger person, or even computers)
Term
The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Definition
Vygotsky. The distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently.
Term
Family based intervention
Definition
Families are treated as partners from the beginning, helping to assess their child’s needs, to decide on goals, to develop plans for intervention, and to carry out those plans.
Term
Reggio Emilia
Definition
Children must have some control over the direction of their learning;
Children must be able to learn through experiences of touching, moving, listening, seeing, and hearing;
Children have a relationship with other children and with material items in the world that children must be allowed to explore and
Children must have endless ways and opportunities to express themselves.
Term
Reggio Emilia Philosophy
Definition
Parents are a vital component to the program.
Parents are viewed as partners, collaborators and advocates for their children.
Teachers respect parents as each child's first teacher and involve parents in every aspect of the curriculum.
Parents volunteer in Reggio Emilia classrooms.
Term
Gender identity
Definition
Large part of self-concept
Gender Constancy young children begin to understand.
Often pass through a stage of extreme rigidity about what is appropriate for one gender or the other.
Term
Birth order
Definition
Only child? High Self-esteem
First-born? High mental abilities – Want to follow the rules!
Siblings close in age? Rivalries may develop
Second born? Tries hard to catch up with first born, more of a risk taker, often peace maker
Term
Narcissism
Definition
Excessive self-love and self-involvement
Can arise from empty praise, unrelated to effort or achievement
In actuality is a serious problem unrelated to what Early Childhood Teachers do or don’t do!
Term
T. Berry Brazelton
Definition
There are predictable times when behavior seems to “fall apart”
May signal a rapid spurt of growth in one or more areas of development1
Called touchpoints, they are opportunities for learning!
Avoid power struggles!
Focus on positive behavior!
Term
Mary Lou Routt
Definition
Programs for young children promote acceptance through books and songs, opportunities for cooperative dramatic play, adequate supplies, and emphasis on individual or group goals rather than competition.
Competition has no place in ECP
Term
Amount of space needed
Definition
Children need room to move!
35 sq feet – 50 sq feet is the range that is argued (excluding bathrooms etc)
Reggio Emilia – 125 square feet/child
Term
Number of work spaces
Definition
You should have at least 50% more work spaces than children
Term
Indirect Guidance Overview
Definition
Safety FIRST
Atmosphere – calm, neutral color, music
Environment – 4 well defined centers with 3 sides
Materials – organized, 50% more spaces than kids
Schedule – most time in self-directed activity
Balance of activity – quiet and active
Enough time – to get into work, for active play
Transitions – plan and plan and be prepared
Balance of children – boys/girls, ages, diversity
Rich and Varied Curriculum – challenge NOT frustrate
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