Term
__________ ganglia are found on the dorsal roots of spinal nerves and contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons conveying sensory information to the CNS.
__________ ganglia may be sympathetic or parasympathetic; contain the cell bodies of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the the sensory or autonomic ganglion have a synapse for the 2 motor neurons to convert an impulse from the CNA to the effector organ? |
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Definition
Autonomic ganglia
there is NO SYNAPSE IN THE SENSORY GANGLION |
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Term
How many neurons are usually required to transmit an impulse form the CNS to an effector organ (smooth m, cardiac m, or gland)?
How many neurons are required in the somatic motor system to from CNS to skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
2 (presynaptice and postsynaptic)
1 |
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Term
Pseudomotor/secretomotor goes to _______.
Pilot motor goes to _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the exception to usually having 2 neurons (pre- and postsynaptic) required to transmit an impulse from the CNS to an effector organ? |
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Definition
| the innervation of the medulla (inner part) of the suprarenal gland - The medullary cells are innervated directly by presynaptic sympathetic fibers. |
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Term
| In the autonomic nervous system, where are the cell bodies of neuron (#1) and (#2)? |
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Definition
1- CNS
2- Ganglion (para or sympathetic) |
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Term
| What neurotransmitter is released at the ganglion (cell bodies of neuron #2)? |
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Definition
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Term
Where do presynaptic sympathetic neurons lie and where do their fibers leave the CNS?
Where do presynaptic parasympathetic neurons lie and where do their fibers leave the CNS? |
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Definition
Presynaptic sympathetic neurons lie in cord segments T1- L2 (lateral gray horn, or intermediolateral nucleus), hence their fibers leave CNS via spinal nerves T1 – L2. [thoracolumbar]
Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons lie in the brainstem (various cranial nerve nuclei) or in cord segments S2 - S4 (sacral autonomic nucleus), hence their fibers leave CNS via certain cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) or spinal nerves S2 – S4. [craniosacral]
-Parasympathetic (= next to sympathetic system, ie, on either side of the sympathetic system). |
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Term
| How the the length of the presynaptic and postsynaptic fibers vary in the sympathetic system vs the parasympathetic system? |
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Definition
In sympathetic system, ganglia are often close to CNS. Presynaptic is short, postsynaptic is long (opposite from parasympathetic)
In parasympathetic system, ganglia are close to (or within) effector organ. |
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Term
Cholinergic synapses (acetylcholine) occur between postsynaptic (parasympathetic or sympathetic) neurons and effector organs?
Adrenergic synapses (norepinephrine) usually occur between postsynaptic (parasympathetic or sympathetic) neurons and effector organs? |
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Definition
postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons
postsynaptic sympathetic neurons |
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Term
| What is an exception to the adrenergic synapses occurring between postsynaptic sympathetic neurons and effector organs? |
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Definition
| postsynaptic sympathetic innervation of sweat glands is cholinergic |
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Term
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
-distributes only to the head and neck, visceral cavities of the trunk, and the erectile tissues of the external genitalia (with the exception of the latter, it does not reach the body wall or limbs).
-reaches virtually all parts of the body (with the rare exception of such avascular tissues as cartilage and nails) |
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Definition
parasympathetic
sympathetic |
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Term
| Name the 4 (paired) ganglia in the head where presynaptic parasympathetic fibers in III, VII, and IX synapse. These ganglia lie close to the organs innervated (typical of parasympathetic fibers). |
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Definition
III (ciliary ganglion) innervates smooth muscles in the eye which are concerned with pupil constriction and lens accommodation
VII (pterygopalatine ganglion) innervates the lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands (secretomotor
VII (submandibular ganglion) innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands (secretomotor).
IX (otic ganglion) innervates the parotid salivary gland (secretomotor). |
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Term
| What nerve distributes presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to small, unnamed ganglia in the neck, thorax, and upper abdomen (to ~ L. colic flexure) |
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Definition
| vagus ("wandering nerve") nerve (X) |
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Term
Parasympathetic system:
In heart- (increase or decrease) rate and force of contraction. (constrict or dilate) coronary arteries.
Lung- (constrict or dilate) bronchi and (promote or hinder) bronchial secretion.
upper abdominal viscera- (stimulate or depress) peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices |
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Definition
Parasympathetic effects on the heart: Decrease rate and force of contraction, constrict coronary arteries.
lung : Constricts bronchi and promotes bronchial secretion.
upper abdominal viscera: Stimulates peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices. |
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Term
| Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the lower abdominal viscera (~ distal to L. colic flexure) and the pelvic viscera travel in the _____________ (ie visceral gut) nerves |
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Definition
pelvic splanchnic
(Pelvic splanchnic nerves are Parasympathetic) |
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Term
The following are parasympathetic effects on the __________:
1. Contracts rectum and inhibits (relaxes) internal anal sphincter to cause defecation.
2. Contracts detrusor muscle of bladder wall and inhibits (relaxes) contraction of internal sphincter of bladder to cause urination.
3. Produces engorgement (erection)-smooth muscle relaxes and allow blood flow- of erectile tissues of external genitalia. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the longitudinal series of ganglia located along each side of the vertebral column in the sympathetic trunk? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sympathetic trunk extends the full length of the vertebral column, and at the coccyx the two trunks unite into the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which vertebral region is the exception to one paravertebral ganglion correspond to each spinal nerve?
Why is this |
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Definition
cervical region (only 3 or 4 ganglia but 8 cervical nerves)
The presence of only three or four ganglia is due to the embryonic fusion of separate primordia |
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Term
| Which ganglia does not form part of the sympathetic trunk but lie in front of the vertebral column, often in association with branches of the abdominal aorta? |
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Definition
| Prevertebral ganglia (preaortic ganglia) |
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Term
| What is the connection between the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral ganglion) and the pre vertebral ganglion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the connections between the paravertebral ganglion and the spinal nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the myelinated presynaptic fibers which are leaving the spinal nerve to enter the sympathetic trunk (more lateral)?
What are the unmyelinated postsynaptic fibers which are leaving the sympathetic trunk to enter the spinal nerve (more medial)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Only (white or gray) rami communicantes connect to spinal nerves above T1 and below L2. |
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Definition
| Gray (Because all spinal nerves have gray rami attached to them, postsynaptic sympathetic fibers distribute widely through all spinal nerves.) |
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Term
| What are the (4) courses taken by presynaptic sympathetic fibers within the sympathetic trunks. |
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Definition
1) ascend in the trunk to synapse at a higher level
2) synapse in the ganglion at that same level
3) descend in the trunk to synapse at a lower level
4) leave the trunk via a splanchnic nerve and synapse in a PREVERTEBRAL ganglion |
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Term
True or False:
Because presynaptic fibers may ascend or descend in the sympathetic trunk before synapsing, the trunk extends the full length of the vertebral column rather than being confined to the T1 – L2 regions of the spine. |
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Definition
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Term
After a synapse in the sympathetic trunk, some postsynaptic fibers travel to the body wall and limbs via _______________ to supply blood vessels (vasomotor), sweat glands (sudomotor) and arrector pilorum muscles (pilomotor).
Other postsynaptic fibers travel to the thoracic viscera via __________ (eg, thoracic cardiac nerves to the heart). |
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Definition
gray rami communicantes
direct branches |
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Term
| After a synapse in a prevertebral gangion, the postsynaptic fibers that supply the abdominal and pelvic viscera travel along ___________ to reach their target organs (eg, stomach and intestines). |
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Definition
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Term
| In order for sympathetic innervation to reach the body wall and extremeties, all spinal nerves must receive and distribute postsynaptic fibers via a ________ to these areas |
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Definition
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Term
| In the cervical part of the sympathetic truck, synapse occurs in the ________________. |
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Definition
| sup., mid. or inf. cervical ganglia (sometimes there is a fourth ganglion, the vertebral, between the mid. and inf. ganglia) |
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Term
| The inf. ganglion is usually (82%) fused with the first thoracic ganglion to form the _________ |
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Definition
| cervicothoracic (stellate or star-shaped) ganglion. |
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Term
| What is the nerve which loops around the subclavian a. on each side. It connects the inf. cervical (or stellate) ganglion with the vertebral ganglion or the mid. cervical ganglion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 routes that postsynaptic fibers reach structures in the head and neck? |
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Definition
1) gray rami communicantes passes to each cervical spinal nerves
2) traveling along arteries |
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Term
| The gray rami joining C1-C4 arise from the _________ and are distributed in part via the _________ to smooth muscle and glands in the skin. |
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Definition
| The gray rami joining C1-C4 arise from the sup. ganglion and are distributed in part via the cervical plexus to smooth muscle and glands in the skin. |
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Term
| Plexuses of postsynaptic sympathetic fibers travel along the ________ artery, _________ artery, and ________ artery to use as "vehicles" to reach involuntary structures (smooth m. and gls.) in the head and neck. In addition the plexuses supply the arteries themselves (vasomotor). |
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Definition
| THE INT. & EXT. CAROTID AA. & THE VERTEBRAL A. |
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