Term
| Axial vs. Appendicular skeleton |
|
Definition
Axial - skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs
Appendicular - limbs and girdles |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral column bones #s |
|
Definition
| 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (sacrum), 4 coccygeal (coccyx) |
|
|
Term
| Concavity of vertebral regions |
|
Definition
Concave posterior: cervical, lumbar
Concave anterior: thoracic, sacral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bears weight, larger as you go down to sacrum; smaller below as weight transferred to hip bones and lower limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertebral body, pedicles, laminae, (vertebral foramen), spinous process, transverse processes, 4 articular processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Project posteriorly from body, each attaches to lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attach to 2 pedicles, come together at vertebral arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surrounded by vertebral arch and vertebral body; spinal cord passes through this region, line of them forms vertebral canal; arch protects spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Line of vertebral foramina |
|
|
Term
| Spinous and transverse processes |
|
Definition
| Muscle attachment for movement of vertebral column; ligament attachment to stabilize column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form joint with articular process from above or below; plane/gliding joint allow limited movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any part of boundary that encroaches on spinal nerve can compress it, interfere with function of nerve; break in annulus fibrosis where the nucleus pulposus can exit |
|
|
Term
| Intervertebral foramen boundaries |
|
Definition
| Vertebral body, intervertebral disk, zygapophyseal joint (between articular processes), inferior (top) and superior (bottom) notches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joint between 2 articular facets, can develop osteoarthritis and bone spurs; excess growth of bone around joint can grow into foramen and compress nerves; synovial joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cartilaginous joint uniting bodies of adjacent vertebrae containing inner nucleus puplosus and outer annulus fibrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer right of fibrocartilage, dense irregular CT; collagen fibers in different directions for increased strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soft, gel-like, rich in hyaluronic acid, shock absorber; becomes less hydrated with age leading to decrease in height of spinal column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior; both are anterior to the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short transverse processes with opening (transverse foramen); short bifid (Caucasian) spinous processes, small vertebral body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only in cervical vertebrae, transmits vertebral vessels that lead up to brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ribs contact at body of 2 adjacent vertebral bodies (head) and transverse process (tubercle); long spinous process angled downwards; larger, heart-shaped body, smaller foramen |
|
|
Term
| Rib attachment to thoracic vertebrae |
|
Definition
| Head attach to 2 adjacent vetebral bodies and tubercle attach to transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large, kidney-shaped vertebral body, short spinous process project directly superior; LP or spinal tap in this region (near cauda equina) since easier to get needle in between processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develops from 5 vertebrae fusing; smooth concave anterior surface, irregular posterior surface with remnants of spinous processes, ala/wings on side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening for ventral rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Posterior sacral foramina |
|
Definition
| Opening for dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Opening near bottom of sacrum where S5 laminae don't come together, no spinous process; transmits 5th sacral nerve and coccygeal nerve; can palpate bony landmarks (cornu and S4 spinous process to introduce epidural injections in this region) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sacrum articulates with 5th lumbar vertebra; superior border of sacrum important in OB; shorter anterior/posterior diameter, important for delivery/ability to handle fetal head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rudimentary, most bodies, no spinal cord or nerves or foramina, generally 4 fused together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atlas, no vertebral body; rotates around axis for atlantoaxial joint to move head; anterior and posterior arches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axis; forms dens/odontoid process sticking superiorly; forms part of atlantoaxial joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pivot joint formed by atlas and axis used to move the head |
|
|
Term
| Primary vs. Secondary Curvature |
|
Definition
Primary curvature - sacral and thoracic
Secondary curvature - lumbar and cervical
Fetus has only 1 curvature at birth: concave anterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exaggerated anterior concavity, most common in thoracic region; older women with osteoporosis, collapsing of vertebral bodies with compression fractures, leads to hunched appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exaggeration of posterior concavity (lumbar); temporary during pregnancy as center of gravity change or in men with beer bellies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral deviation of vertebral column; pediatricians look for this often; causes include hemivertebra (half doesn't develop), polio, unilateral muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joins bone to bone, made of dense connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior longitudinal ligament |
|
Definition
| Anterior to bodies of vertebra, very strong, runs from skull to sacrum; anterior to spinal cord; most effective in stabilizing vertebra |
|
|
Term
| Posterior longitudinal ligament |
|
Definition
| Posterior to vertebral bodies; top part called the tectorial membrane, runs down to sacrum; anterior to spinal cord; narrower than ALL |
|
|
Term
| ALL and PLL in herniated disks |
|
Definition
| ALL anterior to disc, PLL posterior to disc, most herniations occur when bending forward applying pressure to anterior edge; nucleus puplosus shoots out other end; can't go directly back due to PLL but on either side is the foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unites tips of adjacent spines of vertebrae from C7 to sacrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuation of supraspinous ligament above C7; attaches to occipital bone of skull and projects posteriorly as well; strong and sheetlike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unites spines further down toward base of spine more interiorly/deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unite adjacent laminae, elastic tissue, makes them look yellow (1 on either side) |
|
|
Term
| Intertransverse ligaments |
|
Definition
| Small, unite transverse processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leaning forward; motion between vertebrae not at hip; sagittal plane; bilateral abdominal and neck muscles |
|
|
Term
| Extension of spinal column |
|
Definition
| Leaning backward; posterior bend at intervertebral joints; sagittal plane; bilateral deep back muscles especially erector spinae; greatest in lumbar region |
|
|
Term
| Lateral flexion of spinal column |
|
Definition
| Lean left/right; coronal plane; unilateral action of ipsilateral deep back and abdominal oblique muscles; greatest in cervical and lumbar regions |
|
|
Term
| Rotation of head on neck and of torso |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal axis through vertebral column; deep back muscles; greatest in C1-C2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, occipit, spinous processes
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
Innervation: Cranial Nerve XI
Blood Supply: includes Transverse Cervical Artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs
Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus (anterior)
Blood: Thoracodorsal artery
Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula below spine of scapula
Blood: Dorsal scapular artery or branch of TCA
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7-T1
Insertion: Medial border of scapula at spine of scapula
Blood: Dorsal scapular artery or branch of TCA
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Posterior tubercles of C1-C4 transverse processes
Insertion: Medial border of scapula above spine of scapula
Blood: Dorscal scapular artery, branch of TCA, more
Nerve: Dorsal scapular nerve, C3-C4 ventral rami |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate back muscles |
|
Definition
| Extrinsic; accessory muscles of respiration, innervated by ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves; serratus posterior superior and inferior |
|
|
Term
| Serratus posterior inferior |
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion: Inferior aspect of ribs 9-12
Blood: Posterior intercostal arteries
Nerve: Ventral rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Serratus posterior superior |
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T3, ligamentum nuchae
Insertion: Superior aspect of ribs 2-4
Blood: Posterior intercostal arteries
Nerve: Ventral rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous process C7-T3
Insertion: Mastoid process, lateral superior nuchal line
Blood: Occipital artery, deep cervical artery
Nerve: Dorsal rami of middle cervical nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of T3-T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C1-C3
Blood: Occipital artery, deep cervical artery
Nerve: Dorsal rami of lower cervical nerves |
|
|
Term
| Motion of splenius muscles |
|
Definition
Unilateral: Ipsilateral rotation of head and neck
Bilateral: Extend head and neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertical muscle mass on either side of spinous process form sacrum to skull; chief extensors of back, maintain erect posture; iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unilateral: lateral flexion of vertebral column and head
Bilateral: extend vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In "bony gutter" between spinous and transverse processes consisting of many muscle slips; include multifidus, rotatores, levatores, semispinalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Originates from transverse processes and inserts on spinous processes or near occipital area centrally, seen underneath splenius muscles, above suboccipital triangle; innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Segmental deep back muscles |
|
Definition
| Interspinalis (extend column) and intertransversarii (lateral flexion) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles to turn head left |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral muscles (splenius capitis, e.g.) and contralateral muscles (e.g. transversospinalis) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles in suboccipital region |
|
Definition
| Rectus capitis posterior major and minor; Obliquus capitis inferior/superior; all innervated by suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs through suboccipital triangle; dorsal ramus of C1 spinal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Runs up center of scalp, goes deep just interior to the suboccipital triangle; dorsal ramus of C2 spinal nerve, becomes cutaneous of posterior scalp |
|
|
Term
| Contents of suboccipital triangle |
|
Definition
| Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve |
|
|
Term
| Actions of suboccipital triangle muscles |
|
Definition
Bilateral: extension
Unilateral: lateral flexion (obliquus capitis superior) or ipsilateral rotation (all others) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal left and right halves; parasagittal would be unequal left and right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal front and back parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Splits top and bottom - seen in CT and MRI often |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broad flat tendon of attachment to a muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uniaxial (plane, pivot, hinge)
Biaxial (condyloid, ellipsoid)
Multiaxial (saddle, ball and socket) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blind synovial pouches that intervene between bone and skin and between bone and bone to facilitate movement at joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T2 - Water and CSF = White/bright
T1 - Fat = White/bright |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| X-rays pass through bone or soft tissue, attenuate to different degrees; excite phosphorus; bone or barium is whitest, air would be black |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cortical bone is densest, spony bone in interior less white; muscle is gray, air is black; overlapping bones more dense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fracture often on distal side of metacarpal bone from striking an object with your fist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually PA and LAT; AP is possible but rarely used - want shadow of heart closest to actual size of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-dimensional picture of organ/body structure; shows more detail in soft tissues; cheaper than MRI and more detailed than x-ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T1 and T2, better for looking at pathology, clearest image, blood vessels often not visualized; avoid metallic objects; strong magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High frequency soundwaves, inexpensive, zero radiation, monitor fetuses, blood flow, kidney stones, gall stones; detailed images of size and function of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large hole in bottom of skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same size as vertebral column as fetus but ends around L1-L2 in adult |
|
|
Term
| Morphological features of spinal cord (3) |
|
Definition
| Cervical enlargement, lumbosacral enlargement, conus medullaris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C4-T1 - neurons to supply the upper limbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L2-S3 - neurons to supply lower limbs around T10-T12 of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord segments (#) and location |
|
Definition
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
C1 above atlas; C8 between C7 and T1 |
|
|
Term
| Spinal nerve exiting spinal cord |
|
Definition
| Exit through intervertebral foramina, occur in pairs (left, right) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ventral (motor), Dorsal (sensory), Lateral (autonomic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 layers enveloping vertebral canal: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outermost of meninges; tough dense CT with periosteal and meningeal layer (meningeal is seen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater; fat-filled; vertebral venous plexuses present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space between meningeal layer of dura mater and arachnoid space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Middle covering of meninges, avascular layer, thin and transparent tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filled with CSF between arachnoid and cord surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inferior part of arachnoid space in lumbar region; CSF samples taken from here (L2-S2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deepest meningeal layer, firmly attached to surface of spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral extension of pia mater, attaches cord to dural sac; pass between dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inferior continuation of pia mater from conus medullaris passing through lumbar cistern, surrounded by cauda equina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inferior tapered end of spinal cord with lumbar and sacral segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Filum terminale covered by arachnoid and dura inferior to S2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory, axons carrying impulses to spinal cord (afferent); swelling (DRG) with cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor, axons carry impulse away from spinal cord (efferent); neuron cell bodies in ventral horn of gray matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Afferent sensory neurons --> interneurons --> efferent motor neurons; afferent has peripheral process (before DRG) and central process (DRG to cord) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supplies erector spinae and skin around spine; sensory and motor fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supplies skin and muscles of anterolateral trunk and extremities; contains sensory and motor fibers |
|
|
Term
| White communicating ramus |
|
Definition
| Myelinated axons of preganglionic sympathetic neurons and afferent axons from visceral organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains postganglionic sympathetic axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsal and ventral roots of lower and sacral spinal nerves; travel within lumbar cistern to reach respective intervertebral foramina; surrounds filum terminale, displaced but not damaged in spinal tap |
|
|
Term
| Brachial plexus components |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things passing through axillary apex |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels for limb, brachial plexus, lymphatic vessels, groups of axillary lymph nodes for upper limb |
|
|
Term
| Prefixed and postfixed brachial plexus |
|
Definition
Prefixed: C4-C8
Postfixed: C6-T2 problem because T2 nerves loop over 1st rib and can lead to compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates deltoid and teres minor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord, C5-T1, innervates posterior compartment of arm and forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral cord, C5-C7, innervates anterior compartment of arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial cord, C8-T1, innervates hand and 1.5 muscles in anterior forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral and medial cord, C5-T1, innervates hand and most anterior forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C5 root, innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innervates, C5-C7 roots, innervates serratus anterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper trunk, C5-C6, innervates subclavius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Upper trunk, C5-C6, innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus (rotator cuffs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral cord, C5-C7, innervates pectoralis major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates subscapularis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord, C6-C8, innervates latissimus dorsi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Posterior cord, C5-C6, innervates subscapularis and teres major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial cord, C8-T1, innervates pectoralis major and pectoralis minor |
|
|
Term
| Medial brachial cutaneous nerve |
|
Definition
| Medial cord, C8-T1, cutaneous innervation of arm |
|
|
Term
| Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve |
|
Definition
| Medial cord, C8-T1, cutaneous innervation of forearm |
|
|
Term
| Joint location -- spinal segments |
|
Definition
Proximal joints innervated by more superior spinal segments
Distal joints innervated by more inferior spinal segments |
|
|
Term
| Axillary nerve joint action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Axilla --> quadrangular space --> posterior through surgical neck of humerus
Passes quadrangular space with posterior humeral circumflex artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innervates deltoid and teres minor, all motions at shoulder EXCEPT adduction |
|
|
Term
| Axillary nerve cutaneous branch |
|
Definition
| Upper lateral cutaneous nerves (C5-C6) |
|
|
Term
| Clinical injury of axillary nerve |
|
Definition
| Fracture at surgical neck of humerus with dislocation of glenohumeral joint; leads to deltoid paralysis, weakness in abducting arm |
|
|
Term
| Radial nerve joint action |
|
Definition
| Wrist, hand, elbow and shoulder joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axilla --> triangular interval --> posterior compartment of arm --> spiral groove of humerus --> anterior to elbow joint --> split into superficial and deep radial nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radial nerve runs with deep brachial artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Triceps, all muscles in posterior compartment of arm and forearm |
|
|
Term
| Radial nerve cutaneous nerves |
|
Definition
| Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm (axilla), Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm; more superficial nerves in deep branches |
|
|
Term
| Radial nerve superficial branch |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous to most lateral dorsum of hand, thenar eminence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Winds around neck of humerus, pierces supinator, becomes posterior interosseous nerve and supplies posterior compartment of forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extension at elbow, wrist, digits; supination of forearm |
|
|
Term
| Clinical injury of radial nerve |
|
Definition
| Compression in axilla or humerus fracture in spinal groove leading to wrist drop - inability to extend hand at wrist |
|
|
Term
| Musculocutaneous nerve path |
|
Definition
| Axilla --> anterior compartment of arm --> pierces coracobrachialis --> ends as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, running with cephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| Musculocutaneous nerve actions |
|
Definition
| Flexion at elbow and shoulder a little, supination of flexed forearm |
|
|
Term
| Musculocutaneous muscles supplied |
|
Definition
| Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, biceps brachialis; muscular branches well protected and rarely injured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axilla --> anterior compartment of forearm (near brachial artery and ulnar nerve) --> through cubital fossa --> anterior compartment of forearm (muscles) --> enter palm through carpal tunnel --> innervate 3 thenars, 2 lateral lumbricals --> ends as digital branches cutaneous to lateral 3.5 digits |
|
|
Term
| Median nerve cutaneous nerves |
|
Definition
| Anterior forearm: direct branches of median and anterior interosseous branch, palmar cutaneous branch splitting off in forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enters hand superficial to carpal tunnel, supplies skin on lateral part of palm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flex wrist and digits, pronate forearm, abduct hand at wrist (with radial), thumb movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compression of median nerve in confined space leading to pain/tingling in digits, weakness in thumb movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cannot flex digits 1-3, but can flex 4-5, leads to Hand of Benediction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axilla --> anterior compartment of arm --> posterior to elbow behind medial epicondyle of humerus --> anterior compartment of forearm --> pass through Guyon's canal --> divide into superficial and deep parts in palm |
|
|
Term
| Ulnar nerve in anterior compartment |
|
Definition
| Innervate 1.5 muscles of forearm, dorsal cutaneous branch of ulnar (medial half of hand dorsum), palmar cutaneous branch (medial half of palm) |
|
|
Term
| Ulnar nerve superficial branch |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous to medial 1.5 digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supply 3 hypothenar muscles, 3rd and 4th lumbricals, adductor pollicis, palmar and dorsal interossei |
|
|
Term
| Ulnar nerve actions at wrist |
|
Definition
Flex hand at wrist, adduct hand at wrist with radial nerve
Abduct and adduct fingers, flex MP, extend IP, flex 4&5 IP, adduct thumb |
|
|
Term
| Clinical correlate of ulnar nerve |
|
Definition
| Fracture medial epicondyle leading to "claw hand" deformity of 3rd and 4th fingers at rest or when trying to straighten; hyperextended MP and flexed IP in these fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous; synovial joint has greatest ROM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encloses cavity, blends with periosteum of bone, outer connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inner capsule which produces synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cover of joint, cushions surface of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uniaxial, e.g. proximal and distal radio-ulnar joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiaxial, e.g. glenohumeral joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uniaxial, glide and slide, 2 flat surfaces on another, e.g. intercarpal joints, CMC joints, acromioclavicular joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uniaxial, e.g. elbow, IP, allows flexion and extension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biaxial, both bones have concave/convex surfaces, e.g. CMC of thumb, sternoclavicular joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biaxial, e.g. wrist and MCP joints; also known as an ellipsoid joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Manubrium of sternum and medial end of clavicle; only connection of upper limb and axial skeleton; cartilaginous articular disk divides joint cavity into 2 separate compartments; SADDLE JOINT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acromion of scapula and lateral end of clavicle; plane joint; stabilized by coracoclavicular ligament; joint dislocation and ligament rupture leads to complete shoulder separation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Head of humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula; ball and socket; poor congruence improved by glenoid labrum; stabilized by rotator cuffs; dislocates inferiorly, pops anteriorly into axilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Teres minor (posterior), subscapularis (anterior), infraspinatus (inferior), supraspinatus (superior) - all attach to humerus, 3 at greater tubercle, 1 at lesser tubercle (subscapularis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhomboids, levator scapula, trapzeius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serratus anterior (hunch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serratus anterior, trapzeius (raise arm) |
|
|
Term
| Scapula downward rotation |
|
Definition
| Levator scapulae, rhomboids, others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Levator scapulae innervation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm flexion |
|
Definition
| Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, deltoid |
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm extension |
|
Definition
| Latissimus dorsi, deltoid |
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm abduction |
|
Definition
| Supraspinatus, deltoid, serratus anterior |
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm adduction |
|
Definition
| Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major |
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm medial rotation |
|
Definition
| Subscapularis, pectoralis major, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major |
|
|
Term
| Glenohumeral joint arm lateral rotation |
|
Definition
| Infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid |
|
|
Term
| Branches off of arch of aorta |
|
Definition
| Left subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, brachiocephalic trunk |
|
|
Term
| Branches off of brachiocephalic trunk |
|
Definition
| Right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| Path from subclavian artery to fingers |
|
Definition
| Subclavian --> Axillary --> Brachial --> Radial and ulnar --> 3 arches --> metacarpal branches --> digital branches |
|
|
Term
| Subclavian/axillary/brachial artery borders |
|
Definition
Subclavian-Axillary - outer border of 1st rib
Axillary-Brachial - inferior edge of teres major
Brachial bifurcates by elbow to form radial and ulnar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Superficial palmar (ulnar), deep palmar( radial), dorsal carpal (radial) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of 1st part of subclavian artery |
|
Definition
| Vertebral artery (brain), internal thoracic artery (anterior chestwall), thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Term
| Branches of thyrocervical trunk |
|
Definition
| Transverse cervical artery (trapezius), suprascapular artery (supraspinatus and infraspinatus), inferior thyroid artery (thyroid gland) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of 2nd part of subclavian artery |
|
Definition
| Costocervical trunk (posterior deep neck) |
|
|
Term
| Branch of 3rd part of subclavian artery |
|
Definition
| Dorsal scapular artery (rhomboids and levator scapulae); can also come from descending transverse cervical artery |
|
|
Term
| Branches of 1st part of axillary artery |
|
Definition
| Superior thoracic artery (subclavius, high intercostal) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of 2nd part of axillary artery |
|
Definition
| Thoracoacromial trunk and lateral thoracic artery |
|
|
Term
| Branches of thoracoacromial trunk |
|
Definition
| Pectoral, acromial, clavicular, deltoid branches |
|
|
Term
| Branches of 3rd part of axillary artery |
|
Definition
| Subscapular artery, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral artery |
|
|
Term
| Branches of subscapular artery |
|
Definition
| Circumflex scapular artery (anterior anastomoses) and thoracorsal artery (latissimus dorsi) |
|
|
Term
| Branch of brachial artery |
|
Definition
| Profunda brachii which supplies posterior compartment of arm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication between vessels, alternate pathway of blood flow when main pathway is compromised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collateral arteries from brachial and deep brachial arteries connect to recurrent arteries (radial, ulnar, interosseous in forearm) - 4 major connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suprascapular and dorsal scapular arteries from subclavian, circumflex scapular artery from axillary, collateral circulation to upper limb when axillary artery compressed against ribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No accompanying arteries; cephalic on lateral side, basilic on medial side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lateral side of limb, empty into axillary artery in dectopectoral triangle near clavicle, runs near musculocutaneous nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial side of limb, joins brachial vein in arm to form axillary vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connects basilic and cephalic veins near elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2+ distal to axillary vein, accompany arteries; same name as artery they accompany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Connect superficial to deep veins at many points, valves to prevent backflow; if they fail, develop varicose veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| through lymph nodes before returning to blood; afferent (going to node), efferent (from node) |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatic drainage origin |
|
Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries near blood capillary beds collect interstitial fluid to prevent edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Humeral, posterior, pectoral, central, apical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep --> humeral node --> central node --> apical node |
|
|
Term
| Superficial lateral lymphatics path |
|
Definition
| Superficial lateral --> deltopectoral node --> apical node |
|
|
Term
| Superficial medial lymphatics path |
|
Definition
| Superficial medial --> cubital nodes --> humeral node --> central node --> apical node |
|
|
Term
| Lymphatics path from apical node |
|
Definition
| Apical node --> subclavian lymph trunk --> right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct (left) --> return to veins at root of neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anterior arm blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretch muscle spindles, reflect contraction, flex forearm - test integrity of C5 and C6 segments |
|
|
Term
| Posterior compartment of arm innervation and blood supply |
|
Definition
| Radial nerve and profunda brachii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capitulum of humerus and head of radius (poor congruence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trochlea of humerus and trochlea of ulna (good congruence); olecranon process of ulna goes higher up into groove |
|
|
Term
| Proximal radioulnar joint |
|
Definition
| Head of radius and radial notch of ulna - pronation and supination (also at distal radioulnar joint), radius moves in arc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wraps around head of radius, attaches to head of ulna, stabilizes the proximal radioulnar joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radial head partly pulled out of ligament; subluxation occurs, ligament trapped between radial head and capitulum of humerus (less strong in kids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Harvest nonessential tendon, thread through holes in humerus and ulna, stabilize after tearing MCL joint |
|
|
Term
| Ligaments reinforcing elbow joint |
|
Definition
| Medial collateral ligament (ulnar), lateral collateral joint (radial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brachialis (musculocutaneous, radial), biceps brachii (musculocutaneous), brachioradialis (radial), pronator teres (median) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles to extend forearm |
|
Definition
| Triceps brachii (radial nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Cubital fossa contents in order |
|
Definition
Lateral-->Medial TAN
Tendon of biceps brachii, Brachial bifurc. artery, Median nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pronator teres, brachioradialis, line between epicondyles; floor is brachialis and supinator; roof is bicipital aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| Anterior forearm blood supply |
|
Definition
| Radial, ulnar, anterior interosseous arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only anterior forearm muscle involved in flexion and pronation |
|
|
Term
| Ulnar nerve supply in anterior forearm |
|
Definition
| Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus |
|
|
Term
| Superficial anterior forearm muscles |
|
Definition
| Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris; originate at medial epicondyle, cross elbow joint and all but palmaris longus cross wrist and act there |
|
|
Term
| Intermediate anterior forearm muscles |
|
Definition
| Flexor digitorum superficialis, acts at wrist down to PIP |
|
|
Term
| Common flexor tendon and common extensor tendon |
|
Definition
| Medial epicondyle for flexors, Lateral epicondyle for extensors |
|
|
Term
| Deep anterior forearm muscles |
|
Definition
| Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus; FDP acts down to DIP joint, no action at elbow, FPL down to IP joint of thumb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Golfer's elbow, too much forcible flexion, tiny tears in common flexor tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thickening of deep fascia on anterior wrist, attaches to 2 most medial and lateral carpal bones to form carpal tunnel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Median nerve, tendons of FDS and FDP, flexor pollicis longus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compress median nerve, affect recurrent branch supplying thenars and digital cutaneous branch (skin of lateral 3.5 fingers), NOT palmar cutaneous branch (lateral palm); surgery releases flexor retinaculum to reduce pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts at lateral supracondylar ridge, only flexor in posterior forearm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tennis elbow, microtears of common extensor tendon due to forceful extension repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Makes 6 compartments for tendons to pass through, no nerves passing through |
|
|
Term
| Anatomic snuffbox borders |
|
Definition
Extensor pollicis longus (dorsum)
Extensor pollicis brevis (more palmar)
Abductor pollicis longus (more palmar) |
|
|
Term
| Anatomic snuffbox contents |
|
Definition
| Radial artery (radial pulse), scaphoid bone (floor, often fractured), radial nerve (superficial branch) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most commonly fractured carpal bone; avascular necrosis possible due to poor vascularization from distal pole if fracture at neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anatomic snuffbox, anterior surface of wrist on lateral side |
|
|
Term
| Blood supply to forearm and hand |
|
Definition
| Radial artery, ulnar artery, common interosseous artery leading to posterior and anterior interosseous artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branch off of common interosseous artery, run on anterior and posterior sides of interosseous membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proximal --> Distal, Lateral --> Medial
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrium, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate - hook of hamate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-5 CMC, intercarpal joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adduct (1), 2, 4, 5 to midline; flex MP joint, extend IP joints; innervated by deep branch of ulnar artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adduct 2, 3, 4 from midline; flex MP joint, extend IP joints; innervated by deep branch of ulnar artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi; supplied by deep branch ulnar nerve; deep palmar branch of ulnar artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis; tendon of FPL from anterior forearm passes through; axis of movement off 90 degrees from other fingers
Recurrent branch of median nerve, palmar superficial branch of radial artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transverse and oblique processes, deep branch of ulnar nerve |
|
|
Term
| Central compartment of hand |
|
Definition
| Deep to palmar aponeurosis, FDS and FDP tendons, 4 lumbricals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial 2 supplied by deep branch of ulnar nerve, lateral 2 supplied by median nerve; insert on extensor expansions of fingers; flex MCP, extend ISP with assistance from interossei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Around FPL tendon (to thumb) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common flexor sheath around FDS, FDP (to palm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Around FDS and FDP tendons of each finger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial infection of sheath; penetrating injury or overuse leads to excess synovial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Upper trunk injury; waiter's tip position (upper limb adducted, loss of abduction, lateral rotation of arm at shoulder)
Shoulder - weak flexion, lose abduction, lateral rotation
Elbow - weak flexion, weak supination
Nerves - lose sensation of lateral arm and forearm |
|
|
Term
| Medial rotators of humerus at shoulder joint |
|
Definition
| Latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectoralis major, subscapularis, teres major |
|
|
Term
| Lateral rotators of humerus at shoulder joint |
|
Definition
| Infraspinatus, teres minor, and deltoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pronator teres and pronator quadratus - median nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supinator and biceps brachii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Supraspinatus, deltoid (+ serratus anterior) |
|
|
Term
| Erb-Duchenne palsy: Impact of lateral flexion of neck too far |
|
Definition
| Stretch upper trunk by separation of shoulder and neck, possibly tearing nerve fibers; can happen in birth if baby comes out arm first |
|
|
Term
| Erb-Duchenne palsy: Why only weakness in flexion at shoulder and elbow and supination of hand instead of total loss? |
|
Definition
Shoulder - coracobrachialis has some C7 innervation (musculo.)
Elbow - brachioradialis has some C7 innervation (radial nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Erb-Duchenne palsy: Loss of cutaneous innervation to skin of affected limb |
|
Definition
| C5 and C6 fibers from upper trunk --> upper lateral cutaneous of arm (axillary), lower lateral cutaneous of arm (radial), lateral cutaneous of forearm (musculocutaneous) |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome symptoms |
|
Definition
| Tender in supraclavicular area, pulling down on arm increases pain, wasting of thenar eminence |
|
|
Term
| Boundaries of posterior triangle of neck |
|
Definition
| Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, clavicle; roof is deep fascia, floor is scalenes and levator scapula; omohyoid comes through the region |
|
|
Term
| Scalene interval boundaries |
|
Definition
| Anterior scalene, medial scalene, 1st rib |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Why diminished radial pulse? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian artery in thoracic outlet affects blood flow distally |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: why thenar wasting? |
|
Definition
| Compress spinal nerves, diminish function in muscles, destruction of nerve fibers; spinal nerve segments C8-T1 in dermatome chart supply thumb region |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: part of brachial plexus affected |
|
Definition
| Lower trunk (in contact with 1st rib in scalene interval); accessory rib would put traction on lower trunk exacerbated by carrying a heavy load |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma symptoms |
|
Definition
| Board-like feel, red flatter area with dimpled skin, rigid breast, fuller axilla, orange peel skin, retracted and fixed nipple |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels supplying breast |
|
Definition
| Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, intercostal arteries, branches from internal thoracic artery |
|
|
Term
| Axillary nodes related to breast |
|
Definition
| Anterior axillary (pectoral-most), posterior (subscapular), parasternal (medial); axillary --> lateral --> central --> apical --> supraclavicular; most breast lymph into pectoral nodes; smaller amount goes to subscapular, apical, central or supraclavicular nodes |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma: suspensory ligaments |
|
Definition
| Bands of CT separating lobes, dermis to deep fascia; tension in region causes dimpling of skin overlying tumor, fixation of skin to tumor |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma: nipple retraction |
|
Definition
| Tumor arises in ducts, puts tension on nipple, leads to retraction of nipple |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma: orange peel appearance |
|
Definition
| Obstruction of lymphatics, local edema, swelling of skin, pitting |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma: palpable mass in axilla |
|
Definition
| Tumor spreading through lymphatics, present in axillary lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Breast carcinoma: nerves to avoid in mastectomy |
|
Definition
| Long thoracic nerve, thoracodorsal nerve |
|
|
Term
| Humerus fracture symptoms |
|
Definition
| Shorten, swollen, discolored arm; rigidly contracted flexors and extensors, deficit in wrist extension and MP joint extension, sensory deficit on posterior aspect of lower forearm, lateral side of hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passes posteriorly through radial groove of humerus toward lateral arm |
|
|
Term
| Humerus fracture: arm shortening |
|
Definition
| Muscles crossing fracture contract, reflex "splinting", protective mechanism to immobilize arm to minimize pain |
|
|
Term
| Humerus fracture: motor losses |
|
Definition
| Wrist extension (ECRL, ECRB, ECU), MP extension (ED, EI, EDM) all from posterior interosseous nerve |
|
|
Term
| Humerus fracture: ability to extend elbow |
|
Definition
| Usually relaxation of flexors and gravity are able to extend elbow in day-to-day life despite loss of innervation to triceps |
|
|
Term
| Humerus fracture: discoloration |
|
Definition
| Vessels with radial nerve through radial groove are profunda brachii artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| Medial epicondyle dislocation symptoms |
|
Definition
| Posteriorly protruding olecranon, obscured by swelling, reduced radial and ulnar pulses, hand cool and blanched; weakness in all wrist and finger functions, anesthesia of distal forearm and hand |
|
|
Term
| Brachial artery palpation in arm |
|
Definition
| Posterior to belly of biceps brachii, use blood pressure cuff there usually; median nerve over artery, ulnar nerve medial, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve superficial to artery |
|
|
Term
| Biceps brachii insertion point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Brachialis attachment point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve near medial epicondyle of humerus |
|
Definition
| Ulnar nerve posterior (hit funnybone = compress ulnar nerve against medial epicondyle) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles with origin near medial epicondyle |
|
Definition
| Superficial anterior forearm muscles (flexors and pronator teres) |
|
|
Term
| Muscles with origin near lateral epicondyle |
|
Definition
| Superficial posterior forearm (Extensors) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of subcutaneous olecranon bursa by rubbing elbow repetitively (on desk top) |
|
|
Term
| Medial epicondyle dislocation: cause of symptoms |
|
Definition
| Distal humerus displaced anteriorly, goes into cubital fossa, presses brachial artery --> diminished pulses, cool hand, weakness in wrist and finger functions, anesthesia of distal forearm and hand |
|
|
Term
| Palpation of brachial pulse |
|
Definition
| Mid-arm medial to biceps, compress against humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medial side of wrist, lateral to FCU tendon (which attaches to pisiform bone), compress against head of ulna |
|
|
Term
| Nursemaid's Elbow in child |
|
Definition
| Subluxation of radial head, more vulnerable as child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Annular ligament - anchor head of radius to capitulum
Radial collateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament |
|
|
Term
| Nursemaid's Elbow: why does child hold fingers flexed? |
|
Definition
| Injury affects extensors digitorum, digiti minimi, and indicis since posterior interosseous nerve is branch of deep radial artery |
|
|
Term
| Nursemaid's Elbow: no compromise of supination |
|
Definition
| Supinator supplied by deep radial nerve branch that branches proximal to site of nerve injury |
|
|
Term
| Nursemaid's Elbow: no sensory deficit |
|
Definition
| Superficial branch of radial nerve more superficial to site of injury, not near radial head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinct blocks of mesoderm along neural tube, develop into somites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass lateral to somites, contributes to genitourinary structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass lateral to somites, contributes to genitourinary structures; 2 layers are somatic and splanchnic layer |
|
|
Term
| Somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
Definition
| Affixed to surface ectoderm, forms limb musculature and linings of body cavities; along with surface ectoderm becomes somatopleure |
|
|
Term
| Splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
|
Definition
| Aligns with endoderm, becomes smooth muscles in GI tract wall and serosal coverings of visceral organs; along with surface endoderm becomes splanchnopleure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clusters of paraxial mesoderm which proceed to become somites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arranged in groups: 4 occipital, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 8-10 coccygeal pairs - approximates # of vertebrae forming in the region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sclerotome (inner), dermatome (outer central), myotome (outer outer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From sclerotome portion of somite through inductive influence of SHH; sclerotome cells migrate around neural tube to form vertebral arch, migrate around notochord to form vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks, nerves course in rostral half of sclerotome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Influenced by SHH from ventral neural tube + notochord; cells express PAX1 which controls chondrogenesis and bone formation |
|
|
Term
| Resegmentation of sclerotomes |
|
Definition
| Formation of intervertebral foramina, spinal nerves emerge through specific intervertebral foramen; sclerotome splits into cranial and caudal segments at point where nerve passes, form vertebral bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incorporated into bone of vertebral body, persists as nucleus pulposus |
|
|
Term
| C1 vertebra under C1 nerve sclerotome origin |
|
Definition
| Caudal cervical 1 sclerotome + Cranial cervical 2 sclerotome; cervical region nerves emerge through foramen above same numbered vertebra |
|
|
Term
| T2 vertebra under T1 nerve sclerotome origin |
|
Definition
| Caudal thoracic 1 sclerotome + Cranial thoracic 2 sclerotome; below T1 spinal nerves emerge from foramen below same numbered vertebra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinal cord and vertebral cord start equal in length; vertebral column increases as fetus grows; conus medullaris shifts upward in vertebral canal, elongation of lower nerve roots |
|
|
Term
| Conus medullaris over time |
|
Definition
| Opposite L3 at birth, opposite L1-L2 intervertebral disk in adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of neural tube to form properly (close), malformation of vertebral arch; more common in lumbosacral region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spina bifida occulta (least severe) to rachischisis (neural tube does not form at all); 70% avoided with folic acid in diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CSF-filled extension of spinal canal with no cord or nerves in it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Governed by NT3 secretion from dorsal neural tube; contribuets to formation of dermal elements of skin; fat and CT; each dermatome innervated by specific spinal nerve branches from associated somite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsomedial (epimere) and Ventrolateral (hypomere) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dorsomedial myotome, becomes epaxial musculature (erector spinae, etc.) innervated by dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves; influenced by Wnt signal from dorsal neural tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Becomes hypaxial musculature (body wall muscles, limb muscles), innervated by ventral primary rami, influenced by Wnt from surface ectoderm, BMP4 from lateral plate mesoderm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hypomere of myotome and mesoderm of somatopleure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mesoderm of branchial arches and occipital myotomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form muscles of head, particularly intrinsic and extrinsic muscle of tongue and infrahyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appear in week 4 in upper and lower embryo as outgrowths on lateral aspect; upper limb stays about 2-4 days ahead; derive from somatic lateral plate mesoderm and myotome mesoderm covered by surface ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| Preaxial and postaxial sides of developing limb |
|
Definition
| Preaxial = cranial side; Postaxial = caudial side; greater appendage (thumb, big toe) located on preaxial side of limb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Guides limb bud growth; thickened ectoderm at surface of developing limb bud; inhibits differentiation of underlying mesoderm, prevents skeletal and muscle elements from forming; moves more distally as limb elongates so proximal limb develops first |
|
|
Term
| Mesenchymal cells forming limb timing |
|
Definition
Early formed mesenchymal cells --> proximal limb
Late formed mesenchymal cells --> distal limb |
|
|
Term
| Mesoderm of limb organization |
|
Definition
| Organized around central axis; midline mesoderm forms bones, ligaments and joints; peripheral mesoderm develops into muscles |
|
|
Term
| Developing dorsal and ventral muscle mass |
|
Definition
Dorsal muscle mass becomes extensors, supinators, abductors innervated by posterior division of nerve plexuses
Ventral muscle mass becomes flexors, pronators, adductors innervated by anterior division of nerve plexuses |
|
|
Term
| Endochondral vs. intramembranous ossification in development of limb |
|
Definition
| Mesenchyme condense as cartilage (Week 5-8) then replaced by bone (Week 7-12) = endochondral ossification except in clavicle (intramembranous ossification) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Due to apoptosis in tissue between digits in weeks 7-8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of apoptosis leads to fused digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spliiting of AER into >5 parts leading to extra digits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue breakdown between cartilaginous models of bone; fibroelastic tissue between chondrifying bones, dense CT at periphery; mesenchyme surrounding joint becomes joint capsule and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| Embryo: mesenchyme forming myoblasts |
|
Definition
| Mesenchyme differentiates into myoblasts which fuse to form skeletal muscle cells until month 4; after this time, growth is due to hypertrophy of existing myofibers; thickening of epimysium forms tendons to attach muscles to developing skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C5 - lateral arm
C6 - lateral forearm and thumb
C7 - mid-palm and 2nd and 3rd fingers
C8 - medial palm and 4th and 5th fingers
T1 - medial forearm, T2 - medial arm |
|
|
Term
| Upper limb rotation in development |
|
Definition
| Slight lateral rotation, elbow points posterior (ventral surface originally caudal) |
|
|
Term
| Lower limb rotation in development |
|
Definition
| Great medial rotation, knee points cranial; limb twists in spiral; lower limb dermatomes spiral around limb due to this rotation |
|
|
