Term
|
Definition
1. Vertebral Column
2. Rib cage
3. skull
4. Hyoid |
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Term
|
Definition
Initially concave anteriorly, but forms 4 curvature
33 vertebrae
-7 Cervical
-8 Thoracic
-5 Lumbar
-5 Sacral (fused, not moveable)
-4 coccygeal (fused not moveable) |
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Term
| Components of a typical thoracic vertebrae-8 |
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Definition
1. Vertebral Body-weight bearing
2. Pedicle- Protection
3. Lamina- protection
4. Spinous Process- Movmt
5. Transverse Process- Movmt
6. Articulating Process- Obstruction of movement
7 & 8.Superior and inferior vetebral notches-form roof and floor of intervetbral foramen from lateral view |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Formed by pellicle and lamina
2. together with the body, they define the vertebral foramen (spinal canal) |
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Term
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Definition
-Superficial-limb movement
-Intermediate- Respiration
-Deep- |
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Term
| The Superficial back muscles-5 |
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Definition
1. Trapezius
2. Latissimus Dorsi
3. Levator Scapulae
4. Rhomboid minor
5. Rhomboid major |
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Term
|
Definition
1. attaches pectoral girdle to skull
2. innervated by CN XI, the accessory nerve.
3. 3 fiber groups
a. Superior-elevate the scapula
b. middle-adduct the scapula
c. inferior- depress and adduct the scapula
4. Assists in suspending the upper limb
5. rotates the scapulae when limb is raised above head |
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Term
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Definition
1. Fan shaped on inferior part of back from T6-iliac crest
2. Passes between trunk and attaches to the floor of the intertubercular groove on the humerus
3. acts directly on shoulder joint
4. acts indirectly on pectoral girdle
5. Innervated by Thoracodorsal nerve
6. Extends, Adducts, and medially rotates humerus |
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Term
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Definition
1. Attaches to Posterior Turbercles of the transverse Processes of C1-4 and the Vertebral/medial border of scapulae
2. assists trapezius in elevating scapulae and maintaining level
3. rotates scapulae with the rhomboids in opposite direction to trapezius
4. innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve, C3, and C4 cervical nerves (ventral Rami of these) |
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Term
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Definition
1. origin from spines of T2-5 and inserts into the medial border of scapulae
2. innervated by dorsal scapular, C3, C4 cervical
3. brace the back of scapulae by retraction/elevation and maintenance. Also rotates inferior angle of scapula |
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Term
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Definition
1. extends from the ligamentum nuchar and spines of C7 and T1 to medial border of scapulae
2. innervated by dorsal scapular, C3 and C4 nerves
3. retract, elevate, and maintain scapula |
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Term
| The Posterior Triangle Compartments-3 |
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Definition
1. Posterior Compartment- Support; contains vertebral column and musculature for flexion and extension of neck
2. Anterior/median visceral- divided into 2 ant. triangles superficially, deep viscera is larynx/trachea and phraynx; neurvascular bundle
3. 2 Posterior triangle areas that are continuous with axilla via cervicoaxillary canal. Brachial Plexus and Subclavian artery found here |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Key landmark of neck, dividing it into two ant. and post. triangles.
2. innervated by CN XI
3. attaches superiorly to mastoid process and to the sternum and clavicle inferiorly
4. bilateral contraction tilts head toward shoulder and rotates face to opposite side= protract (draw forward) the head |
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Term
|
Definition
Superior-Superior nuchal line, mastoid process and inferior mandible border
Inferior-clavicle and sternum
Posterior-trapezius
Anterior-the midline |
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Term
| Deep Cervical Fascia of posterior triangle-4 |
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Definition
1. The investing layer- surrounds entire neck and roofs the post and ant triangles
2. the pretracheal layer forms a sheath around the thyroid (doesnt go all way around)
3. Prevertebral layer- surrounds the support compartment of the vertebrae and musculature. Forms fascial carpet over floor of Post. triangles
4. the Carotid sheath- condensation of all 3 top layers form a sheath enclosing the vertical neurovascular bundle of neck( common carotid, internal jug and vagus nerve) |
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Term
| Posterior triangle boundaries-5 |
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Definition
1. base-superior border of clavicle
2. Anterior- posterior border of SCM
3. Posterior-Ant. border of trapezius
4. Roof-investing layer of deep cervical fascia
5. floor- Musculature and prevertebral fascia |
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Term
| Muscle contents of Posterior Triangle-1 |
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Definition
1. inferior belly of omohyoid divide the Post. Triangle into
a. large superior occipital tri.
b. lower, smaller, supraclavicular tri. |
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Term
| Nerves of Post. Triangle-3 |
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Definition
1. Brachial Plexus (C5-8/T1)-motor and sensory for upper limb...in floor between the 2 scalenes
2. Cervical plexus (C1-4)- sensory to neck and upper thorax via
a. lesser occipital
b. transverse cutaneous nerve
c. great auricular
d. supraclavicular
3. Spinal Accessory (CN XI)- motor to SCM and Trap...found anterior to levator scapulae |
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Term
| Floor of Posterior Triangle muscles (Ant-Post)-5 |
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Definition
1. Semispnalis capitis
2. Splenius capitis (bandage of neck)
3. Levator scapulae with CN XI ant.
4. scalenus medius
5. Scalenus Anterior( phrenic nerve ant.) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. arise from transverse processes of cervical vertebrae and insert on the R1 (ant. and medius) and R2(posterior) upon contractions
2. scalenus posterior is behind the medius, absent, or fused with it |
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Term
| Clinical Notes of Cranial Nerve XI- the Accessory Nerve-3 |
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Definition
1. Lesions are rare
2.unilateral lesion might cause slight weakness in turning under pressure
3. unilateral paralysis of trap is noticeable by shoulder droop |
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Term
|
Definition
1. condition where head and neck are turned to one side permanently, intermittently, or spasmodically
2. latter caused by toniclonic contraction of SCM and Trap
3. Congenitally- unilateral fibrosis of the SCM appearing at birth- can be stretched to allow mvmt and normal positioning. |
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Term
| Cervical Plexus nerve block-2 |
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Definition
1. insertion of needle middle ways on posterior border of SCM.
2. Phrenic nerve also commonly affected so patients with pulmonary cardiac disease should NOT be administered this block |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Main injection site is superior to midpoint of clavicle
2. needle is directed inferomedially toward first rib |
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Term
| Anatomy of the Spinal Cord-5 |
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Definition
1. 31 pairs of spinal nerves-8 C; 12 T; 5 L; 5 S; 1 Coccygeal
2. Cervical spinal nerves exit above respected vertebrae while thoracic and on down exit below.
3. Exhibits 2 enlargements-
a. Cervical Enlargement (C4-T1)-brachial plexus supply
b. Lumbar enlargement(L2-S3)- supply lumbosaccral plexus
4. Terminates bluntly at L2 as conus medullaris. remaining nerves descend as cauda equina
5. thin filament of pia mater off surface of spinal cord is filum terminale and anchors the coccyx |
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Term
| Meninges of Spinal Cord-4 |
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Definition
1. 3 layers surrounds
a. Pia mater
b. Arachnoid
c. dura mater
2. epidural space (outer to dura) contains fat and venous anastomoses
3. subarachnoid space is filled with CSF and superficial veins and arteries of Spinal cord
4. pia mater extends off lateral aspects of the cord at intervals, attaching to dura and forming the denticulate ligament |
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Term
|
Definition
1. each spinal cord segments gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
2. each is formed by the union of a dorsal(sensory) root and a ventral (motor) root that unite
3. Therefore the true spinal nerve is a mix of sensory and motor |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Swelling on the dorsal root that houses neuronal cell bodies of the sensory neurons
2. carry afferent stimuli to the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
1. once the spinal nerve exits the vertebral canal at the intervertebral foramen, it splits into a dorsal and ventral ramus
1. each dorsal ramus remains seperate (segmental) throughout the entire length of the cord and takes motor and sensory to supply the skin, muscles and vasculature of the back
3. Ventral rami may either remain segmental or anastomose with other ventral rami to form a plexus (i.e. brachial plexus) and supplies the side and stomach |
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Term
| Spinal cord vasculature-2 |
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Definition
1. Two posterior spinal arteries that arise from the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (off vertebral artery) lie over the posterior intermediate sulci and they supply the posterior 1/3 of the spinal cord
2. The anterior spinal artery arises from the vertebral artery and lies over the top of the anterior median fissure and supplies blood to anterior 2/3 of the cord |
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Term
| Spinal cord white vs. gray matter-2 |
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Definition
1. the grey matter contains neuronal cell bodies and forms and H shape in white matter
2. white is composed of tracts of the neuronal axons, the majority of which are myelinated, hence white appearance |
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Term
|
Definition
1. 2 neuron system
2. must use a ganglion where the pre and post synaptic fibers synapse; 3 types
a. paravertebral
b. prevertebral
c. intramural |
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Term
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Definition
1. AKA sympathetic trunk ganglia
2. a ganglia of the ANS that lie on either side of the vertebral column
3. used for synapses of the SYMPATHETIC division of ANS only |
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Term
|
Definition
1. AKA collateral ganglia
2. lie anterior to the vertebral column, close to major abdominal arteries from which they get their name
a. celiac ganglion- base of celiac trunk
b. superior mesenteric ganglion-base of sup. mesenteric artery
c. Inferior mesenteric ganglion- base of inf. mesenteric artery
3. used only for synapses of the SYMPATHETIC division only |
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Term
|
Definition
1. AKA terminal ganglia
2. located at the end of the visceral efferent pathway, close to/within effector organ
3. sites of PARASYMPATHETIC synapses only |
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Term
| Sympathetic Division overview-4 |
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Definition
1. Cell bodies are localized in the intermediolateral gray horn of the spinal cord from segments T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)
2.in ventral ramus, the pregang symp fiber synapses at a symp. ganglion via white ramus communicans pathway.
3. in the thorax and abdomen, there is 1 symp. ganglion per vertebral level.
4. White rami input sympathetic impulse into symp. trunk from T1-L2 |
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Term
| Actions that occur once the Preganglionic fiber of sympathetic division synapses in symp. trunk-3 |
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Definition
1. The preganglionic fiber synapses in the sympathetic ganglion and the postganglionic fiber reenters the ventral and dorsal ramus via the grey ramus communicans to supply sympathetic innervation to the body wall
2. preganglionic fiber ascends or descends within trunk to synapse in a symp. ganglion at a level other than one it entered. post gang. re-enters ventral and dorsal ramus via grey ramus commun. and these fibers may be directed to viscera or body wall
3. preganglionic fiber passes through the symp. ganglion via a splanchnic nerve to a prevertebral gang where it synapses. postganglion then passes out along to target organ |
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Term
|
Definition
1. extends from base of skull to base of coccyx
2. distributes sympathetic innervation throughout body since sympathetic innervation is only found from spinal cord segments T1-4 |
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Term
|
Definition
1. found at every vertebral level that exhibits a symp. ganglion
2. Extends from base of skull through to tip of coccyx
3. They are output fibers for the sympathetic division of ANS
4. there are more grey than white as white rami input symp. innervation and are restricted to T1-L2 where the sympathetic cell bodies are located |
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Term
| Parasympathetic division overview-7 |
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Definition
1. Cell bodies are localized in the nuclei of the brain stem and in spinal cord segments S2-4 (craniosaccral)
2. pregang para fiber travels out via cranial nerves from brain stem nuclei and by pelvic splanchnic nerves from the sacral cord levels.
3. cranial nerves may contain motor, sensory, and parasympathetic bu NEVER sympathetic
4. there are 4 cranial nerves that contain parasympathetic fibers- 3, 7, 9, 10
5. there are 4 parasympathetic ganglia in head associated with cranial nerves but only 3 of the para nerves synapse in them- 3, 7, 9
6. para fibers in vagus are not confined to head, but 2/3 of body (thorax and abdomen)...uses intramural ganglia exclusively
7. fibers have long pre and short post (reverse of symp.) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. ventral rami only form plexus
2. dorsal primarily always remain segmental
3. the dorsal and ventral rami are responsible for innervating (sensory/cutaneous) a strip of skin referred to as a dermatome |
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Term
| Roots of Brachial Plexus-3 |
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Definition
1. 5 in number and the first "segments" of the plexus
2. C5-T1
3. lie within the musculature of the neck and emerge into the posterior triangle between the anterior and middle scalene muscles |
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Term
| Trunks of Brachial Plexus-4 |
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Definition
1. The roots unite to form trunks named after their anatomical relationship to one another
2. upper two, C5 and 6 unite to form the superior
3. The lower two, C8 and T1 unite to form the inferior
4. the root from C7 continues on to become the middle trunk |
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Term
| Anterior and posterior division of Brachial Plexus-2 |
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Definition
1. Behind the clavicle, each trunk divides into an anterior and posterior division
2. the 3 posterior divisions will merge while the inferior anterior will stay by itself |
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Term
| Cords of the Brachial Plexus-3 |
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Definition
1. Formed in the axilla, and named after their relationship to the axillary artery
2. Posterior divisions of all 3 trunks unite to form the posterior cord that supplies the extensor mm of posterior upper limb
3. the upper two anterior divisions form the lateral cord and the the remaining anterior division forms the medial cord. they both supply the flexor muscles on anterior aspect of upper limb |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Branches from the lateral cord of br. plexus
2. innervates the flexor compartments of the arm
3. it becomes the lateral cutaneous nerve in the forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
1. branches from the terminal branch of medial cord and has no muscular br. in the arm
2. supplies muscles and skin in the forearm and the hand |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Formed from medial and lateral cord of br. plexus
2. has no muscular branches until it enters the forearm, supplying the forearm |
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Term
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Definition
1. Branches off the posterior cord
2. leaves the axilla through the quadrangular space and divides into anterior and posterior branches
3. anterior supplies the deltoid and overlying skin
4. posterior branch supplies the deltoid and teres minor before becoming the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. continuation of the posterior cord of the br. plexus 2. winds posteriorly around the humerus (in the groove) and passes down into the forearm 3. in the axilla it supplies muscular branches to each head of the triceps brachii and the anconeous |
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Term
|
Definition
1. branches off the C5 root of br. plexus
2. reaches deep surface of levator scapulae where it joins with deep branch of dorsal scapular artery
3. supplies the Rhomboideus major and minor |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. passes inferiorly over superficial surface of the serratus anterior muscle which it supplies |
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Term
|
Definition
1. runs deep to trapezius to reach the supraspinous fossa via the scapular notch
2. supplies the supraspinatus, then passes with suprascapular artery to supply the infraspinatus |
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Term
|
Definition
1. branches from the lateral cord of br. plexus
2. supplis the pectoralis major ONLY from its deep surface |
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Term
|
Definition
1. branches from the medial cord of br. plexus
2. passes to supply the Pectoralis major and minor |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. The medial cutaneous nerves of the forearm and arm branch off the medial cord of br. plexus |
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Term
| Upper and lower subscapular nerves-3 |
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Definition
1. branches from posterior cord of br. plexus
2. arise from the cord as it lies on the subscapularis
3. supplies the subscapularis and teres major |
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Term
|
Definition
1. branches from posterior cord of the br. plexus
2. arises between upper and lower subscapular nn and runs down over the posterior wall of the axilla to supply the latissimus dorsi |
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Term
|
Definition
1. continuation of the subclavian artery
2. begins at the lateral edge of rib 1 and becomes brachial artery as it passes lower border of teres major
3. divided into 3 parts by overlying pec minor with the number of divisions being equivalent to number of branches of said division |
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Term
| 1st division of Axillary Artery-2 |
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Definition
1. Before Pec minor
2. Has 1 branch; the superior (supreme) thoracic artery that supplies the pec major and minor |
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Term
| 2nd division of the axillary artery-3 |
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Definition
1.found under pec minor; 2 branches
2. the thoracoacromial artery- short trunk branching to supply the pectoral, acromial, subclavicular, and deltoid regions
3. lateral thoracic artery- supplies the breast and serratus anterior |
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Term
| 3rd division of axillary artery-3 |
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Definition
1. branches after pec minor; itself has 3 branches
2. subscapular artery- has several branches, a. circumflex scapular and b. thoracodorsal arteries that form an anastomoses around the scapula
3. Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries that form an anastomotic circle around the surgical neck of the humerus |
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Term
| Regional summary of the 'parts' of the brachial plexus-4 |
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Definition
1. Roots- in the prevertebral muscular floor of the posterior triangle of the neck (ant and middle scalene)
2. Trunks- pass through posterior triangle
3. Divisions- located behind the clavicle
4. Cords- positioned around the axillary artery in the axilla |
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Term
| Afferent/Efferent Divisions-3 |
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Definition
1. each spinal nerve contains two types of afferent and efferent nerve fibers (somatic and visceral)
2. Somatic- relay info to and from the body wall
a. Somatic afferents-peripheral sensory receptors feeding the CNS
b. Somatic efferents- motor to skeletal muscle
3. Viceral-relay info to and from the viscera of body
a. efferents- (ANS) preganglionic visceral fibers (T1-L2) that enter the symp trunk via white rami communicans. fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglia and postganglionic go to target organ/ Parasympathetic viscerals (S2-4) leave ventral rami and synapse in target organ
b. afferents- come back from viscera via white rami communicans and can travel up or down the sympathetic trunk prior to synapsing in the spinal cord |
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Term
| Somatic vs. visceral pain-2 |
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Definition
1. Somatic pain is localized and acute (can point to it)
2. Visceral pain is diffuse and dull |
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Term
| Splanchnic (visceral) nerves-4 |
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Definition
1. extend from the paravertebral symp. ganglia out to the prevertebral ganglia.
2. they carry sympathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers to this ganglion as well as visceral AFFERENT fibers back from visceral to the CNS
3. the pre ganlgionic symp. fibers synapse in prevertebral ganglion while the post ganglionic fibers pass through
4. also, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers access the prevertebral ganglion and also pass through |
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Term
| Proximal-distal referred pain-2 |
|
Definition
1. i.e. Herniated disc
2. protrusion of the intervertebral disc between L4 and L5 will compress the dorsal and ventral roots of L5 causing pain felt along the dermatome supplied by L5 |
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Term
| Somatic/ embryological referred pain-2 |
|
Definition
1. formation of diaphragm in the neck region
2. inflammation or irritation of the central diaphragmatic parietal pleaura may have pain reffered in the neck due to the origins of the roots of the phrenic nerve that innervates it |
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Term
| Visceral/Somatic referred pain-2 |
|
Definition
1. i.e. getting hit in nuts, heart attack, appendicitis
2. pain is immediately felt in the abdominal region before it hurts in the bruised or injured testicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. the upper limb is suspended from the bony shoulder (pectoral) girdle that links it to the trunk
2. The ONLY bony connection between the upper limb and thorax is the sternoclavicular joint
3. The region between the shoulder joint and the elbow is the arm/brachium.
4. The region below the elbow is the forearm/antebrachium which is joined to the hand at the wrist |
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Term
Carpal Bones of wrist-8
From wrist, mesial-distal then distal to mesial from anatomical position. |
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Definition
1. Pisiform-
2. Triquetrum-
3. lunate
4 scaphoid
5. trapezium
6. trapezoid
7. capitate
8. hamate |
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Term
| Blood Supply to Upper Limb -All Pathways-4 |
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Definition
1. Ascends from thoracic cavity off aortic arch as the Subclavian Artery
2. As it passes over the first rib and into axilla, it is called the Axilla Artery
3. leaving the Axilla and into the arm it is the Brachial Artery
4. Below the elbow, the brachial splits into the Ulnar and Radial arteries. These two unite in the hand via superficial and deep Palmar arches |
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Term
| Posterior of upper limb blood supply-4 |
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Definition
1. The main arterial vessels lie in the anterior part of the limb, the posteriors being supplied by a # of branches
2. The scapular region receives blood from Subclavian and axillary Artery
3. The back of the arm is supplied by the profunda brachii artery
4. The posterior forearm by the anterior and posterior interosseus arteries off the ulnar artery |
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Term
| Dorsal and Palmar digital veins-2 |
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Definition
1. Drain to irregular dorsal venous network on dorsum of hand
2. from the medial and lateral aspects of this network, two veins ascend into the forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1. Found ascending on the medial aspect of arm where it pierces the fascia and passes deep to contribute to the formation of the axillary vein |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Found ascending on the lateral aspect of the forearm and arm.
2. In the cubital fossa, it communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein
3. in the deltopectoral groove, it pierces the deep fascia and joins the axillary vein |
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Term
|
Definition
1. passes obliquely through the cubital fossa accepting the median antebrachial vein superficial to the bicipital aponeurosis.
2. communication between cephalic and basilic veins |
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Term
|
Definition
1. an aponeurotic layer of fascia arising from the tendon of the biceps brachii as it passes to the radial tuberosity
2. passes medially across the cubital fossa to fuse with the deep fascia of the forearm
3. the brachial artery lies deep to this fascia that effectively separates it from the overlying median cubital vein |
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Term
|
Definition
1. skin over shoulder is supplied by the supraclavicular nn from the cervical plexus
2. below this, the ventral rami form the brachial plexus
3. the median, musculocutaneous and ulnar nerve supply the skin and muscles of the anterior (flexor) part of arm
4. The axillary, radial, and posterior interosseous nerve supply the skin and muscles of the posterior (extensor) part of the limb |
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Term
| Muscles arising from the Vertebral column-5 |
|
Definition
1. Trapezius
2. Levator Scapulae
3. Rhomboideus major
4. rhomboideus minor
5. Latissimus dorsi |
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Term
| Muscles arising from thoracic wall-4 |
|
Definition
1. Pec major
2. Pectoralis minor
3. subclavius
4. serratus anterior |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Adducts the arm with the latissimus dorsi and assists with medial rotation
2. innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Pulls the scapulae forward and can reverse to raise the ribs in respiratory distress
2. Innervated by the medial pectoral nerve |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Muscle that steadies the clavicle
2. innervated by the br. of the brachial plexus |
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Term
|
Definition
1. thickening of the deep fascia extending from the periosteum of the clavicle where it encloses the subclavius muscle.
2. fills the gap between the subclavius and the pec minor as the costocoracoid membrane
3. it then splits to enclose the pec minor and blends with axillary fascia |
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Term
|
Definition
1.Draws scapulae forward in pushing and forward reaching movements.
2. Rotates the inferior angle of scapula laterally turning glenoid cavity upwards when arm is raised above the head
3. innervated by the long thoracic nerve |
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|
Term
| Muscles involved in raising your arm above your head-3 divisions |
|
Definition
1. From 0 degrees-15 degrees-supraspinatus
2. from 15-90 - deltoid
3. >90- trapezius and serratus anterior |
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Term
| Muscles of the scapular region-6 |
|
Definition
1. subscapularis
2. supraspinatus
3. infraspinatus
4. teres minor
5. teres major
6. deltoid |
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Term
|
Definition
1. subscap, supra and infraspinatus, and teres minor
2. tendons of these muscles surround the shoulder joint on all sides except inferiorly
3. they keep the large head of the humerus applied to the shallow glenoid cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
1. subscapular fossa-lesser tubercle
2. innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves
3.acts to medially rotate the shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
1.supraspinatus fossa-greater tubercle
2. innervated by the suprascapular nerve
3. acts to initiates abduction; and lateral rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. infraspinatus fossa-greater tubercle
2. innervated by suprascapular nerve
3. acts to laterally rotate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lateral border of scapula-greater tubercle
2. innervated bu the axillary nerve
3. acts to laterally rotate, weak ADDuction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lower border and inferior angle of scapula-medial lip of intertubercular sulcus
2. innervated by the lower subscapular nerve
3. acts to ADDuct and medially rotate the humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion-deltod tubercle on humerus
2. innervated by the axillary nerve
3. Intermediate fibers ADDuct humerus to 90 degrees, Posterior fibers extend arm, anterior fibers flex the arm |
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|
Term
| Quadrangular Space-transmission and boundaries |
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Definition
1. transmits the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery
2. boundaries- Superior-teres minor/subscapularis
inferior-teres major
medial-long head triceps brachii
lateral-humerus |
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Term
| Triangular Space (lateral or lower)- transmission and boundaries |
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Definition
1. transmits the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery
2. boundaries- superior-teres major
medial-long head triceps brachii
lateral-humerus |
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Term
| Triangular space (medial or upper) -transmission and boundaries |
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Definition
1. transmits the circumflex scapular br. and the subscapular artery
2. boundaries superior-teres minor/subscap
inferior-teres major
lateral-long head triceps brachii |
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Term
| Flexor compartment of the arm-7 |
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Definition
1. biceps brachii
2. coracobrachialis
3. brachialis
4. brachial a/v
5. musculocutaenous nerve
6. median nerve
7. proximal ulnar nerve |
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Term
| Extensor compartment of the arm-4 |
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Definition
1. triceps brachii
2. terminal branch of profunda brachii
3. radial n
4. distal ulnar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
1. has two heads, long and short
a. longhead-origin in supraglenoid tubercle in capsule of shoulder joint
b. short head-Originates at tip of coracoid process
2. the two bellies fuse in the lateral aspect of ant. compartment.
3. Supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve after it pierces the coracobrachialis
4. shoulder flexor, elbow flexor and powerful supinator |
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Term
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Definition
1. coracoid process-medial surface on shaft of humerus
2. innervated by musculocutaneous
3. acts to flex arm & weakly ADDucts the arm when it is abducted |
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Term
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Definition
1. Distal shaft of anterior surface of humerus-tuberosity of the ulna and anterior surface of the cornonoid process
2. innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve
3. acts as powerful flexor of forearm |
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Term
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Definition
1. 3 heads and is the only muscle in the extensor/posterior compartment of the arm
a. long head-from infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
b. lateral head- arises from humerus
c. medial head- from humerus
2. 3 bellies fuse into lateral tendon that inserts into olecranon process of ulna. near distal att., the tendon fuses with the anconeus m
3. innervated by radial nerve branches |
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Term
| Extensor compartment blood supply-2 |
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Definition
1. supplied by branches of the posterior humeral circumflex branch of axillary artery. & the
2. profunda brachii artery off brachial artery. the profunda terminates by dividing into radial and medial collateral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
1. an inverted triangular region anterior to elbow joint
2. boundaries Base-imaginary line through the medial and lateral epicondyle of humerus
lateral-brachioradialis
medial- pronator teres
roof- skin, superficial and deep fascia.
3. the median cubital vein lies in super. fascia
4. common site for dislocations and fracture dislocations of the elbow joint
5. access point to both venous and arterial blood |
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Term
| Flexor compartment blood supply and innervation of the Forearm-4 |
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Definition
1. Radial a.v.n
2. ulnar a.v.n
3 Median n
4. Anterior interosseus a.v.n |
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Term
| Extensor compartment of forearm blood supply and innervation-1 |
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Definition
| Posterior interosseus a.v.n. |
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Term
| Flexor Forearm-Superficial muscle group-5 muscles + 1 innervationPron |
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Definition
1. a group of 5 muscles fan out from medial supracondylar ridge and epicondyle of humerus
-Pronator teres
2. flexor carpi radialis
3. palmaris longus
4. flexor digitorum superficialis
5. flexor carpi ulnaris
6. all innervated by median except 'ulnaris' by the ulnar nerve |
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Term
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Definition
1. medial epicondyle of the humerus(humeral) & coronoid process of the ulna (ulnar head)-lateral surface of the radius
2. innervated by median nerve
3. pronates and flexes the forearm |
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Term
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Definition
1. medial epicondyle-base of 2nd metacarpal
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes the wrist, abDUCTS the hand |
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Term
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Definition
1. medial epicondyle-anterior flexor retinaculum & palmar aponeurosis
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes wrist; tenses palmar aponeurosis |
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Term
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Definition
1. medial epicondyle(humeral) & medial margin of olecranon and upper ulna(ulnar) - pisiform, hamate & 5th metacarpal
2. innervated by the ulnar nerve
3. flexes wrist, ADDucts the hand |
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Term
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Definition
1. upper 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge-lateral aspect of the radial styloid
2. innervated by the radial nerve
3. flexes forearm when it is semipronated
*not part of the flexor group or extensor group/ an orphan muscle that supplies extensors but flexes the elbow. |
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Term
| Flexor digitorum superficialis-3 |
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Definition
1. medial epicondyle (humeroulnar) & anterior surface below tuberosity (radial) - by 4 tendons onto sides of intermediate phalanx of digits 2-5
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes wrist, int and proximan phalanx |
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Term
| Flexor forearm Deep group muscles-3 |
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Definition
1.flexor digitorum profundus
2. flexor pollicis longus
3. Pronator quadratus |
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Term
| Flexor digitorum profundus-3 |
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Definition
1. upper 3/4 of the ant/med ulna and IO membrane- anterior surface of the base of the distal phalanx
2. innervated by the median nerve (IO branch) and the ulnar nerve
3. flexes wrist, prox, int, and distal phalanges |
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Term
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Definition
1. Radial-ant. surface of the radius and adjacent IO membran/ Humeral- medial epicondyle, coranoid process of ulna -----base of distal phalanx of thumb
2. innervated by the median nerve
3. flexes prox and distal phalanges of thumb |
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Term
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Definition
1. distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of ulna-distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of the radius
2. innervated by the median nerve (IO branch)
3. pronates the hand |
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Term
| Nerves and blood vessels of the flexor compartment-4 |
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Definition
1. The brachial artery enters the forearm through the cubital fossa where it divides into the radial and ulnar artery
2. the median and ulnar nerve traverse and supply.- the anterior interosseus nerve leaves the median n as it passes through the pronator teres
3. ulnar n is joined by ulnar artery on medial aspect.
4. the radial nerve enters the forearm between the brachioradialis and brachialis- deep branch eventually enters extensor compartment where it becomes the posterior interrosseous n |
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Term
| Superficial muscles of extensor compartment-5 |
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Definition
1. extensor carpi radialis longus
2. extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. extensor digitorum
4. extensor digiti minimi
5. extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| Extensor carpi radialis longus-3 |
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Definition
1. superior aspect of the lateral epicondyle-dorsal part of the base of 2nd metacarpal
2. radial nerve innervation
3. extend and ABduct the wrist |
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Term
| Extensor carpi radialis longus-3 |
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Definition
1. superior aspect of the lateral epicondyle-dorsal part of the base of 2nd metacarpal
2. radial nerve innervation
3. extend and ABduct the wrist |
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Term
| extensor carpi radialis brevis-3 |
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Definition
1. lateral epicondyle - dorsal part of the base of 3rd metacarpal
2. innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve
3. extend and ABduct the wrist |
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Term
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Definition
1. lateral epicondyle- extensor expansions, intermediate phalanx
2. posterior interosseous innervation
3. Extends wrist and fingers |
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Term
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Definition
1. lateral epicondyle- extensor expansion 5th digit
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends wrist and 5th digit |
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Term
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Definition
1. lateral epicondyle, posterior border of ulna-dorsal part of the base of the 5th metacarpal
2. posterior interrosseous nerve
3. extend and ADDuct the wrist |
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Term
| Deep muscles of the extensor compartment-5 |
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Definition
1. supinator (acts only on the superior radioulnar joint) remainder form long tendons that cross wrist and enter hand
2. abductor pollicis longus
3. extensor pollicis brevis
4. extensor pollicis longus
5. extensor indicis |
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Term
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Definition
1. lateral epicondyle, crest of ulna-lateral, anterior, and posterior radial shaft
2. innervated by the deep branch of radial nerve
3. acts to supinate forearm |
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Term
| Abductor pollicis longus-3 |
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Definition
1. posterior radius and ulna and IO membrane- base of 1st metacarpal
2. posterior interosseous nerve
3. acts to abduct and extend thumb at MCP joint |
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Term
| Extensor pollicis longus-3 |
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Definition
1. posterior radius and ulna and IO membrane- distal phalanx digit 1
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends wrist + 1st digit (MCP and all IP joints) |
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Term
| Extensor pollicis brevis-3 |
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Definition
| 1. posterior radius, ulna and IO membrane-Prox phalanx digit 1 2. innervated by posterior interrosseous nerve 3. extends wrist + 1st digit (MCP and all IP joints) |
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Term
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Definition
1. posterior surface of distal 1/3rd ulna and IO membrane- extensor expansion of second digit
2. innervated by posterior interosseous nerve
3. extends 2nd digit |
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Term
| Blood supply to deep Extensor compartment of forearm |
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Definition
1. no major artery reaches, however the commone interrosseous (branch from ulnar artery) divides into an anterior and posterior branch.
2. the anterior and posterior interrosseous arteries join at pronator quadratus to go into wrist and join the dorsal carpal arch |
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Term
| Dorsum of the Hand- Overview + the tendons-9 |
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Definition
-The only muscle intrinsic to these dorsum muscles is the dorsal interosseous muscle. These tendons arise from bellies of muscles in the extensor compartment, bound down by extensor retinaculum and encased in a synovial sheath
1 & 2. Abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
3 & 4. extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
5. extensor pollicis longus
6. and 7. extensor digitorum and indicis
8. extensor digiti minimi
9 extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Term
| Arteries of the dorsum of the hand-2 |
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Definition
1. The radial artery appears briefly at the base of the thumb branching into a dorsal digital aa to supply the thumb and lateral side of index finger
2. the radial artery, posterior branch of anterior interosseous and the dorsal carpal of ulnar artery form a dorsal carpal arch supplying the medial 3 and 1/2 digits (pinky-half of index) |
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Term
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Definition
- raised region between wrist and base of thumb
-supplied by the recurrent branch of median nerve
1. abductor pollicis brevis
2. flexor pollicis brevis
3. opponens pollicis |
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Term
| abductor pollicis brevis-3 |
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Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, retinaculum- base of prox phalange of 1st digit
2. recurrent branch of median nerve
3. abducts the thumb |
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Term
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Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, retinaculum, trapezoid and capitate-radial side of prox phalanx of 1st digit
2. recurrent branch of median nerve
3. flexes digit, medially rotates 1st MC |
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Term
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Definition
1. tubercle of trapezium, scaphoid, retinaculum-length of lateral border of 1st MC
2. recurrent br, of median nerve
3. opposes thumb |
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Term
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Definition
*not part of thenar eminence
1. capitate, base of 2nd and 3rd MC-ulnar side of base of 1st proximal phalanx
2. ulnar n
3. adducts the thumb |
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Term
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Definition
-Region between the wrist and base of little finger (5th)/ less prominent than thenar
1. abductor digiti minimi
2. flexor digiti minimi
3. opponens digiti minimi |
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Term
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Definition
1. pisiform, tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris-base of prox phalanx of 5th digit
2. ulnar nerve
3. abducts the pinky |
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Term
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Definition
1. hamate, flexor retinaculum-base of prox phalanx 5th digit
2.ulnar nerve
3. flexes 5th digit |
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Term
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Definition
1. hamate, flexor retinacullum-ulnar side of 5th
2. ulnar nerve
3. flexes and laterally rotates pinky |
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Term
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Definition
-4 small muscles that attach to the profundus tendons in the palm
1. Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus-radial side of dorsal digital expansion
2. 1 and 2-median, 3 and 4-ulnar
3. flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the int. phalangeal joints |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. adduct the fingers (three of them) |
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Term
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Definition
| Four of them, ABDUCT THE fungers |
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Term
| Median Nerve activity in hand-3 |
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Definition
1. Innervates thenar eminence
2. Superficial in carpal tunnel, causing the pain felt in the syndrome
3. sensory innervation to thumb, index, middle and lateral aspect of 4 |
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Term
| Ulnar Nerve activity in the Hand-3 |
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Definition
1. passes lateral to retinaculum, NOT involved in carpal tunnel
2. deep branch supplies the hypothenar eminence
3. supplies medial 2 lumbricals and all the interossei |
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Term
| Arteries of the palm of hand-2 |
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Definition
1. Radial artery- passes on lateral dorsum (snuff box) and then back onto palm where it joins deep palmar branch of Ulnar artery to form DEEP palmar arch
2. The superficial branch of radial joins the ulnar artery to form the superficial palmar arch as it branches before radial makes snuff box |
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Term
| Lymphatics of Upper Limb-2 |
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Definition
1. Superficial lymphatic vessels follow superficial veins while deep lymphatics follow arteries
2. 2 lymph nodes are the Supratrochlear node and the deltopectoral nodes (most drain to axillary) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Future placenta (invasion of columns of cytotrophoblasts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell layer that invades the uterin wall for implantation; secretes Hcg- |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
its migration originally forms the blostocyst cavity that develops into the exocoelomic cavity that is the primitive yolk sac
-also becomes embryonic endoderm |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of extraembryonic mesoderm that connects embryo to chorion--umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
1. Develops as a cavity with the epiblast layer
2. as the amniotic cavity expands, it forces the chorionic cavity to decrease in size |
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Term
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Definition
1. chorion begins as a large cavity within the extraembryonic mesoderm
2. ultimitatley the chorionic cavity is obliterated by the growing amniotic cavity and the membranes of the amniotic cavity and chorionic cavity fuse |
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Term
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Definition
1. Vitelline duct- narrowing of yolk sac where it communicates with developing gut
2. communication allows the physiological herniation of gut into yolk sac
3. the yolk sac and vitelline duct are forced towards the connecting stalk as the amniotic cavity expands |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. is a diverticulum of the hindgut that extends into the connecting stalk |
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Term
| Connecting stalk/umbilical cord-2 |
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Definition
1. CS fuses with the vitelline duct oand with the establishment of the umbilical vessels through it becomes the umbilical cord
2. the yolk sac, vitelline duct and allantois iltimately should regress |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. begins to appear as the epiblast and hypoblast differentiate and divide...indicates the beginning of the next step; gastrulation |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. will develop into linings of the digestive, respiratory, urogenital systems as well as the pharyngeal pouches of the head and neck region |
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Term
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Definition
1. migrate from epiblast through primitive to sandwich themselves between endo and ectoderm as the intraembryonic mesoderm
2. develop into skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
b. most cartilage and bone
c. dermis of skin
d. portions of kidney and gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. develop into Nervous system and epidermis |
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