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Definition
-The mountains separated communities, allowing each to develop in isolation.
-Fiercely independent
-Rivalry between communities (devastated Greece), but would join together if being attacked
-Islands caused many to become seafarers, and the sea caused Greek culture to spread into the Mediterranean World. |
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-Center at Knossus (palace complex)
- Had ships that took them to Egypt as well as Southern Greece in search of goods. |
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-These people invaded Crete. It was a fortified state in mainland Greece
-One of many centers of Indo-European who eventually developed civilization |
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-Author of the Illiad and the Odyssey
-Through his stories, he taught courage and honor |
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-Caused by Paris, prince of Troy
-Kidnapped Helen (wife of king of Sparta)
-Greeks trick Trojans and make big wooden horse and best Mycenaean soldiers hide in there. |
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- Few records of what happened between 1100-750 BC.
-There was a revival of trade and economic trade. --Iron replaced bronze, making weapons more affordable. |
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Term
| The Illiad and The Odyssey |
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Definition
Stories of the Trojan War:
-Illiad about Trojan War itseld
-Odyssey recounts the journey of one of the Greek heroes, Odysseus, after the fall of Troy. |
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Definition
- Polis: central focus of Greek life.
*Town, city or village and surrounding countryside. |
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-Fortified City on a hill
-Agora: marketplace where people could assemble below the hill |
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Definition
Government:
A: Democracy (rule by all)
S: Oligarchy (rule by a wealthy few) (2 Kings)
Military:
A: Powerful Navy
S: Spartan Wall of Men
Economy:
A: Trade-based (esp. with island colonies)
S: Agriculture (landowners with slaves [Helots])
Education:
A: Liberal Arts (both boys and girls)
S: Military education began at age 5--
enrolled at 20--got married at 30--
stay in army until 60--go into reserves |
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Definition
| Athenian wars with Persia |
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-Persian Ruler seeking revenge for revolt of Ionians (who were helped by Athenians)
-Athenians win
-Persia wants revenge
- Athens builds Navy |
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Definition
-Xerxes wants revenge against Athenians (beginning to rebuild their Navy).
-Traitor tells Xerxes how to win
-300 men held them off for two days while Athens fled their own city. |
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| -Greek fleet, though outnumbered, managed to defeat the Persian fleet. Mostly a Naval battle. Large Persian ships couldnt fit through narrow straights. |
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- S or A couldn't stand the others system. Spartans feared the growing Athenian empire.
-Overcrowdedness caused plague, killing 1/3 of the city, Athens surrenders.
-Lasted 25 years.
-Athenian D. League vs. Spartan Pelop. League |
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Term
| Development of Athenian Democracy |
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Definition
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| 590 BC : Cancels land debts and frees slaves in Athens |
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| 560 BC: Calls for redistribution of the land |
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508 BC: "Father of Democracy"
Aided peasants and Athenian rule.
Athenian Assembly: Male citizens pass laws after open debate.
Council of 500: Proposes laws to assembly; oversees treasury
Trial by Jury: 501 citizens determine fate of accused. |
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-Polytheistic Religion
-Art focused on reason, perfection, balance, and harmony
-Architecture:
Doric: plain
Ionic- Decorative
Corinthian: Highly ornate
-Drama: Comedy or Tragedy |
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| Group of traveling philosophers who taught that truth was relative. |
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Definition
-Truth is absolute
-We know everything
-Ask questions to get truth |
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Definition
- Eternal and Sensory:
E: emotions, forms, ideas,
S: material objects
Ideal society: philosopher as king, warriors, and masses.
-Equality of all people |
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Definition
-Eternal and sensory world intermixed
-Constitutional government is the best form |
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Definition
-Athenians allied with a number of other Greek states and fought the Macedonian a Thebes in 388 BC.
-Macedonians crushed the Greeks. |
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Definition
Alex was motivated by the desire for glory and empire, but he also wanted to avenge the Persian kind for the burning of Athens in 480. Alexanders armies also conquered Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and modern day Pakistan and Iran, India.
-This empire falls apart and splits into four different territories. |
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-Around 300 BC
-Expansion of Greek language and ideas to the non-Greek world of SW Asia and beyond.
-Blend of Greek with cultures conquered by Alex that have intermarried. |
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| Literature- Jason and the Search for Golden Fleece |
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| Developed theory that sun is center of the universe |
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| Humans free to follow self-interest and basic motivation |
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Definition
| Happy when in harmony with God. Doubt everything that isn't rational and reasonable. |
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Definition
-Italian Peninsula--> access to trade on Mediterranean Sea
-Large fertile plains-->Latiums
- Small mountain ( 7 Hills of Rome)
- Tiber River |
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Definition
Latin- original inhabitants
Greeks- colonies brought culture to South Italy |
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Definition
- Conquered Latium
- Introduce building projects
- Introduce government
- Introduce army organization
-Overthrown in 509 |
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Term
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Definition
Patricians:
-Wealthy Landowners
-Eligible for government offices
-20% of the population
Plebians:
-All other Roman citizens
-Farmers/Craftsmen
-80% population |
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Term
| Government of Roman Republic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-300 Patricians voted by Patricians
- Make all laws for Rome
- Council of Centurions- 100 senators pick executive officers |
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Term
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Definition
| -2 Consuls: Must be Pats, must agree on all decisions, CIC of army, Dictator (1 consul during time of war) Triumvirate (3 consuls) |
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Definition
- Determine if law has been broken.
- Determine what punishment
- Must be Patrician |
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Definition
-Represent 12 tribes of Plebians
-Each tribe elects 1 leader who serves on tribal council.
-Council of Tribes: Elect member to represent all Plebians in Senate
- Veto power
- Eventually Rome has 12 tribunes |
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Term
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Definition
- Twelve Tables: adopted in 450 BC; simples farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs.
- Law of Nations: universal law based on reason; this enable them to establis standards of justice that applied to all. |
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Definition
| 1st: Rome sent army to Sicily (considered act of war) Rome defeats Carthage. Carthage gives up all rights to Sicily and wants revenge. 2nd: Hannibal defeats Romans and continues to roam in smaller parts of the Roman empire. Where he eventually gets defeated. 3rd: Carthage pays off debt owed from last war. Sends to attack one of Rome's allies. Rome seizes Carthage |
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| Civil war breaks out because the council of plebs tried to transfer Marius and his new ideas. |
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| These two tribunes tried to remedy the unrest by passing land reforms. Both are killed. |
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Definition
-Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.
-60 BC
-Crassus died in battle
-Caesar conquered Gaul (France)
-Senate orders Caesar to disband army and he refuses
-Caesar invades Rome through Rubicon River
- Pompey tries to defend but is killed by Caesar
-Caesar dictates Rome for 1 year. |
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-Gave land to poor
-Increased Senate to 900 members
-Planned much more but was assassinated |
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-Octavian Caesar, Lepidus, Marc Anthony
-Created to catch conspirators who killed Julius
-Lepidus died in 41; Rome split b/w two
-Anthony allies with Cleopatra in Egypt |
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| In 31 BC Octavian's forces smashed that of Cleopatras and Antony. Both A and C committed suicide a year after having fled back to Egypt. |
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27 BC.
Had a strong, large army. Conquered many new areas. |
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Term
| **Julio-Claudian Emperors** |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Nerva: Reformed land laws and revised taxation in favor of poor.
Trajan: Expanded the empire to its greatest extent.
Hadrian: Constructed Hadrian's Wall in Britain; Erected many fine buildings
Marcus Aurelius: Helped unify the empire economically; made legal reforms |
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| Peace of Rome: lasted almost 100 years. Trading/ Roads. Somewhat forced. |
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| **Roman Culture during the Empire Age** |
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| Traditional was a religion of convenience. |
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Definition
| Held that close observance of religious law would protect Jewish identity from Roman influences. |
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Definition
| Favored cooperation with Rome |
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| Lived apart from society, sharing goods in common. |
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| Called for a violent overthrow of Rome. |
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| Ruler that divided Rome into four units, each with its own leader. And last great persecution of Christians. |
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| Seperated into four parts, each having their own ruler. |
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| Official tolerance of Christianity |
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Definition
| Made Christianity official religion |
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-Largest Greek army up to that time.
-Defeat Persians and divide into Athens and Sparta |
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