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| New Stone Age; when animals were first domesticated and stone tools prevailed. |
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| All people are equal and deserve equal rights. |
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| A large stone that forms a prehistoric monument. (i.e. Lions Gate) |
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| A rectangular stepped tower formed in Ancient Mesopotamia. Usually the center of the city. |
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| Word from greek origin meaning mesos "Middle" and potamos "River". Land that is between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Present day Iraq. |
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| Numerous stories compiled tell the story of an ancient king who was worshipped long after his death. Known as a builder and warrior. The books must have been compiled before 612 B.C. |
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| Real king that reigned over the Sumerian city-state around 2700 BC. In 2003, a buried structure believed to be Gilgamesh's tomb was detected, but Iraqi military stopped the excavation. |
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| Wild man created from clay, tamed by temple prostitute Shamhat, and Gilly's best bud who is killed. |
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| Star god and father of Ishtar, goddess of lust. |
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| goddess of lust; daughter of Anu; tries to get Gilgamesh to sleep with her, but Gilly says no and makes her mad. She asks daddy Anu to send a bull to kill Gilly, but Gilly kills the bull. |
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| The sun god, brother of Ishtar, patron of Gilgamesh. Shamash is a wise judge and lawgiver. |
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| Beast that Gilgamesh and Enkidu seek to kill. Has 7 garments that are like layers that protect him. In his last moments of life he gains a personality and begs for his life, but Enkidu tells Gilly to kill him, and some believe that is why Enkidu dies. |
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| Where all the dead end up; where Enkidu is drug during a dream before he dies. |
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| Sargon the Great was an Akkadian ruler who wrote the first dictionary. |
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| The ruler who established the greatness of the world's first metropolis, Babylon, during his reign of 1790-1750 BC. Established the 'Code of Hammurabi'. The first ever set of laws. |
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| The greatest Sumerian achievement was cuneiform. |
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| relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and others. They survived mainly by being pressed onto clay tablets. |
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| Mesopotamia was located in the land between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers and the Nile runs through Egypt. |
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| Contained all of the burial rights for the dead. |
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| Sun god. Amenhotep IV renamed himself Akhenaton, or Servant of Aton. He was the first Pharaoh to institute monotheism. |
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| Discovered King Tut's tomb in November of 1922. |
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New Kingdom: Amenhotep IV (1379-1362)
• Changed name to Akhenaton (servant of aton)
• Moved capital from Thebes to Tel-al-Armana (Armania)
• Introduces monotheism. . . influence from Hebrew culture?
• Stricken from history after death (assassination?)
Married to Nefertiti |
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| during mummification, the organs were removed from the body and stored in 'Canopic Urns' |
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Discovered Knossos in 1894.
• They had tapered columns
• Running water in terracotta pipes
• Double headed axe: Labrys |
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| Discovered Level 7, aka: Troy's location |
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| Greek word for excessive pride |
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In the stories it started because of the beauty contest between goddesses.
In reality it started because of wheat and grain rights. |
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| Where Agamemnon is supposedly buried |
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| The general name of the burial tomb. |
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| Saw signs from birds and believed that they told the future. |
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| collection of poems that were written about the Trojan war by Homer. |
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| Did Homer write BOTH the Iliad AND the Odyssey? |
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• Known by scribes, or literate individuals
• Manipulated symbols to create pictograms, or syllabic symbols
• Written on papyrus
• “Unlocked” by Napoleon
• CUNEFORM! |
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• Style: involves elaborate greetings, epic speeches, logomachia, and detailed descriptions.
• In written form: Long, narrative, episodic poem written in elevated style. Usually has lists of warriors, ships, armies, etc. that provide realism. Generally consists of 12 books or multiples of 12. |
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| Settlements of small towns in crete |
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| Larger urban areas, palaces, art, and writing (linear B) |
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| Palaces destroyed and rebuilt, art grander, snake goddess central figure of religion, Thera destroys in 1400 BC |
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| • Discovered in 1799 near Rosetta Egypt by Napoleon. In 1822 Champollion “cracked” the language code. Unlocked many different languages for current people |
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| The son of the military man Peleus and the sea-nymph Thetis. The most powerful warrior in The Iliad, Achilles commands the Myrmidons, soldiers from his homeland of Phthia in Greece. Proud and headstrong, he takes offense easily and reacts with blistering indignation when he perceives that his honor has been slighted. Achilles’ wrath at Agamemnon for taking his war prize, the maiden Briseis, forms the main subject of The Iliad. |
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• King of Mycenae
• Leader of the Free World
• Brother of Menelaus, King of Sparta
• Arrogant and selfish
• Provides Achaeans with strong yet reckless and self-serving leadership.
• Steals Achilles’ war prize Bryseis and causes panic in the Achaean Army when Achilles withdraws from the war. |
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| The youngest of the Achaean commanders, Diomedes is bold and sometimes proves impetuous. After Achilles withdraws from combat, Athena inspires Diomedes with such courage that he actually wounds two gods, Aphrodite and Ares. |
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Achilles' good friend and advisor.
Wears Achilles' armor and scares the daylights out of the Trojans.
Accidentally killed by Hector. |
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| King of Sparta; the younger brother of Agamemnon. While it is the abduction of his wife, Helen, by the Trojan prince Paris that sparks the Trojan War, Menelaus proves quieter, less imposing, and less arrogant than Agamemnon. Though he has a stout heart, Menelaus is not among the mightiest Achaean warriors. |
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| ACHAEAN: King of Pylos and the oldest Achaean commander. Although age has taken much of Nestor’s physical strength, it has left him with great wisdom. He often acts as an advisor to the military commanders, especially Agamemnon. Nestor and Odysseus are the Achaeans’ most deft and persuasive orators, although Nestor’s speeches are sometimes long-winded. |
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| Reputed to be the most beautiful woman in the ancient world, Helen left her husband, Menelaus, to run away with Paris. She loathes herself now for the misery that she has caused so many Trojan and Achaean men. Although her contempt extends to Paris as well, she continues to stay with him. |
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| TROJAN: A son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba, Hector is the mightiest warrior in the Trojan army. He mirrors Achilles in some of his flaws, but his bloodlust is not so great as that of Achilles. He is devoted to his wife, Andromache, and son, Astyanax, but resents his brother Paris for bringing war upon their family and city. |
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| TROJAN: Hector’s wife, Andromache begs Hector to withdraw from the war and save himself before the Achaeans kill him. |
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| TROJAN: Hector and Andromache’s infant son. |
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| TROJAN: A son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Hector. Paris’s abduction of the beautiful Helen, wife of Menelaus, sparked the Trojan War. Paris is self-centered and often unmanly. He fights effectively with a bow and arrow (never with the more manly sword or spear) but often lacks the spirit for battle and prefers to sit in his room making love to Helen while others fight for him, thus earning both Hector’s and Helen’s scorn. |
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| TROJAN:King of Troy and husband of Hecuba, Priam is the father of fifty Trojan warriors, including Hector and Paris. Though too old to fight, he has earned the respect of both the Trojans and the Achaeans by virtue of his level-headed, wise, and benevolent rule. He treats Helen kindly, though he laments the war that her beauty has sparked. |
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| A priest of Apollo in a Trojan-allied town; the father of Chryseis, whom Agamemnon takes as a war prize. |
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| Chryses’ daughter, a priest of Apollo in a Trojan-allied town. War prize of Agamemnon, but forced to be returned to Chryses. |
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| A war prize of Achilles. When Agamemnon is forced to return Chryseis to her father, he appropriates Briseis as compensation, sparking Achilles’ great rage. |
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| A son of Zeus and twin brother of the goddess Artemis, Apollo is god of the arts and archery. He supports the Trojans and often intervenes in the war on their behalf. |
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| Goddess of love and daughter of Zeus, Aphrodite is married to Hephaestus but maintains a romantic relationship with Ares. She supports Paris and the Trojans throughout the war, though she proves somewhat ineffectual in battle. |
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| King of the gods and husband of Hera, Zeus claims neutrality in the mortals’ conflict and often tries to keep the other gods from participating in it. However, he throws his weight behind the Trojan side for much of the battle after the sulking Achilles has his mother, Thetis, ask the god to do so. |
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| Queen of the gods and Zeus’s wife, Hera is a conniving, headstrong woman. She often goes behind Zeus’s back in matters on which they disagree, working with Athena to crush the Trojans, whom she passionately hates. |
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| The goddess of wisdom, purposeful battle, and the womanly arts; Zeus’s daughter. Like Hera, Athena passionately hates the Trojans and often gives the Achaeans valuable aid. |
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| The brother of Zeus and god of the sea. Poseidon holds a long-standing grudge against the Trojans because they never paid him for helping them to build their city. He therefore supports the Achaeans in the war. |
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| Architect that creates cow costume for Pasiphae, King Mino's wife who Poseidon curses to want the bull. |
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| Mino's wife who is cursed by Poseidon to want to bull that King Minos won't return to Poseidon. She gives birth to the Minotaur. |
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| Bull created from Pasiphae and the bull that Minos wouldn't return to Poseidon. |
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| Volcano that demolished Knossos |
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King of Crete
Husband of Pasiphae, who has child with bull that Minos won't return to Poseidon. |
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Where Minotaur was kept.
Aegeus of Athens is forced to offer 14 victims to feed the Minotaur. Theseus, son of Aegeus, decides that enough is enough and goes to Crete to stop the madness and succeeds. In his excitement, he forgets to change to sails from black to white and Aegeus thinks that his son is dead and kills himself. |
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| Goes to Crete with army to stop the feeding of the 14 people to the Minotaur and succeeds. In his excitement, he forgets to change sails from black to white, and Aegeus thinks that son Theseus is dead so he throws himself into the sea. |
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| Named after Aegeus who throws himself into the sea because he thinks his son is dead, but he really isnt. |
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