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Published De Tactu in 1834
Introduced just noticeable difference (jnd) in sensation |
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Formulated by Fechner
The mathematical expression of Weber's JND's |
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Founder of Gestalt psychology
Phi Phenomenon |
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| The minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system |
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Another word for threshold
Ex. Subliminal Perception--perception of stimuli below a threshold |
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The minimum difference between two stimuluses before a difference is perceived
standard and comparison stimuluses
Measures the same thing as a JND, but in different units (The difference threshold is 2 ounces, which is 1 jnd. 4 ounces= 2 JND's) |
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? I/I=K
? I= change in intensity
I= stimulus intensity
K=weber's fraction/constant
Sometimes ? S/S=K
Smaller K = better sensitivity |
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Relates the intensity of the stimulus to the intensity of the sensation
Derived from Weber's law
Determined sensation increases more slowly as intensity increases |
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Performed experiments showing Fechner could be incorrect
Results best fit by Steven's new equation, called his power law |
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| Instead of measuring what the person says they perceive, it uses other nonsensory factors to perceive if it was perceived. |
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The tendency of subjects to respond in a particular way due to nonsensory factors
Ex. One person wants to make sure she heard the tone, another just has an inkling and says she heard it. |
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| Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)curves |
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| Used to graphically summarize a subject's responses in a signal detection experiment |
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| Refined the use of the ROC curves |
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| Steps in sensory information processing |
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| 1) Reception 2) Transduction (Translation into neural impulses or APs) 3) Info sent to all projection areas |
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| Along various neural pathways, further analyzing sensory input |
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The clear, domelike window in the fron of the eye
Gathers and focuses the incoming light |
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| Hole in iris, contracts in bright light, expands in dim |
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Colored, has involuntary muscles and autonomic nerve fibers
Controls size of pupil |
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Right behind iris
Helps control the curvature of the light coming in, can focus near or distant objects in the retina |
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In the back of the eye, like a screen filled with neural elements and blood vessels.
Detects images |
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| Duplexity or duplicity theory of vision |
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The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors:
Rods
Cones |
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Color vision
Perceiving fine detail
Most effective in bright light
We can see chromatic and achromatic colors |
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Function best in reduced light
Allow perception of achromatic colors
Low sensitivity to detail and not involved in color vision |
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| Cones and rods: Which has more?!?! |
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Rods
Closer to fovea, more cones
So visual acuity is best in fovea |
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The middle section of the retina
Contains only cones
The further away from the fovea, the more rods and less cones
Visual acuity is best here |
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| Several layers of neurons between the receptors in eyes and the optic nerve |
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Horizontal
Amacrine
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells |
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| How do rods and cones connect to optic nerve? |
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The rods and cones connect with bipolar neurons.
These then connect with ganglion cells.
The ganglion cells group together to form the optic nerve. |
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Made up of ganglion cells
Each ganglia represents the actitivity of multiple rods n cones
==loss of detail
--the more receptors in one ganglion, the hard it is to make out fine detail |
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Less cones than rods on each ganglion
So cones are more sensitive to detail |
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| Image on left side of person |
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| Forms the right half of each eye's retina, and vice versa |
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| Fibers from nasal half of retina (closest to nose) cross paths |
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| Nasal fibers vs temporal fibers |
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| The nasal fibers go to opposite side of the brain, while temporal fibers stay on the same side |
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| Where does info from optic chiasm go? |
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Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus Visual Cortex of Occipital Superior Colliculi |
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Work on visual cortex earned Nobel Prize in 1981 Feature detection theory |
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| Certain cells in the cortex are maximally sensitive to certain features of stimuli |
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| Huber and Weisel's three types of cells |
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Simple
Complex
Hypercomplex |
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| Give information about the orientation and boundaries of an object |
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| Give more advanced information about orientation, such as movement |
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| Give information about more abstract concepts such as object shape |
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Hubel and Wiesel used
Placing a microelectrode to measure response of single cell |
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| Illumination vs Brightness |
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| Illumination is the objective measure while brightness is subjective impression |
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| Why does dark adaptation happen? |
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Light reaching photoreceptors before you enter the dark bleaches the photopigment in the rods.
While the pigment is regenerating, you are adapting |
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The photopigment of the rod
Made up of retinal, a derivitive of vitamin A, and opsin, a protein. |
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| When rhodopsin absorbs a photon of light, the pigment decomposes, and splits into retinene and opsin. |
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| Simultaneous brightness contrast |
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| Target area of a particular luminance appears brighter when surrounded by a darker stimulus than a lighter stimulus. Duh. |
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| Adjacent retinal cells inhibit one another. One cell gets excited, neighbors are inhibited. This highlights the borders between dark and light areas. |
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| Related to the wavelength entering the eye |
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| Additive vs Subtractive color mixture |
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Subtractive is when you mix pigments (blue + yellw = green)
Additive is lights. Our eyes deal with lights. Primary colors are blue green and red. Mix red and green = yellow. |
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| Young-Helmhotz/ trichromatic theory |
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Retina has 3 types of color receptors (cones). One sensitive to red, one to blue, one to green. Light enters eye, hits retina, receptors stimulated to varying degress.
Modern research shows he's right |
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Ewald Herin's criticism of trichromatic theory/
opponent-process theory of color vision |
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Yellow must be a primary color along with red blue and green. Arranged in opposing pairs. Red would excite red-green cell.
So, since a cell can't increase and decrease, you'd never have a reddish green.
Plus black/white. |
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The cue for depth perception
1) Oject covers or overlaps with another object
2) We see overlapping object as being in front |
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A visual sensation that appears after prolonged or intense exposure to a stimulus.
Watch red square, see green one
Led Herring to his theory |
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Cue for depth perception
Object farther away, image on retina gets smaller
Compare size on retina, find out how far away it is |
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Convergence of parallel lines in distance
Actually parallel, appear to converge on the horizon |
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J.J. Gibson
Variations in perceived surface texture as a function of the distance from the observer
More distant look more tightly packed |
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Moving car, fixate on object halfway between you and horizon.
Objects close to you move with you, objects close to horizon don't. |
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| Object other than the perceiver moves, the motion lets us have clues about relative depth of the parts of the object |
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| Binocular disparity/Stereopsis |
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The distance between the eyes provides us with two slightly disparate views of the world.
Brain combines 2 images, we get a perception of depth (stereopsis) |
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| The degree of disparity between the retinal images of the eyes due to the slight differences in the horizontal position of each eye |
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Stereopsis
Depth cue, Requires two eyes |
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Perception of Form
Figure vs Ground |
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Figure is the intergrated visual experience that stands out at the center of attention
Ground is the background against which the figure appears |
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| Elements close to each other tend to be perceived as a unit |
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| Similar objects are grouped together |
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| Elements following the same direction are grouped together |
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| Subjective contours and closure |
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| Perceiving contours, and therefore shapes that may not actually exist |
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| Encompasses other laws--perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple and symmetric as possible |
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| Wolfgang Kohler's theory os isomorphism |
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There is a one-to-one correspondence between the object in the percetual field and the pattern of stimulation in the brain.
Not so happy empiracally wise |
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| actually moving the light |
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| illusion occuring when 2 dots flashed in different locations seconds apart are perceived as one moving dot |
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| illusionof movement occurring when everything around the spot of light is moved |
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| illusion that occurs when a spot of light appears to move erractically in a dark room, simply because there is no frame of reference |
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| first view a moving pattern, like stripes moving to the right, then view a spot of light. light appears to move in opposite direction. |
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the information our sensory receptors receive about the object
image on the retina |
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actual object or event out there in world
task of perception is to appropriately perceive the distal stimulus |
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Distance constant, bigger object, bigger retina image
Object size constant, closer=bigger image |
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Describes relationship between size constancy and apparent distance
Farther away the object, mor the brain's scaling device compensates for its retinal size by enlarging our perception of the object |
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2 stimuli presented side by side
More time spent on one object, infant prefers
Young like to look at complex and socially relevant stimuli (mom's face) |
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New stimulus is presented to infant, they orient towards it.
If infant can't tell the different between the old and new, the infant remains disinterested. |
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| Number of cycles per second and measured in Hertz (Hz) |
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Amplitude/height of the air pressure wave Measured in Bels Bel is large, talk about in decibels |
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| The subjective experience of the magnitude or intensity of the sound |
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| The subjective experience of the frequency of sound |
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| The quality of a particular sound |
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The first place a sound wave reaches
Channels sound waves into the auditory canal |
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Auditory canal channels sound here Aka tympanic membrane Vibrates with incoming sound wanves |
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The tiny bones in middle ear
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
aka malleus, incus and stapes |
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| The entrance to the inner ear |
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Inner ear
Filled with cochlear fluid |
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| membrane running the length of cochlea |
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rests on the basilar membrane
thousand of hair cells
hair=receptors for hearing |
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| Helmholtz's Place-Resonance Theory |
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The movement of basilar membrane determines our perception of pitch
Place theory--each different pitch causes a different place on basilar membrane to vibrate |
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Basilar membrane vibrates as a whole.
Rate of vibration equals the frequency of the stimulus. |
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| Movement of basilar is maximal at a different place for each different frequency |
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| I just didnt read the last 3 pages of this. Boring as fuck |
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