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GRE Psychology - clinical, personality, abnormal
taken from Princeton review
112
Psychology
Graduate
10/16/2011

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Term
Preasure Principle
Definition
the 'primary process' - human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain
Term
Reality Principle
Definition
the 'secondary process' - guided by the ego, delays gratification.
Term
screen memory
Definition
memories that serve as important representations of important childhood memories.
Term
"will to power"
Definition
Alderian term meaning the quest for feelings of superiority.
Term
Ruling-dominant (choleric) type
Definition
high in activity but low in social contributions, dominant
Term
Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)
Definition
Low in activity and high in social contribution; dependent
Term
Avoiding type (mealncholic)
Definition
low in activity and low in social contribution; withdrawn
Term
socially useful type (sanguine)
Definition
High in activity and high in social contribution; healthy
Term
Radical behaviorism versus Neobehavioralism
Definition
radical is Skinner and is related to consequences. Neo is Pavlov and is concerned with counter conditioning.
Term
Joseph Wolpe
Definition
systematic desensitization
Term
aversion therapy
Definition
employs negative reinforcement in order to increase anxiety.
Term
Aaron Beck
Definition
Cognitive theory - thoughts determined feelings and behaviors.
Term
arbritraty inference
Definition
drawing a conclusion without solid evidence
Term
Overgenerlization
Definition
mistaking isolating incidetns for the norm.
Term
magnifying/minimizing
Definition
making too much or too little of something
Term
personalizing
Definition
inappropriately taking respsonsibility
Term
dichotomous thinking
Definition
black and white thinking
Term
cognitive triad
Definition
negative views about self, the world, and the future.
Term
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Definition
measures views about self, the world and the future and is used to gauge the severity of diagnosed depression.
Term
Albert Ellis
Definition
Rational-emotive therapy
Term
Rational-emotive therapy
Definition
intertwining thoughts and feelings produce behavior. highly directive, leads client to dispute irrational beleifs.
Term
Gestalt
Definition
Fritz Pers, Max Wertheimer and Hurt Koffka. exploration of awareness, focus on the present, insight. Not suitable for disturbed clients.
Term
Victor Frankle
Definition
Existential Theory - meaningfulness
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine. All of these in a class called momoamines.
Term
Antipsychotics
Definition
first drugs used for psychopathology,positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Inhibit dopamine production (chlorpromazine and haloperidol.
Term
Antimanics
Definition
for bipolar disorder. They inhibit monoamines such as norepinephrine and serotonin, based on theory that mania results from excessive monoamines. (lithium)
Term
MAOI
Definition
monoamine inhibitor
Term
SSRI
Definition
act on serotonin
Term
Tryciclic antidepressents
Definition
Have a tricyclic chemical structure
Term
Anxiolytics
Definition
used to reduce anxity and to induce sleep (Valium)
Term
Antabuse
Definition
changes metabolism of alcohol
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
factor analysis to Jung's theories. Determined two dimensions: Extraverted-introverted and emotional stability-neuroticism. Then he added psychoticism. Critisized the effectiveness of psychoanalysis.
Term
Gordon Allport
Definition
trait theorist who proposed three baisc types of traits : cardinal, central and secondary. Not everyone has cardinal traits. conscious motives governed by the proprium or propriate function (ego)Allport identified 5000 traits
Term
functional autonomy
Definition
a behavior may become an end or a gaols in and of itslef, regardless of itsi original reason for existence. (hunter example)
Term
idiographic approach
Definition
individual case studies. Allport's preference to studying personality
Term
nomothetic approach
Definition
looks at groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities.
Term
David McClelland
Definition
the need for acheivement nAch. These people tend to avoid high risks and low risk, and they set realistic goals.
Term
Herman Witkin
Definition
personality and perception of the world. Classified people according to their degree of field-dependence. Field-independence: the capacity to make specific responses to perceived specific stimuli. Field-dependence: more diffuse response to a perceived mass of somewhat undifferentiated stimuli.
Term
Julian Rotter
Definition
internal and external locus of control.
Term
Machiavellianism
Definition
manipulative and deceitful. Tend to agree with statements like: "most people don't really know what's best for them", the best way to deal with people is to tell them what they want to hear" and "anyone who completely trusts anyone else is asking for trouble". successful manipulators.
Term
Adrogyny
Definition
Sandra Bem's theory thatpeople can acheive high scores on both masculinity and femininity.
Term
Mischel's Criticism
Definition
critisism of trait theory. human behavior is largely determined by the situation.
Term
phrenology
Definition
the practice of examining head and skull shape
Term
William Sheldon
Definition
somatotypes (body types) edomorph being short, plump and pleasure-seeking, mesomorph being muscular, energetic and aggressive and ectomorph being skinny, inhibited and intellectual.
Term
Big Five
Definition
superfactors O-Openness to experience, C-conscientiousness, E- extroversion, A-agreeableness, and N-neuroticsim.
Term
consistency paradox
Definition
the possibility for a person to behave inconsistently.
Term
cognitive prototype appraoch
Definition
consisency in behavior is not due to internal factors but to cognitive processes.
Term
Kay Deaux
Definition
found that womens successes at 'male' tasks are often attributed to luck and men's successes are sttributed to skill. women have lower self-esteem than men.
Term
Sandra Bem
Definition
studied androgyny - Bem Sex Role Inventory.
Term
Matina Horner
Definition
females shunned masculine-type successes not because of fear of failure but fear of success.
Term
Alice Eagly
Definition
relationship betwee gender and social status.
Term
Neil Miller
Definition
proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned.
Term
Edward Tichner
Definition
structuralism - technique : introspection.
Term
Mental Retardation
Definition
IQ of 70 or lower. Mild = 55-70 Moderate = 40-55 Severe = 25-40 or profound < 25
Term
Learning disorders
Definition
at least 2 standard deviations below the mean for appropriate age and IQ.
Term
Tic disorders
Definition
like Tourettes - motor and vocal tics
Term
Delerium
Definition
disturbed consciousness and cognition.
Term
Dementia
Definition
cognitive problems with memory, spatial tasks or language that result from a medical condition such as Alzheimers, Parkingson's or Pick's Disease.
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
genetically inherited progressive degeneration of thought, emotion and movement.
Term
Pick's disease
Definition
disease of the frontal and temporal lobes characterized by changes in personality.
Term
positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
Definition
delusions, perceptual hallucinations, disorganized speech, neologisms (made up words) and disorganized behavior (inappropriate dress, agitation, shouting)
Term
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
flat affect, restrictions in thought, speech, or behavior
Term
Onset of schizophrenia
Definition
late adolescence and the mid 30s
Term
Process versus reactive schizophrenia
Definition
Process develops gradually, whereas reactive develops suddenly in response to a particular event. Process has a lower rate of recovery as do individuals who have a history of antisocial behavior.
Term
cause of schizophrenia
Definition
physiological predisposition paired with an external stressor. Diathesis-stress model. It is linked to an excess of dopamine in the brain.
Term
Eugene Bleuer
Definition
renamed dementia praecox, schizophrenia.
Term
5 Types of schizophrenia
Definition
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, residual.
Term
Paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
delusions and auditory hallucinations
Term
Disorganized Schizophrenia
Definition
hebephrenich schizophrenia. disorganized speech and flat affect.
Term
Catatonic
Definition
catalepsy (motor immobility), excessive motor activity, prominent posturing (gestures, manerisms, or grimacing) echolalia, echopraxia (imitating the gestures of others.
Term
Undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
a grab bag of symptoms not fitting into any particular category.
Term
residual
Definition
watered down schizophrenia with few positive symptoms, if any.
Term
schizoaffective disorder
Definition
schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode
Term
delusional disorder
Definition
erotomanic (that another person is in love with the person), grandiose (that one has a special telent or status) jealosy, persecutory, somatic (bodily, such as beleiving that a part of one's body is ugly or misshapen)
Term
Folie a deux
Definition
when two people have the saem shared delusions
Term
dysthymic disorder
Definition
symptoms of major depression are present more days than not for two years.
Term
Agoraphobia
Definition
fear of a situation in which a panic attack could arise - avoidanc eof being away from home or in crowds.
Term
somatoform disorders
Definition
these are manifested by physical or bodily symtoms and include conversion disorder and hypochondriasis
Term
Conversion disorder
Definition
formerly known as hysteria (Freud). psychological problems are converted into bodily symptoms.
Term
Factitious disorder
Definition
pshysical complaits through fabrication in order to assume the sick role (ingesting toxins, self-infliction)
Term
Dissociative disorders
Definition
also known as psychogenic disorders. Amnesia( retrograde, anterograde) fugue (fleeing to a new place and forgetting identity), dicossiative identity disorder
Term
dyssomnias
Definition
sleep abnormalities
Term
parasomnias
Definition
abnormal behaviors during sleep
Term
Trichotillomania
Definition
irresistable impulse to pull out one's own body hair
Term
Scizoid
Definition
Personality disorder - detachment, small range of emotion
Term
schizotypal
Definition
personality disorder - eccentricity, distorted reality
Term
Dopamine
Definition
too much dopamine linked to schizophrenia, amphetamines increased dopamine activity which can mimic schizophrenic -like paranoid sysmptoms.neuroleptic drugs (antipsychotic) reduce dopamine receptors, thereby reducing schizophrenic symptoms. Parkinson's is caused by a lack of dopamine and neuroleptics can actually cause parkinsons.
Term
Tarditive dyskinesia
Definition
can occur as a result of long term use of neuroleptics and psychotropics. Involuntary, repetitive, movements of jaw, tongue and extremities.
Term
Cretinism
Definition
mental retardation caused by iodine definciency.
Term
Korsakoff's syndrome
Definition
caused by heavy drinking. Vitamin B deficiency. loss of memory - sufferers often fiull in the gaps with 'confabulations'.
Term
WErnickes syndrome
Definition
caused by heavy drinking and by thiamine deficiency. memory problems and eye dysfunctions.
Term
PKU
Definition
results from the lack of the enzyme needed to digest phenylalanine (found in milk) degenrative disease of the nervous system.
Term
Klinefelter's syndrome
Definition
males having extra x chromosome - have mental retardation and are sterile.
Term
Turner's syndrome
Definition
only one x - failure to develop secondary sex characteristics. short fingers and unusually shaped mouths.
Term
Tay Sacks disease
Definition
genetic deficiency of hexosaminidase A. sufferers can have psychological symptoms that mimis schizophrenia or dementia
Term
Martim Seligman
Definition
learned helplessness.
Term
Thomas Szasz
Definition
viewed the scizophrenic world as artistic and misunderstood. he felt that schizophrenics should not be treated.
Term
Depressive realism
Definition
depressed people tend to be more realistic
Term
Fromm and Reichman
Definition
coined the term 'schizophrenic mother'
Term
David Rosenhan
Definition
stuided the effect of diagnostic labels on the perception of behavior. In an experiment normal pseudopatients admitted to the hospital . Acted normally once inside but their behaviors were nontheless constuyred as fitting the diagnosis.
Term
Elenor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
Definition
relatively few differences between the sexes existed that could not be explained by social learning. The only one that seems independent of social learning is that girls tend to have better verbal ability and males have greater visual/spatial ability.
Term
Meyer Freidman and Ray Rosenman
Definition
studied type A personality (drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, and tension )
Term
Grant Dahlstrom
Definition
linked type A personality to heart disease.
Term
Hans Eysenck
Definition
used factor analyis to identify traits in the intorversion-extroversion, stable-unstable dimensions.
Term
Multiplicative observation
Definition
the method of discerning personality from a variety of observations and situations.
Term
Authoritarianism
Definition
highly domineering or highly submissive. Measured by the F-scale (Fascism scale)
Term
Barnum Effect
Definition
the tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provided (horoscopes)
Term
External locus of control
Definition
views events as the result of luck or fate. too much of this creates helplessness.
Term
Internal locus of control
Definition
views events as outcomes of own actions (too much breeds self-blame).
Term
Julian Rotter
Definition
internal and external locus of control
Term
Self-esteem
Definition
about 50 percent of people view themselves accurately and about 35 percent view themselves narcissistically.
Term
Costa and McCrae
Definition
personality changes very little after 30.
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