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| made up of phonemes; the smallest units of meaning in language. words or parts of words that have meaning are morphemes. ex. "boy" and "-ing" |
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| the arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed be a particular language |
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| tone inflections, accents, and other espects of pronunciation that carry meaning. the icing on the cake of grammar and meaning |
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| surface structure (grammar) |
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| the way that words are organized |
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| underlying meaning of sentences |
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| the overapplication of grammar rules |
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| when a young child uses one word to convey a whole sentence |
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| said how a culture says something influences that culture's perspective |
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| found that children's understanding of grammatical rules develops as they make hypotheses about how syntax works and then self-correct with experience |
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| found that language really begins to develop with the onset of active speech rather than during the first year of only listening |
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| studied the development of word meanings |
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| found that short-term memory has the capacity of about seven items |
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| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| material is more likely to be remembered if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored |
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| consists of details, events, and discrete knowledge |
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| general knowledge of the world |
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| first to study memory systematically; proposed a forgetting curve that shows a sharp drop in savings imediately after learning and then levels off |
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| memory is reconstructive rather than rote |
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| suggested the dual code hypothesis; items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually and semantically |
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Term
| Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart |
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Definition
| learning and recall depend on the depth of processing; different levels of processing exist from the superficial to the deep; the deeper an item is processed, the easier it is recalled |
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| paired-associate learning |
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Definition
| one item is learned with, and then cues the recall of, another |
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| found memory of traumatic events is altered by the event itself and the way that questions about the event are phrased |
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Definition
| found that memories are stored diffusely in the brain |
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