something being made as a one- off

• prototypes
• architect models
• signs

• made to exact personal specifications
• high quality materials of choice can be used
• high quality due to hihly skilledcraftsmen

• final product more expensive in comparison to larger scale production
• more time consuming

commercially printed materials

e.g newspapers and magazines

• flexibility in adapting products to produce another product
• fast response to market trends
• identical batches of products can be produced
• efficient manufacturing systems can be introduced
• can bulk buy materials so is cheaper
• lower unit costs

• poor production planning can mean unwanted storeing of products
• frequent changes in production can be costly. i.e new tools - this can reflect the final product price to its consumers

electronic products

e.g mobile phones and games consoles

commercal packaging

• highly automated
• specialist work force needed to do specific jobs
• rigerou quality control checks ensure high quality products
• bulk buying materials means its cheaper
• low unit costs
• reduced labour costs

• low skilled workforce (low wages and repetative jobs)
• ethical issues, being produced in developing countries. people working very cheaply
• initial set up cost is very expensive
• cannot respond quickly to market trends

packaging

e.g cans and bottles

• same as mass production
• low unit costs
• runs continuously, 24 hours a day 7 days a week

• same as mass production
• very littly flexability as in continuous use 24 hours a day