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141
Pharmacology
Graduate
05/02/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
trihexyphenidyl
Definition
Anticholinergic
reduces ACh influence to level compatible with the reduced DA influence
Term
benztropine
Definition
Anticholinergic
reduces ACh influence to level compatible with the reduced DA influence
Term
procyclidine
Definition
Anticholinergic
reduces ACh influence to level compatible with the reduced DA influence
Term
biperiden
Definition
Anticholinergic
reduces ACh influence to level compatible with the reduced DA influence
Term
Levodopa
Definition
immediate precursor of dopamine
Term
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6
Definition
cofactor for L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and can increase the peripheral decarboxylation of L-DOPA to dopamine. Increased dopamine means it cant cross BBB so the 1% before will become less
Term
Phenothiazines
Definition
DA receptor antagonists and can prevent the antiparkin-son effects of DA derived from L-DOPA.
Term
carbidopa
Definition
dopa decarboxylase inhibitor that inhibits conversion of L-DOPA to DA
quaternary ammonium structure prevents passage across BBB
Term
selegiline
Definition
MAOB inhibitor that prevents oxidative deamination of only dopamine
Term
rasagiline
Definition
MAOB inhibitor that prevents oxidative deamination of only dopamine
Term
tolcapone
Definition
COMT inhibitors that prevent peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA
hepatotoxicity
Term
entacapone
Definition
COMT inhibitors that prevent peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA
Term
carbidopa/L-DOPA/ entcapone (Stalevo®)
Definition
COMT inhibitors that prevent peripheral metabolism of L-DOPA
Term
bromocriptine
Definition
ergot agonists at D1
used as adjunct therapy to reduce dose of L-DOPA due to additive antiparkinson effect.
Term
pergolide
Definition
ergot agonists at D1/D2 receptors
used as adjunct therapy to reduce dose of L-DOPA due to additive antiparkinson effect.
Term
pramipexole
Definition
parkinson monotherapy
non-ergot agonists at D2
excreted unchanged in urine
Term
ropinirole
Definition
parkinson monotherapy
non-ergot agonists at D3
metabolized by liver
Term
rotigotine
Definition
parkinson monotherapy
24-hour continuous delivery system
Term
amantadine
Definition
Parkinson monothrapy
indirect dopamine receptor agonist
releases dopamine from nerve endings and/or blocks dopamine reuptake into nerve endings in cases of mild parkinsonism
antiviral drug for influenza A2
Term
chorea
Definition
huntingtons disease clinical manifestatiion
sudden, quick non-rhthymic movements of heads and limbs
Term
athetosis
Definition
huntingtons disease clinical manifestatiion
writhing of limbs and face
Term
ballism, hemiballism
Definition
– involuntary hurling, irregular, huntingtons disease clinical manifestatiion
frequently violent movements of the shoulder and arm while the patient is awake
Term
tetrabenazine
Definition
Huntingtons Treatment
reserpine-like DA depleting agent,. Reserpine blocks vmat, which transports epi,NE,and DA to vesicle so it can be released in the synapse.
Term
haloperidol
Definition
Huntingtons Treatment
DA receptor antagonist
Term
pridopidine
Definition
Huntingtons Treatment
DA stabilizer in clinical trials, not known how
Term
physostigmine
Definition
Huntingtons Treatment
AChE-inhibitor (experimental)
Term
catatonic schizophrenia
Definition
extremely withdrawn, negative and isolated in catatonic stupor and/or overexcitement, repetitious sounds or movements in catatonic excitement
Term
paranoid schizophrenia
Definition
most common)— very suspicious of others, delusions of persecution, auditory hallucinations, delusions of grandeur
Term
disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
Definition
—(everything they do is unintelligent) verbally incoherent, illogical thinking, flat or inappropriate moods and emotions, hallucinations usually not present
Term
residual schizophrenia
Definition
no overt signs of schizophrenia but lacking motivation and interest in day-to-day living
Term
undifferentiated schizophrenia
Definition
patient fails to meet the criteria for the other subtypes but clearly suffers from this mental disorder
Term
pink spot hypothesis
Definition
(DMPEA) from urine samples of schizo people
Term
ventral tegmental area
Definition
projections to nucleus accumbens, limbic system and frontal cortex
Term
Nuclus accumbens
Definition
motivation, pleasure, concentration and working memory
Term
nigrostriatal pathway
Definition
substantial nigra projections to corpus striatum
extrapyramidal motor control and cognition
Term
tuberoinfundibular pathway
Definition
arcuate nucleus projections to pituitary gland
neuroendocrine regulation
connects to pituitary and releast pituitary hormones, thus dopamine controls release of these hormones.
Term
incertohypothalamic
Definition
• subthalamis projections to hypothalamus and amygdala
sexual arousal
Term
Dopamine hypothesis
Definition
excessive DA neurotransmission due to excessive DA synthesis/release and/or DA receptor supersensitivity
Term
minor tranquilizers
Definition
anxiolytic drugs
Term
major tranquilizers
Definition
antipsychotic or neuroleptic drugs
Term
chlorpromazine
Definition
Phenothiazines
multiple receptor blockade & inhibition of neuronal reuptake
conventional neuroleptic
Highest in OH
Term
fluphenazine
Definition
Phenothiazines
multiple receptor blockade & inhibition of neuronal reuptake
conventional neuroleptic
Only high in AP and EPS
Term
thioridazine
Definition
Phenothiazines
multiple receptor blockade & inhibition of neuronal reuptake
conventional neuroleptic
Highest in AC
Lowest in EPS
Term
haloperido
Definition
Butyrophenones
multiple receptor blockade & inhibition of neuronal reuptake
conventional neuroleptic
Only high in AP and EPS
Term
clozapine
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
No OH or EPS
Lowest in AP with quetiapine
agranulocytosis
Term
risperidon
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
reversible blockade of DA and 5HT2A receptors
5HT2A > D2 receptor specificity
5HT1A agonist action
Term
olanzapine
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
reversible blockade of DA and 5HT2A receptors
5HT2A > D2 receptor specificity
5HT1A agonist action
Term
quetiapine
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
reversible blockade of DA and 5HT2A receptors
5HT2A > D2 receptor specificity
5HT1A agonist action
Lowest in NEG control
Lowest in AP with clozapine
Term
ziprasidone
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
reversible blockade of DA and 5HT2A receptors
5HT2A > D2 receptor specificity
5HT1A agonist action
Lowest in sedation and weight gain
Term
aripiprazole
Definition
Atypical (unconventional) neuroleptics
reversible blockade of DA and 5HT2A receptors
5HT2A > D2 receptor specificity
5HT1A agonist action
Lowest in sedation and weight gain
Term
tacrine
Definition
Dementia Treatment
treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s
cholinesterase-inhibitors — increase in synaptic levels of acetylcholine
Term
donepezil
Definition
Dementia Treatment
used for mild-to-severe Alzheimer’s
cholinesterase-inhibitors — increase in synaptic levels of acetylcholine
Term
galantamine
Definition
Dementia Treatment
treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s
cholinesterase-inhibitors — increase in synaptic levels of acetylcholine
Term
memantine
Definition
prevention of glutamate excitotoxicity
treatment of moderate-to-severe Alzheimer’s
Term
Vitamin E
Definition
(not approved)
antioxidants—neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress
Term
meprobamate
Definition
Older anxiolytic
non-barbiturate, non-benzodiazepine
Term
methaqualone
Definition
Older anxiolytic
meprobamate-like (non-barbiturate, non-benzodiazepine
Term
hydroxyzine
Definition
Older anxiolytic
meprobamate-like (non-barbiturate, non-benzodiazepine
Term
doxepin (Sinequan®)
Definition
Older anxiolytic
meprobamate-like (non-barbiturate, non-benzodiazepine
Term
chlordiazepoxide
Definition
Long acting Benzodiazepines
Term
diazepam
Definition
Long acting Benzodiazepines
Term
oxazepam
Definition
short acting Benzodiazepines
Term
lorazepam
Definition
short acting Benzodiazepines
Term
alprazolam
Definition
short acting Benzodiazepines
Term
flumazenil (Romazicon®)
Definition
Benzodiazepine antagonist, blocking BZD agonists and inverse agonists
Term
Drugs that increase BZD hepatic metabolism
Definition
chronic alcohol, barbiturates, phenytoin or carbamazepine (usually the oxidized bzd)
Term
Drugs that decrease BZD hepatic metabolism
Definition
valproic acid, propranolol
Term
BZD hepatic metabolism decreased by estrogen-dominant oral contraceptives
Definition
oxidized benzodiazepines (lorazepam, alprazolam)
Term
BZD hepatic metabolism increased by estrogen-dominant oral contraceptives
Definition
glucuronidation of conjugated diazepam, oxazepam and temazepam
Term
cimetidine
Definition
prolongation of long- but not short-acting BZs
Term
Buspirone
Definition
azaspirodecanedione

agonist at
presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors
Term
Major depression
Definition
2-3 week state where you are extremely depressed but it is self limiting and lasts only for a few weeks
Term
Dysthymia
Definition
mild state of depression, that lasts for 2 years
Term
nortriptyline
Definition
2 amine tricyclics
NE>5-HT
Least weight gain
Worst are in sex
Term
desipramine
Definition
2 amine tricyclics
NE>5-HT
Least weigth gain
Worst are in sex
Term
maprotiline
Definition
tetracyclic
NE>5-HT
Only one with on sex dysfunction
high weight and sedation
Term
imipramine
Definition
3 amine tricyclics (high on all effects)
5-HT>NE
Term
amitriptyline
Definition
3 amine tricyclics (high on all effects)
5-HT>NE
Term
fluoxetine
Definition
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors
Term
paroxetine
Definition
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors
Only one with mild effect on everything.
Term
sertraline
Definition
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors
Term
citalopram
Definition
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors
Term
escitalopram
Definition
SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake-inhibitors
Least sexual dysfunction
Term
fluvoxamine (Luvox®)
Definition
withdrawn from market
Term
bupropion
Definition
Newer atypical antidepressants
NDRI
blocks DA reuptake >> NE reuptake
No side effects
Term
trazodone
Definition
Newer atypical antidepressants
SARI
blockade of 5HT2A receptors plus less potent serotonin reuptake
Highest OH and sedation
Term
nefazodone
Definition
Newer atypical antidepressants
SARI
blockade of 5HT2A receptors plus less potent serotonin reuptake
hepatotoxic
Term
venlafaxine
Definition
Newer atypical antidepressants
SNRI
inhibition of 5HT and NE reuptake
High in sexual dysfunction
Term
mirtazepine
Definition
Newer atypical antidepressants
NaSSA
blockade of 2 and 5HT2A heteroreceptors to disinhibit NE and 5HT neuronal release
High in sexual dysfunction and sedation
Term
phenelzine
Definition
irreversible and non-selective MAO-inhibitors
Term
hydrazine
Definition
irreversible and non-selective MAO-inhibitors
hepatotoxicity
Term
tranylcypromine
Definition
reversible inhibitors of MAOA
Term
meclobemide
Definition
reversible inhibitors of MAOA
Term
brofaromine
Definition
reversible inhibitors of MAOA
Term
meperidine (Demerol
Definition
paradoxical CNS excitation when combined with MAOI
Term
lithium carbonate
Definition
drug actions: unknown(not for depressant, can help in mania and bipolar)
Term
valproic acid
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
lamotrigine
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
quetiapin
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
ziprasidone
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
aripiprazole
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
fluoxetine/olanzapine Symbyax®)
Definition
other FDA-approved drugs with antimanic activity
Term
carbamazepine
Definition
unlabelled use in manic syndrome
stimulation of presynaptic adenosine receptors   NE release
Term
dextroamphetamine
Definition
amphetamine derivatives
more potent centrally
Term
dexamphetamine
Definition
amphetamine derivatives
more potent centrally
Term
lisdexamfetamine
Definition
amphetamine derivatives
more potent centrally
prodrug
Term
levoamphetamine
Definition
amphetamine derivatives.
more potent peripherally
Term
Benzedrine®, Adderall
Definition
amphetamine derivatives
Benzedrine®, Adderall®)
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
amphetamine derivatives
more similar to dextro)
Term
methylphenidate
Definition
non-amphetamine stimulants
Term
dexmethylphenidate
Definition
non-amphetamine stimulants
Term
phenylpropanolamine
Definition
phenylethylamine anorexiants (all withdrawn by manufacturers)
Term
fenfluramine
Definition
phenylethylamine anorexiants (all withdrawn by manufacturers)
Term
inhibition of lateral hypothalamic feeding center
Definition
amphetamines via NE
Term
stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamic satiety center via 5HT release
Definition
fenfluramine)
Term
modafinil ( Provigil®)
Definition
new drug for narcolepsy
with fewer side effects (less excessive mood change, less insomnia, less abuse potential), 1B adrenergic receptor effects and may also affect GABA, glutaminergic and serotonergic synapses
Term
atomoxetine
Definition
non-stimulant ( non-controlled) approved for the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Term
9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Definition
most important active ingredient of cannabis.
Term
most important active ingredient of cannabis.
Definition
combination of dried resin extract and compressed flowers and contains 5-15% 9-THC.
Term
Hash oil
Definition
extracted from marihuana or hashish and may be 30-80% THC
Term
CB1
Definition
Cannabinoid Receptors
found in the brain and other tissues, blood vessels, cardiac tissue
Term
CB2
Definition
Cannabinoid Receptors
part of the immune system, immunosuppressant
Term
Anandamide
Definition
endocannabinoids (derived from arachidonic acid
acts on CB1 and CB2 receptor
Term
2-arachidonoylglycerol
Definition
endocannabinoids (derived from arachidonic acid
acts on CB1 receptors
Term
N-arachidonoyldopamine
Definition
endocannabinoids (derived from arachidonic acid
acts on CB1 receptors
Term
dronabinol, Marinol
Definition
synthetic 9-THC
Term
Cesamet®),
Definition
synthetic nabilone , an analog of dronabinol
Term
rimonabant (Acomplia
Definition
withdrawn from market
inverse agonist/antagonist at CB1 receptor
causes reduction in appetite
increased risk of diabetes 2 and dyslipidemia
Term
mescaline
Definition
Psychedelics
Excessive DA = psychotic behavior
Term
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
Definition
Psychedelics
Works by Activating Serotonin Psychotropic properties
Term
psilocybin
Definition
Psychedelics
periodical change of the behavior of elephant bulls
Term
synesthesia
Definition
unique effect of LSD
occurs when a person can see smells, hear colors, over stimulation
Term
chlorpromazine
Definition
antidotal therapy for pschedelics
Term
phencyclidine (PCP)
Definition
dissociatives
MOST DANGEROUS
Acure toxicity, combativeness, catatonia, convulsions, coma
Term
ketamine
Definition
dissociatives
reduction in pain but can’t figure out where it’s coming from. Hurt or not
Block NMDA receptor
Term
nitrous oxide
Definition
dissociatives
Term
dextromethorphan
Definition
dissociatives
Term
pattern of PCP abuse first phase
Definition
acute toxicity – 4C’s
combativeness, catatonia, convulsions and coma
Term
pattern of PCP abuse second phase
Definition
toxic psychosis
visual and auditory delusions, paranoia and agitation
Term
pattern of PCP abuse third phase
Definition
drug-induced schizophrenia
Term
pattern of PCP abuse fourth phase
Definition
drug-induced depression
suicidal tendencies, mental dysfunction (last for months
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