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Assumption that an expert in one field can be credible in another |
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Statement that levels out relevant consideration in order to imply that there's a single cause to a complex problems |
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Only 2 alternative when there are clearly none |
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Assumption that because 1 event follows another, 1st is the cause of the second |
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logos - logical pathos - emotional ethos - ethical |
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1. rephrase thesis / summarize main parts 2. call attention to the larger issue 3.call for change in action 4.vivid image 5.connect with introduction |
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1. unusual fact 2. giving out a bold statement 3. anecdote 4. question the essay will answer 5. appropriate quotes 6. examples 7. general information 8. thesis |
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Object/goal that writer wants to accomplish *support a cause *promote a change *stimulate interests *win agreement *arouse sympathy *provoke anger |
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Help clam audience strongly opposed to position
1. intro 2. concession 3. thesis 4. support 5. conclusion |
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1. intro 2. concession and reputation 3. confirmation paragraph 4. congaing paragraphs
audience not gets to take sides |
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Classification of discourse that informs instructs, or presents idea of and general truth objectively |
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Classification of discourse that tells a story |
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traditional classification of discourse that depicts images verbally in space and time and arranges those images in a logical pattern such as spatial |
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1. Narrations 2. Description 3. Exposition |
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who is the audience? what do they know? what do they believe what do they expect how will the audience disagree what will they want us to answer how can i use paragraph should u use language that is formal factual |
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sets off additions
replace ( ) |
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person place or thing language, etc |
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mark line division in poetry
between terms to indicate that either term is applicable |
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section of writing usually dealing with a single theme |
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titles of separated works, foreign words, names of legal cases, names of ships, submarines, air craft, etc. |
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expresses main idea of a chapter and comments on main idea |
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*topic sentence *deductive reasoning *chronological order *spatial order *emphatic order *logical order |
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characterized by the inference of particular instance from a general law |
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arrangement under importance |
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orient the readers focus from right to left, near to far |
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guilt by association non-sequiter ad hominem appeal to tradition bandwagon begging questions equivocations false analogy red herring slippery slope nasty general oversimplification false authority false clause false dilemma |
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Arrange from specific to general or vice versa |
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refers to personal attack on an opponent that draws attention away from losses under considerations |
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it does not follow
does not logically follow previous statements |
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"Everyone's doing it, you should do it too" |
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Something should be more in a certain way because it happened in past |
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assumes what in fact reads to be proven |
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"assertion that falsely relies on the use of a term in 2 different sense |
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a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from 2 given assured prepositions each of which shares a middle term not present in conclusion |
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2 things that are alike in some ways that are alike in others |
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Assumption that if 1thing is allowed it will be the 1st step in a down crowd spiral |
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dodging the real issue by drawing attention to an irrelevance |
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conclusion based on too little evidence |
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unfair attempt to make someone responsible for beliefs / action of others |
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not clearly attached to other elements |
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gives additional information |
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ADJ and ADV change form to reveal quality quantity and manner |
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shows relationship between parts of a sentence |
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element placed in beginning of the word to adjust/qualify its meaning |
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morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided |
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morpheme added at the end of the word to form a derivative |
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a morpheme which words have been made by additional of prefixes suffixes |
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Ancient Greek -short section of speech
Middle age -pause in speech
1566(Italy) -Clarify relationships between phases and clause |
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4 general purpose of punctuation |
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Definition
1. to terminate 2. to introduce 3. to separate 4. to enclose |
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greek word kolon meaning unit of meaning
connects individual clauses with out coordinations |
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1. nurse come before coordinating conj. 2. comma must follow introductory clause 3. separates words, phrases , clause 4. separates coordinating adj 5. sets off non-essential clauses 6. sets off parenthetical elements |
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indicates ownership & relationships, omissions of letters #'s from certain plurals |
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*Calls attention to what follows *separates figures in time reference part of spiritual of references, title, from subtitles |
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Definition
Sets off directly quotations, titles, of short works, words used ironically, in combination w/ other punctuation Not used for paraphrase and indirect |
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1. most singular nouns and indefinite nouns abbreviation and acronyms need '-s' to form possessive case 2.Plural noun ending in '-s' requires possessive case only an apostrophes to form 3.joint ownership -> '-s'/ apostrophe to 2nd noun only 4. separates ownership 5. add's to nouns that .before gerunds |
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Definition
Punctuation mark that indicates end of a sentence and abbreviation
Follow indirect question, declarative sentence, and abbreviations |
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Definition
1. single quotation enclose quotations within quotation 2. dialogues enclose in quotation marks 3. commas and periods inside " " 4. semicolon and colon ->outside 5. quotation mark, exclamation points out side the " " |
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Direct/indirect Discourse |
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Direct discourse - exact quotation from another source Indirect discourse - report of what another source says -Direct Q phrased as a question -Indirect question phrased as a statement |
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*mark break in thought *sets off parenthetical element for emphasis *follows introductory lot *abrupt change in time *flattening in speech |
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Shows strong feeling Excited utterance |
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Dashes vs Parenthesis vs Commas |
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*Dashes sets off parenthetical element sharply *parenthesis - de-emphasize enclosed matter *comma does nothing |
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set off nonessential matter enclosed numeral used for list |
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indicates omission from quoted passage indicates reflection pause |
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adds subtle meaning to a main verb |
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count - have singular and plural forms
non count - only one form |
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Proper Noun vs Common noun |
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Proper specific names beginning w/a capital letter Common nouns refer to any member of a clause / category |
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Refers to a previously mentioned noun phrase 5types are - antecedent relative personal interrogative reflexive intensive |
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Can either be singular plural depending on the context Band |
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relates dependent clause to noun in main clause |
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pronouns substituted for a noun that occurs earlier in a sentence |
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Identifies speaker; person or thing spoken about |
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Consist of 2 or more words that together name a person place thing idea singularly |
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Reflexive / Intensive Pronoun |
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Direct action back on the subject, use for the emphasis. Personal pronouns + self |
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points out person place thing or idea |
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concrete relate to person, place or thing that can be perceived by one / more of the senses |
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Verb ending in '-ing' that takes place of a noun |
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Definition
refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. That isn't specifically named |
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adj - modified nouns / pronoun
adv- modifies verb, adj, and other advs |
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who subjective, whom - objective |
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coordinate adj and articles |
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*coordinate adj 2 or more adjectives that modifies same noun / pronoun *article - a an the *indefinite - articles - a an *pefinite article - them |
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Definition
-able, -al, -ful, -ic, -ish, -less, - y |
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expands intensify or diminish subject verb or complement |
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Subjuncts adjuncts disjuncts conjuncts |
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Definition
a word used to describe an action, state or being, and forms the main part of the predicate in sentence |
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Definition
first word of a sentence "I" names and initials of persons names of months and weekdays title that imitate precedence names other proper noun adjective |
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Definition
Base form -'s form, -ing form, -ed form |
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Expresses an action now going or habitually performed or a condition now existing |
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Definition
Includes the base form and/or -s ending |
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Indicates that events have begun but have not been completed it uses the auxiliary verb be and the present participle -ing form |
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Definition
indicates action performed prior to a particular time. It uses the auxiliary verb 'have' and the past participle '-ed' |
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Present Perfect Progressive |
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Definition
Consist of two auxiliaries have and been accompanied the present participle of '-ing' |
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expresses an action that has happened or a state that previously existed |
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Definition
Includes the base form and the -ed ending |
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Definition
indicates action performed prior to a particular time. It uses the auxiliary verb 'be' and the present participle of '-ing' |
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Definition
Indicates action performed prior to a particular time. It uses auxiliary verb 'had' and the past participle '-ed' |
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Definition
Consist of 2 auxiliaries 'had and been' accompanied the present participle of '-ing' |
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Definition
expresses events that have not yet happened |
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Includes the base form accompanied by the auxiliary verb will |
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Indicates that event have begun but not been completed |
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Definition
Indicated action performed prior to a particular time. |
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Future Perfect Progressive |
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Definition
Consist of 3 auxiliary verbs will have and been accompanied by the present participle of -ing |
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Definition
used for statement and question regarding fact or opinion |
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Definition
indicative, subjunctive, imperative, conditional |
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Command / direction - simple base form |
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imagined wished possible *present sub-base form *past - were and past participle *Perfect had and past participle |
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Definition
1. action 2. linking 3. auxiliary 4. transitive 5. intransitive |
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causes something else to happen |
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expressing being / experiencing |
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a complete thought typically containing a subject or predicate |
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sentence that takes the form a simple statement in a sentence or phrase |
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a sentence ending in a question |
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a noun phrase functioning as one of the main component of a clause |
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a part of the sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject |
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A word phase or clause government by a verb that completes the meaning of the predicate |
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Definition
Direct object indirect object, subject, complement object complement |
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Definition
Recessive the action or shows the result of the action of a verb |
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Definition
noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb but is not the primary subject |
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Definition
describe, identifies or classifies the subject it follows the verb like a direct or indirect object |
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Follow a direct object, descending, identifying, or classifying it |
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Definition
Grammatical unit that makes up a sentence |
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Main clause that has the same grammatical structure as a simple sentence |
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has a subject and predicate can't stand alone, must be attached to an independent clause |
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Noun - subject, object Adj - modifier to noun, pronoun Adv - Modifiers and usually qualifies the verb |
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Definition
connecting words joining single words, phrases or sentence |
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Definition
Joins words or groups of words equal status; link a noun to a noun and adj to adj and phrase to phrase |
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Definition
coordinating conjunctions that consist of two parts both/and, either/or, neither/nor |
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Subordinating Conjunction |
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Definition
joins dependent clauses to main clauses |
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Definition
Group of words that can function as a single unit in a sentence |
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Definition
serves as subjects and complement or objects of prepositions it consists of a main noun and any accompanying determiners (a,an,the,that) |
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Definition
essential part of the predicate and utilized as nouns or modifiers |
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deals with tense / present participial or 'ing' and past participle |
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A phrase notated by the infinitive markers |
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considered a phrase but can link clauses |
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identifies the noun it is near or supplement the noun meaning |
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simple, compound, complex, compound-complex |
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Consist of a single independent clause |
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Consist of at least two independent clause but no dependent clause |
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has one independent clause and at least one dependent clause |
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Compound - complex sentence |
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Definition
contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause |
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Main idea comes first ; less important ideas or details follow |
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the main idea comes last, just before the period |
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two independent clause run together without any punctuation at all |
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Pieces of a sentence that is incomplete |
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the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clause |
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deliberate omission of conjunction in a series of related clauses |
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The deliberate use of many conjunction for special emphasis to highlight quality or mass of detail or create a flowing sentence patterns |
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Definition
a sentence strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reverse of the first |
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Dialogue which the ending and the beginning of each line echo each other taking on a new meaning with each new li e |
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the use of a verb that has two different meanings with objects that complement both meanings |
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a technique in writing where the verbs linked to the subject must be in close proximity for the sentence to succeed |
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the condition of having the same number gender case or person |
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the state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way |
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emphasizes the doer of the action by making that actor the subject of the sentence |
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