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| Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government or individuals |
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| 1 of the 3 amendments passed after the civil war. "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the U.S;nor shall any state deprive any person of life,liberty, or property without due process of law. |
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| equal protection of the laws |
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| Part of the 14th Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people |
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| The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude |
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| The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. |
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| An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring "equal but separate accommodations for the White and colored races" was constitutional. |
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| Brown VS. Board of Education |
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| The 1954 Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka,Kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the U.S. |
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| The law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job description. |
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| The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans in the 15th Amendment, to women in the 19th Amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the 26th Amendment |
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| The constitutional Amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans |
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| Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. This was declared void by the 24th amendment |
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| One of the means used to discourage African American voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exclude African Americans from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real contests. The Supreme Court declared this unconstitutional in 1944 |
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| The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered to vote, and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. |
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| Korematsu VS. United States |
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| a 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in encampments during WWII |
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| The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote |
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| A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of sex". Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from 3/4s of the state legislature. |
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| The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination |
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| In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court established a "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination |
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| The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 |
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| A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment |
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| A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment of members of some previously disadvantaged group |
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| Regents of the University of California VS. Bakke |
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| A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. |
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| Adarand Constructors VS. Pena |
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| A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race,even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. |
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