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| legislative body having 2 houses or chambers |
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| an item of legislation prior to becoming a law |
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| performed by members of congress for constituents (keeping postoffice open etc) |
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| vote to end fillibuster ; requires votes of 3/5 members of senate |
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| system developed by Congress to break up the large workload of Congress and make the workload more manageable. |
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| citizen who lives in district of elected official |
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| elected rep who acts in perfect accordance with wishes of constituents |
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| descriptive representation |
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| composition of a representative body reflects the demographic composition of the population as a whole |
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| a petition signed by at least 218 members of the house to force a bill that has been before a comittee for at least 30 days while the house is in session out of committee and onto the floor for consideration |
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| gives congress power to make any laws necessary to carry out its enumarted powers |
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| powers of federal gov explicitly listed in constitution |
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| a law that retroactively declares some action illegal |
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| device used in senate to prevent a bill from coming to vote by talking it to death, made possible by norm of unlimited debate |
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| public subsidization of mail from the members of congress to their constituents |
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| redrawing electoral district lines to give an advantage to a particular party or candidate |
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| incumbents have advantage at elections |
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| majority and minority floor leaders |
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| House majority leader- if the speaker is like a chairman of the board, the majority leader is the CEO responsible for the daily operations |
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| election in which there is no incumbent officeholder |
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| congressional responsibility for monitoring the actions of executive branch agencies and personnel to ensure conformity to federal statues and congressional intent |
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| projects designed to bring to the constituency jobs and public money for which the members of congress can claim credit |
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| the reallocation of house seats among the states done after each national census to ensure that seats are held by the states in proportion to the size of their populations |
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| deferral by members of congress to the judgement of subject matter specialists mainly on minor technical bills |
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| the redrawing of congressional district lines within a state to ensure roughly equal populations within each district |
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| principle that one attains a position based on length of service |
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| refers to the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The Speaker is currently second in line after the Vice President to succeed to the U.S. |
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| relatively permanent congressional committees that address specific areas of legislation |
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| a committee set up by and consisting of members of an existing committee to deal with a specific issue |
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| elected rep who believes his judgement rather than instructions from constituents should be used in making legislative decisions |
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| A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body: |
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| a political party member in congress charged with keeping members informed of the plans of the party leader, counting votes before action on important issues and rounding up a party members for votes on bills --- goes around and gets peoples opinions and takes it back to the house (ahh if we go 640 we will be okay, but not 800) |
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| constiutitonal principle that gov power shall be divided and that they should balance each other to prevent tyranny |
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| Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |
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| small gorup of economists who advise on economic policy (george w bush says i dont think this will support economy, then goes to advisors---they go in and meet to advise the president) |
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| control of the executive and the legislative branches of by different political parties |
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| electoral reps of the state whos votes formally elect the president and vp |
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| an agreement with another country signed by the pres that has the force of law like a treaty does not require senate approval originally used for minor technical matters |
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| an order to personnel or agencies in the executive branch issued by the president that has the force of law |
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| Executive Office of the President (EOP) |
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| group of organizations that advise the president on a wide range of issues (national security council etc) |
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| the permanent bureaucracy associated with the presidency to help the incumbent of the office carry out his responsibilities |
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| is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal |
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| Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government. The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress |
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| called the court packing plan, was a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. Roosevelt's purpose was to obtain favorable rulings regarding New Deal legislation that had been previously ruled unconstitutional. |
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| A state of federal trial court |
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| Latin word meaning " in form of a pauper or poor man". The legal term used by the judge to allow somene who has to file a legal case or defend oneself in ongoing trial, and who has no money to fund the trials, to file a case or appoint a counsel free of cost or without paying majority of charges. Such waiver is done via an affidavit stating the inability to pay such charges. |
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| an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) |
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| A self-imposed limitation on judicial decision making; the tendency on the part of judges to favor a narrow interpretation of the laws and to defer to the policy judgment of the legislative and executive branches |
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| Review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act |
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| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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| is a landmark case in United States law and in the history of law worldwide. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. It was also the first time in Western history a court invalidated a law by declaring it "unconstitutional", a process called judicial review. |
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| disputes between diplomats or states |
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| the court can review the trial held by the original jurisdiction court. |
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| is a theory in law concerning constitutional and statutory interpretation. It is frequently—and usually spuriously—used as a synonym for originalism generally |
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| rulings by courts that guide judicial reasoning in subsequent cases |
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| refers to the readiness of a case for litigation; "a claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all." |
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| A custom whereby presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the appointee's state, esp. from the senior senator of the president's party from that state |
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| the legal doctrine that says precedent should guide judicial decision making |
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| A written law passed by a legislative body: "violation of the hate crimes statute"; "the tax is not specifically disallowed by statute". |
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| : A case that sets a precedent for other cases involving the same question of law |
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| is a discretionary device used by the Supreme Court to choose the cases it wishes to hear |
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| An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination, esp. in relation to employment or education; positive discrimination |
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| Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA): |
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| The ADEA prohibits employment discrimination nationwide based on age with respect to employees 40 years of age or older. The ADEA also addresses the difficulty older workers face in obtaining new employment after being displaced from their jobs, arbitrary age limits. |
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| Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) |
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| is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability. |
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| The first ten amendments to the US Constitution. |
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| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
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| The U.S. Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954) is generally viewed as the turning point in the Civil Rights Movement. Ending the legal basis for racial segregation in schools and other public facilities in the United States |
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| The rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. |
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| discrimination (based on a person's race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc.) faced by that person or group in the daily conduct of everyday life in a particular society that is not supported or mandated by the laws of that society. Sexual harassment in the workplace in most Western nations would be an example of de facto discrimination |
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| discrimination (based on a person's race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, etc.) faced by a person or group that is supported or mandated by the laws of that society. The "Jim Crow" laws in the American south at the turn of the century would be an example of de jure discrimination. |
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| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA |
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| A proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's se |
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| part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides that "no state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws |
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| A provision in a statute that exempts those already involved in a regulated activity or business from the new regulations established by the statute. |
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| in U.S. constitutional law, is the middle level of scrutiny applied by courts deciding constitutional issues through judicial review. |
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| : were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. |
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| : an examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting, serving in the armed forces, etc.; a test of one's ability to read and write. |
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| : a capitation tax, the payment of which is sometimes a prerequisite to exercise the right of suffrage. |
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| separate but equal doctrine |
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| was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law that justified systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each group's public facilities was to remain equal. |
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| Harassment (typically of a woman) in a workplace, or other professional or social situation, involving the making of unwanted sexual advances or obscene remarks |
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| is the assumption that actions by elected bodies or officials violate constitutional rights |
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| the invidious, arbitrary, or irrational designation of a group for special treatment by government |
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| were primary elections in the Southern States of the United States of America in which any non-White voter was prohibited from participating |
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| women’s suffrage movement: |
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| Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote and historically includes the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage to women, on an equal basis to those for men and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax or marital status. |
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| Congressional campaign committees |
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| : the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is the Democratic Hill committee for the United States House of Representatives, working to elect Democrats to that body. Same applies for Republicans. |
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| : A person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in politics |
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| a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties. |
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| One of the two main US political parties (the other being the Republican Party); it follows a liberal program and tends to promote a strong central government and expansive social programs. |
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| Democratic Republican party |
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| A political party in the United States that was opposed to the Federalist Party and was founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 and dissolved in 1828. |
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| a point in a dispute at which no agreement can be reached; deadlock |
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| "Ideological parties hold major programmatic goals (e.g., egalitarianism, ethnic solidarity, Islamic fundamentalism) and are deeply committed to the implementation of these goals to achieve comprehensive changes in the sociopolitical order. |
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| A system of ideas and ideals, esp. one that forms the basis of economic or political policy: "the ideology of republicanism" |
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| favorable to progress or reform, as in political or religious affairs. |
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| The New Deal Coalition was the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968 |
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| : A strong supporter of a party, cause, or person. |
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| voter's underlying allegiance to a political party. |
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| proportional representation |
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| An electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them |
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| Grand Old Party- One of the two primary political parties of the United States, organized in 1854 to oppose the extension of slavery. |
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| Single-issue politics involves political campaigning or political support based on one essential policy area or idea |
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| single-member-district system |
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| based on the principle of having only one member (as of a legislature) selected from each electoral district |
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| Political donations made in such a way as to avoid federal regulations or limits, as by donating to a party organization rather than to a particular candidate or campaign. |
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| : A political party organized as opposition to the existing parties in a two-party system. |
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| In the field of local government in the United States, a consolidated city–county is a city and county that have been merged into one unified jurisdiction |
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| process by which one party supplants another as the dominate party in a political system |
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| a gradual reduction in the dominance of one political party without another party supplanting it |
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