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government key terms
ch 1: political landscape
29
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
01/21/2009

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Term
government
Definition
the formal vehicle which policies are made and affairs of state are conducted.
Term
citizen
Definition
Member of the political community to whom certain rights and obligations are attached.
Term
politics
Definition
the study of who gets what, when, and how- or how policy decisions are made.
Term
monarchy
Definition
a form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of al.
Term
totalitarianism
Definition
a form of government in which power resides in a leader who rules according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties.
Term
totalitarianism
Definition
a form of government in which power resides in a leader who rules according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties.
Term
oligarchy
Definition
a form of government in which the right to participate is conditioned on the possession of wealth, social status, military position, or achievement.
Term
democracy
Definition
A system of government that gives power to the people, whether directly or through elected representatives.
Term
social contract
Definition
An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed.
Term
Social contract theory
Definition
The belief that people are free and equal by God-given right and that this in turn requires that all people giver their consent to be governed
Term
more about social contract theory
Definition
espoused by john locke and influential in the writing of the Declaration of Independance
Term
direct democracy
Definition
A system of government in which members of the polity meet to discuss all policy decisions and then agree to abide by majority rule.
Term
indirect (representative) democracy
Definition
A system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who will work on their behalf.
Term
republic
Definition
A government rooted in the consent of the governed; a representative or indirect democracy.
Term
political culture
Definition
Commonly shared attitudes, beliefs, and core values about how government should operate.
Term
personal liberty
Definition
A key characteristic of U.S. democracy. Initially meaning freedom from governmental interference, today it includes demands for freedom to engage in a variety of practices free from governmental interference of discrimination.
Term
political equality
Definition
the principle that all citizens are equal in the political process that is implied by the phrase "one person, one vote."
Term
popular consent
Definition
the idea that governments must draw their powers from the consent of the governed.
Term
majority rule
Definition
the central premise of direct democracy in which only policies that collectively garner the support of a majority of voters will be made into law.
Term
popular sovereignty
Definition
the notion that the ultimate authority in society rests with the people.`
Term
natural law
Definition
A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.
Term
civil society
Definition
Society created when citizens are allowed to organize and express their views publicly as they engage in an open debate about public policy,
Term
ideology
Definition
A set of system of beliefs that shapes the thinking of individuals and how they view the world.
Term
political ideology
Definition
the coherent set of value and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individulas.
Term
libertarian
Definition
One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties.
Term
conservative
Definition
One though to believe that a government is best that governs least and that big government can only infringe on individual, personal, and economic right.
Term
social conservative
Definition
One who believes that traditional moral teachings should be supported and furthered by the goverment.
Term
liberal
Definition
One considered to favor governmental involvement in the economy and in the provision of social services and to take an activist role in protecting the rights of women, the elderly, minorities, and the environment.
Term
American dream
Definition
An American ideal of a happy, successful life, which often includes wealth, a house, a better life for one's children, and, for some, the ability to grow up to be president
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