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| Any intermediary organization that connects people with politics |
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| When a country has two political parties, one establishes clear dominence |
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| The party that does not claim the allegiance of a majority of party identifiers |
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| whenever a massive, long-term shift occurs in voter allegiance from one part to another |
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| the process of bringing together various interests under one umbrella |
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| the process of speaking on behalf of these issue positions (Interest aggregation) |
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| a loose collection of groups who join together to accomplish some common goal |
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| the Democratics-Republicans relied on a congressional caucus to choose their nominees for the presidency |
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| a meeting of all members of a legislature from a particular political party |
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| system where two major political parties dominate voting in nearly all elections at every level of government |
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| a system of staffing government that rewards supporters with jobs and contracts |
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| less committed to the status quo and more likely to take the risk of establishing a new image |
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| dramatic change in the political system |
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| A candidate who does not belong to one of the two main US political parties |
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| grassroots party politics |
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| those activities that originate at the local level and work their way up through the party |
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| a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition |
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| a party must capture the most votes in a district to obtain and representation in the government |
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| The role of the loyal opposition is to criticize the majority party, provide useful debate on legislation, and block the more extreme policies of the majority party |
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| consists of those officeholders from a particular party. |
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| local party organizations that dominate elections in an area over a long period through a variety of legal and illegal means |
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| the progressive movement was an effort to reform government by eliminating fraud, corruption, and inefficiency |
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| now used in American elections, allows voters to vote in secret and to choose between individuals of each party for each office |
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| A ballot in which votes are cast in secret |
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| A convention of a major political party, esp. one that nominates a candidate for the presidency. |
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| primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
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| A primary election in which voters are not required to declare party affiliation. |
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| a primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote; "closed primaries strengthen party unity". |
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| McGovern-Fraser Commission |
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| an informal term commonly used for some of the delegates to the Democratic National Convention or Republican National Convention. |
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| A day on which several US states hold primary elections. |
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| a document that is developed at a party's national convention, establishes what the party stands for. |
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| a process whereby voters are moved toward nonpartisanship thus weakening the structure of political parties. |
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| candidate-centered campaigns |
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| seen as lacking in accountability but overflowing with special-interest money slick advertising campaigns, and too much mudslinging. |
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A contribution to a political party that is not accounted as going to a particular candidate, thus avoiding various legal limitations.
A campaign finance change that had the most effect was the creation of a legal loophole. |
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| involves political campaigning or political support based on one essential policy area or idea. |
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| only one person represents a particular geographic area |
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| descriptive representation |
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| does the member of congress look like the American perosona, = while, male,Christian, highly educated, wealthy |
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| The process of making government services available tot he people and allowing individuals to believe that government is there for them |
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| the process of a business owner who needs help in obtaining a check from a government agency for services performed for the government. |
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| An official appointed to investigate individuals' complaints against maladministration, esp. that of public authorities. |
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| it requires that a legislator make policy decisions that are best for her constituents |
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| trustee style of representation |
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| one who makes policy decisions based on what she thinks is best |
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| delegate style of representation |
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| acts on what he thinks the constituents in the district want |
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| a member of congress considers legislation only in terms of how it affects the home district |
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| a pejorative term suggesting that an expenditure is not only particularistic but also wasteful. |
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| when congress examines the actions of the various departments and agencies to see whether they are executing the laws in a manner consistent with the intent of the legistlature |
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| the number of years served on a committee would determine the ascent to leadership regardless of the members relationship with the speaker |
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| a representatives district that is so one-sided that it always elects a member of the same party to the House |
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| undermined the power of the chairs |
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| sequential referral system |
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| under which the speaker can refer a bill to another committee has finished with it |
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| an organization composed of the members of one party in each chamber, although the organization is not formally part of the legislature |
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| the second highest ranking leader of the majority party |
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| responsible for closely watching the party member to determine how they plan to vote and whether they will be in attendance for a vote |
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| The most imporatant committee. It possess authority to consider legislation within a fixed policy domain |
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| exists only temporarily with two chambers need to reconcile differences between two versions of the same bill |
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| select or special committees |
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| temporary panels that allow members to investigate a problem and make recommendations for legislation |
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| having no legistative authority |
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| units that exist within a full standing committee to consider one narrow issue within the overall policy area considered by the full committee |
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| an amendment to a bill that is not directly related to the policy issue in the original bill |
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| establishes when a bill will be places on the legislative calendar, how much debate will be allowed, and whether amendments will be permitted |
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| members of the subcommittee revise the bill- sometimes drastically and sometimes only slightly |
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| unanimous consent agreements |
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| a means of establishing some format for considering a bill, but these types of agreements are quite fragile |
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| a device used by the House of expedite consideration of a bill |
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| The minimum number of members of an assembly that must be present to make a meeting valid. |
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| term encompassing several different types of voting, embracing both electronic means of casting a vote and electronic means of counting votes. |
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| the power of any member of Congress to sign (or to have the printer prodice his signature on) any piece of mail and have it delivered without cost to the member |
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| advantages given to members of congress, expense allowances, travel budgets, subsidized life and health insurance, free tax preparations, and so on |
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| one power given to the president as part of executive power |
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| a veto of only part of a particular bill as opposed to a veto of the entire piece of legistlation |
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| deprives Congress of the change to override a formal veto |
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| the refusal to allow the expenditure of funds appropriate by Congress |
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| a blanket pardon- to those who were either deserters or draft evaders during the Vietnam War |
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| presidents have asserted a right to withhold information from Congress and the courts |
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| an agreement between two or more nations, in which they promise to behave in specified ways |
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| these require certain national commitments. They are negotiated solely between heads of state acting independently of their legislative bodies |
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| the President derives these powers from the loosely-worded statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and the president should "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" |
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| An overwhelming majority of votes for one party in an election: "winning the election by a landslide". |
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| An official order or commission to do something: "a federal mandate". |
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| the primary tool available for securing and extending the presidents power |
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| a president must "move it or lose it" in trying to use the mandate to push legislation through Congress in the first hundred days |
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| term given to the president after he begins his second term. Therefore, he can't be nominated for a third term |
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| a law will be interpreted in the way it has already been interpreted |
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| a party who files a complaint alleging wrongdoing on the part of a defendant |
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| the authority of a court of law to hear and decide a case |
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| case or controversy principle |
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| a party must have suffered, or be about to suffer an injury. economic of aesthetic |
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| doctrine of political questions |
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| An issue that the federal courts refuse to decide because it properly belongs to the decision-making authority of elected officials |
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| doctrine of stare decisis |
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| "Stand by decided matters" refers to the fact that American courts rely heavily on precedent |
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| An annulment of a judgment, sentence, or decree made by a lower court or authority |
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| enforce the courts decisions |
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| is a military court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. |
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| A custom whereby presidential appointments are confirmed only if there is no objection to them by the senators from the appointee's... |
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| A writ or order by which a higher court reviews a decision of a lower court: "an order of certiorari |
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| a grant of certiorari from the Court requires the affirmative vote of at least four justices |
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| written documents containing legal arguments in support of a party's position |
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| often filed on behalf of organized groups that have an interest in the outcomes of a case |
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| a judge would reflect his views of the case in an opinion |
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| when the court is non unanimous |
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| an opinion written in support of the Court's decision |
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| an opinion that disagrees with the decision |
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| A combination of countries, parties, or groups sharing a common purpose. |
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| an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can... |
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| theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. It asserts... |
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| disrespect for the rules of a court of law |
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| modern administrative state |
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| consists of vast interconnecting webs of complicated administative systems, regulatory procedures and nameless bureaucrats |
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| a government agency or office |
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| people who hold the highest executive positions, come and go with changing presidential administrations |
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| people who occupy the middle-management, professional, technical, and clerical positions- obtain their jobs on the basis of merit and are protected for being fired for political reasons |
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| an agency of the United States government that is created by an act of Congress and is independent of the executive branch |
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| stresses protection of the agency's budget, powers, staff, and routines, often at the expense of what elected officials may want |
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| legislation that gives appropriate officials the authority to implement or enforce the law. |
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