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| entertainment, reporting the news, identifying public problems, socializing new generations, providing a political forum, and making profits |
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| The rise of the political press |
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| described by managed news and politically sponsered newspapers |
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| Mass Readership Newspaper |
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| development of telegraph and increased urbanization |
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| Beginning of the Electronic Media |
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| Scopes v. Monkey Trial over the radio and rise of large media empires |
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| broadcasting toward a specific demographic |
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| sensationalizing news and manipulating the public's views |
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| concentration of media owning |
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| management of news coverage (spin) |
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| ongoing efforts to try and get the media to play a story a certain way |
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| what the media does with political campaigns |
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| advertising, management of news coverage, presidential debates, voter impact |
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| lazy, only rewrites of old press releases, not much hard news generated |
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| media's outcome on the government |
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| media and the presidency, setting the public agenda, incumbents have a better advantage |
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| most publishers and owners are conservative |
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| founders feard tyrannical rulers, founders experienced the weakness of the congress under the articles of confederation, bicameralism attempts to balance the power among large and small states |
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| as stated in Article 1 Section 8 in constitution, control of money, regulation of trade and military, defining court structure |
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| implied powers of congress |
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| from neccessary and proper and McCulloch v. Maryland ruling, allows congress to enact laws that may assist the Congress in accomplishing goals directly related to the enumerated power |
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| lawmaking and representation |
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| representation of congress |
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| as a trustee, instructed delegate, or a combination of both |
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| Burkean approach, represent using your own knowledge base and judgement |
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| you must represent the voters opinions no matter what! |
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a significant part of congress
oversee Supreme court and executive branch |
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| diffrences in senate and house representation |
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| the senate can do the trustee rep b/c they can, however congressmen must represent their voters (instructed delegate) |
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| congressmen want goodies for their district |
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| Example NASA in Houston b/c Lyndon Johnson was in control of Texas |
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| the allocations of seats in the House to each state is decided by census which is due to voting patterns and support |
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| redrawing the boundaries of districts within each state |
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| main type dealing with legislative process, in both the house and senate, deals with legislative measures |
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| ad hoc committees, a.k.a. investigative committees, mainly used for the investigation of some specific issue |
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| subcategory of select committee or conference committee or Congress-wide committee |
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| look at the leadership in Congress |
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| meeting instead of a primary election, republicans call it conference |
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| the process of delivering benefits or goods or resources to your particular district (Lyndon Johnson again) |
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| related to positivist approach to law, the only real law or socially binding significance are law that pare produced by a body of people vs. natural law |
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| judge made law that originated in England and was derived from prevailing customs. Writing laws which are based on common practice already (customary law). Example: Old England |
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a court ruling bearing on subsequent legal decisions in similar cases
Emanating from stare decisis (Latin, let the decision stand), or standing on decided cases. |
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| state acts as a member of the community and can participate in the process of suing |
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| offenses against the community |
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| US Constitution, state constitutions, statutes and administrative regulations, case law |
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| basic judicial requirements |
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| jurisdiction and standing to sue |
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| United States District courts (low) |
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| United States Court of Appeals (medium) |
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| 13 courts (13th is called the Federal Circuit) judges appointed by the president |
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| justices appointed by the president |
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| superior, probate, county, municipal, domestic relations, justice of the peace and police magistrate |
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| original jurisdiction courts |
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| court that hears the case first |
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| 2nd stage appeals court, can be a court of original jurisdiction, settles constitutional matter through judical review, the justices are very involved in the process |
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| the supreme court process |
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| how cases reach the supreme court |
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| two lower court disagreements, remand (SC returns to lower to try again), lower court ruling conflicts with SC, case with broad significance, when a state courts has decided a substancial federal question, when the highest state court hold a federal law invalid, when the soliciter is pressuring the court to hear a case |
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| opinion, affirm, reverse, remand |
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| the power of the courts to declare the acts of governmental officials unconstitutional, Marbury v. Madison (SC took this power on by itself) |
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| taking a broad view of the constitution and using power to direct policy towards a desired goal |
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| rarely using judicial review and limiting judicial action in the policy process |
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| "deliver the body" charge someone with a crime and formally identify the crime or drop the charges |
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