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| 2 for each state. more personal leadership. |
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| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission |
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| A federal law enforcement agency that enforces laws against workplace discrimination. Came from the 14th amendment equal protection clause. |
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| A group of people officially delegated to perform a function, such as investigating, considering, reporting, or acting on a matter. |
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| A heightened standard of review used by the supreme court to determine the constitutional validity of a challenged practice |
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| A law declaring an act illegal without a judicial trial |
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| Executive Office of the President (EOP) |
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| A mini-bureaucracy created in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy |
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| A rebellion in which an army of 1,500 disgruntled and angry farmers led by Daniel Shays marched to Springfield, Massachusetts, and forcibly restrained the state court from foreclosing mortgages on their farms. |
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| A system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work and their behalf. |
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| Senate-House Conference Committee |
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| A temporary, ad hoc panel composed of House and Senate conferees which is formed for the purpose of reconciling differences in legislation that has passed both chambers. Conference committees are usually convened to resolve bicameral differences on major and controversial legislation. |
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| An agreement among the members of an organized society or between the governed and the government defining and limiting the rights and duties of each. |
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| Barbara Grutter thought her rejection from the University of Michigan’s law school was unfair. She thought the school accepted minority candidates over her even if those individuals had worse grades than her. Grutter claimed that the University of Michigan violated her 14th amendment rights. The United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the University of Michigan. |
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Course where the miranda rights are derived from. Arizona violated the 5th Amendment right to remain silent, and his 6th Amendment right to legal counsel. He was still guilty because he signed an agreement waiving his rights, still unconstitutional, must be read to you now.
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| Document drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that proclaimed the right of American colonies to separate from Great Britian. |
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| Constitution of the United States |
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| Document establishing the structure, functions, and limitations of government. |
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| Elected 1960. Democrat. known as "television president." Very effective in speeches and with people. Assassinated in 1963 |
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| Government can not force you to take part in a religion, nor can they tell you not to. |
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| Imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to civil liberties, including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. |
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| Imposes a number of restrictions on the federal government with respect to the rights of persons suspected of committing a crime. States you don't have to testify to yourself. Also states that the national government cant deny a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. |
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| In a direct democracy elected officials act as proxies of their electorate, and as such, are compelled to carry out their wishes. |
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| John James Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801. Longest serving chief justice |
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| John Locke (1632–1704) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. In the Two Treatises of Government, he defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal against claims that God had made all people naturally subject to a monarch. He argued that people have rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property, that have a foundation independent of the laws of any particular societ |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Meeting held in Philadelphia from September 5th to October 26th in 1774, in which 56 delegates (from every colony except Georgia) adopted a resolution in opposition to the coercive acts |
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| One of the Three civil war amendments, states that voting rights in states cannot be withheld on the basis of race, color, or previous position of servitude. |
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| One of the three civil war amendments, specifically bans slavery in the United States |
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| One of the three civil war amendments. Stated no U.S. citizen could be denied "equal protection of the laws" |
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| One who favors greater government intervention, particularly in economic affairs and in the provision of social services. |
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| One who favors limited government intervention, particularly in economic affairs. |
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| Our economy was doing well at the time. had a 0 deficit budget. Monica Lewinsky scandal. was impeached but not removed from office. |
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| Franklin D. Roosevelt. (FDR) |
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| President during the great depression and the start of WWII. New Deal. First president to serve more than 2 terms. Died during 4th term. |
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| Republican. Was Gov. of Cali. and an actor. Good at communicating with people, good with TV |
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| Sets out basic requirements for federal courts to follow in criminal trials. Includes speedy and public trials, impartial juries, trials in the state where the crime was committed, notice of the charges, the right to confront and obtain favorable witnesses, and the right to counsel. |
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| Son of first Bush. was president during 9/11. effective dealing with war on terror. non effective otherwise. |
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| Succeeds Truman in 1952. republican. General in WWII. 2 terms. Not effective speaker as FDR. |
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| System of government in which the local and regional governments derive all authority from a strong national government |
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| The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States "without distinction of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. |
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| The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators who are elected by the party conferences that hold the majority and the minority respectively. These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for their parties and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate. By rule, the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate. The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of his or her party in Senate, and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party. |
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| Dred Scott v Stanford (1857) |
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| The Supreme Court concluded that the U.S. Congress lacked the constitutional authority to bar slavery in the territories. This decision narrowed the scope of national power, while it enhanced that of the states. |
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| The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution,adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. The amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war. |
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| The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement, often referred to as layer-cake federalism |
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| The branch of the federal and state government empowered to make the laws that are then enforced by the executive branch and interpreted by the judicial branch. The legislative branch consists of Congress and the fifty state legislatures. |
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| The coherent set of values and beliefs about the purpose and scope of government held by groups and individuals |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| The compact between the thirteen original colonies that created a loose league of friendship, with the national government drawing its powers from the states. |
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| The executive is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the country. Executes the law. |
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| The first clause of the First Amendment; it directs the national government not to sanction an official religion |
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| The first ten amendments to the U.S. constitution. |
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| The government protected rights of individuals against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by governments or individuals |
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| The intertwined relationship between the national, state, and local governments that began with the New Deal, often referred to as marble cake federalism. |
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| The national legislative body of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. |
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| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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| The office that prepares the presidents annual budget proposal, reviews the budget programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules. |
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| The only officer of the House mentioned in the Constitution. chambers most powerful position, traditionally a member of the majority party. |
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| The powers of the national government derived from the enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause. |
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| The powers of the national government specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the constitution. |
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| Barron V Baltimore (1833) |
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| The supreme court ruled that the due process clause of the fifth amendment did not apply to the actions of states. This decision limited the bill of rights to the actions of congress alone. |
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| Those who favored a stronger national government and supported the proposed US constitution; later became the first U.S. political party |
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| Those who favored strong state government and a weak national government; opposed ratification of the constitution. |
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| Brown V. Board of Education (1954) |
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| US Supreme court decision holding that school segregation is inherently unconstitutional because it violates the fourteenth amendments guarantee of equal protection |
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| United States House of Representatives: the lower legislative house of the United States Congress. 435 members based on popularity of the state |
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| Was vice president until Reagan died. Republican. |
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| Wide ranging legislation passed by congress to outlaw segregation in public facilities and discrimination in employment, education, and voting. |
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| a formal way of halting senate action on a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate. |
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| a public office of sufficiently high rank that it provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter; "the American presidency is a bully pulpit" |
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| a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764.These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution. |
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| an interpretation of the constitution holding that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment requires state and local governments to guarantee the rights stated in the Bill of Rights |
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| committee to which proposed bills are referred, continues from one congress to the next. |
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| defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people |
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| elected 1984. not effective on TV. ends vietnam war. cold war is continuing. resigns b/c of watergate scandal, otherwise he would have been first president to get impeached |
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| false written statement that defames a person's character |
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| Necessary and proper clause |
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| gives congress the authority to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers specified in the constitution. Also called the elastic clause |
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| head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces |
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| highest court of all the courts, courts decision is final. |
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| mandates national law is supreme to all other laws passed by the states or by any other subdivision government |
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| official or executive ranking below and deputizing for a president. resides over the senate. Is a tie breaking vote in senate. |
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| one's personal interest or advantage, esp. when pursued without regard for others. |
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| protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. Must need a warrant. |
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| second level of deciding issues using judicial review, under strict scrutiny. |
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| Full faith and credit clause |
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| section of the Article IV of the constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state |
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| supreme court case that challenged a Louisiana statute requiring that all railroads provide separate accommodations for blacks and whites. Court found separate but equal did not violate the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment. |
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| system of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people |
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| the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society |
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| the personal guarantees and freedoms that the government can not abridge by law, constitution, or judicial interpretation |
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| the power delegated to the house in the constitution to charge the president, VP, or other "civil officers" including federal judges, with "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Senate then votes on it. |
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| Civil disobedience/non-violent protest |
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| the refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy, characterized by the employment of such nonviolent techniques as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes. |
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| the state of being a slave. |
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| the study of who gets what, when, and how - or how policy decisions are made |
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| the supreme court found that a woman's right to an abortion was protected by the right to privacy that could be implied from specific guarantees found in the bill of rights applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment |
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