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| a legislative act that inflicts punishment on particular persons or groups without granting them the right to a trial |
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| an order that requires an official to bring a specified prisoner into court and explain to the judge why the person is being held in prison |
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| Individual rights protected by the Constitution against the powers of the government |
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| the constitutional gaurantee that the government will not illegally or arbitrarily deprive a person of life, liberty, or property |
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| the requirement tha the government use fair, reasonable, and standard procedures whenever it takes any legal action against an individual |
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| the section of the first amendment that prohibits Congress from passing laws "respecting an establishment of religion" |
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| the provision fo the first amendment stating that the government cannot pass laws prohibiting the free excercise of religion |
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| three part test to determine whether government aid to parochial schools is constitutional |
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| an educational certificate, provided by the government that allows a student to use public funds to pay for a private or public school chosen by the student or parents |
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| the expression of beliefs, opinions, ideas through forms other than speech or print; speech involving actions and other nonverbal expressions |
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| the practice of spying on behalf of a foreign power to obtain information about government plans and activities |
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| a desructive act intended to hinder a nations defense efforts |
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| the act of levying war against the US of remaining loyal to its enemies |
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| speech that urges resistance to lawful authority or that advocates the overthrowing of a government |
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| advertising statements that describe products Commercial speech receives less protection under the first amendment than ordinary speech |
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| a published report of a falsehood that tends to injure a persons reputation or character |
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| the public utterance of a statement that holds a person up for contempt, ridicule or hatred |
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| words that when uttered by a public speaker, are so inflammatory that they could provoke the average listener to violence |
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| indecency or offensiveness in speech or expression, behavior, or appearance. |
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| computer programs designed to block access to certain websites |
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| cause for believing that there is a substantial likelihood that a person has commited or is about to commit a crime |
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| to prosecute a person twice for the same criminal offense; prohibited by the fifth amendment in all but a few circumstances |
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| providing damaging information or testimony against oneself in court |
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| a criminal procedural rule requiring that any illegally obtained evidence not be ammisible in court |
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| a series of statements informing criminal suspects, on their arrest, of their constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to counsel |
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| an individual who works in a bureaucracy |
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| a large complex hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions. |
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| independent executive agency |
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| a federal agency that is not located within a cabinet department |
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| political actions or decisions that benefit a particular party |
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| independent regulatory agency |
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| a federal organization that is responsible for creating and implementing rules that regulate private activity and protect the public interest in a particular sector of the economy |
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| an agency of the government that is run as a business enterprise |
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| nonmilitary government employment |
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| an administrative agency rule that carries the same weight as a statute enacted by a legislature |
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| a law enacted by a legislature to establish an administrative agency |
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| to render a judicial decision |
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| the process undertaken by an administrative agency when formally proposing, evaluating, and adopting a new regulation |
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| the application of technical skills to jobs without regard to political issues |
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| a three way alliance among legislators, bureaucrats, and interest groups to make or preserve policies that benefit their respective interests |
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| groups of individuals or organizations which consist of legislators and legislative staff members, interest group leaders, bureaucrats, the media, scholars, and other experts- that support particular policy positions on a given issue |
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| in the context of government employment, someone who "blows the whistle" (reports to authorites) on gross governmental inefficiency, illegal action, or other wrongdoing |
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| the transfer of the task of providing services traditionally provided by government to the private sector |
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| the head of the executve branch of government. the president |
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| the supreme commander of the military forces of the US |
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| the person who serves as the ceremonial head of a countrys government and represents that country to the rest of the world |
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| a person who represents one country in dealing with reps from another country |
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| the role of the president in recognizing and interacting with foreign governments |
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| the process of giving government jobs to individuals belonging to the winning political party |
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| a formal agreement between governments of two or more countries |
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| the refusal by an official |
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| a binding international agreement, or pact, that is made between the president and another head of state and that does not require senate approval |
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| an inherent executive power claimed by presidents to withhold information from, or to refuse to appear before, Congress or the courts. |
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| a scandal involving an illegal break in at the Democratic National Commitee offices in 1972 President Nixon |
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| an advisory group selected by the president to assist with decision making |
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| the name given to a presidents unofficial advisers. |
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| executive office of the president |
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| a group of staff agencies that assist the president in carrying out major duties |
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| the views of the citizenry about politics, public issues, and public policies |
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| a learning process through which most people acquire their political attitudes, opinions, beliefs and knowledge. |
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| agents of political socialization |
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| people and institutions that influence the political views of others |
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| newspapers, magazines, television, radio, the internet, and any other printed or electronic means of communication |
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| associates, often close to the age of oneself |
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| a numerical survey of the publics opinion on a particular topic at a particular moment |
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| in the context of opinion polling, a group of people selected to represent the population being studied |
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| a poll sample that does not accurably represent the population |
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| in the context of opinion polling, a sample in which each person within the entire population being polled has an equal chance of being chosen |
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| in the context of opinion polling, the difference between what the sample results show and what the true results would have been had everybody in the relevant population been interviewed |
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| a campaign tactic used to feed false or misleading information to potential voters, under the guise of taking an opinion poll, with the intent to push voters away from one candidate toward another |
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Definition
| a test given to voters to ensure that they could read and write and thus evaluate political information |
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| a fee of several dollars that had to be paid before a person could vote |
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| a clause in a state law that restricted the franchise (voting rights) to those whose grandfathers had voted |
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| a term used to describe the difference between the percentage of votes cast for a particular candidate by women and the percentage of votes cast for the same candidate by men |
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| a term used to describe the tendency of the southern states to vote democratic after the Civil War |
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| the center of the political spectrum, or those who hold moderate political views |
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| a group of individuals outside the government who organize to win elections, operate the government and determine policy |
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| an election in which the popular support for and relative strength of the parties shift as the parties are reestablished with different coalitions of supporters |
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| a political system in which two strong and established parties compete for political offices |
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| all of the citizens eligible to vote in a given election |
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| the document drawn up by each party at its national convention that outlines the policies and positions of the party |
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| a person who identifies himself or herself as being a member of a particular political party |
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| a loose knit group of party activists who organize and oversee party functions and planning during and between campaigns |
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| mutual agreement with others in a particular group |
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| a system of rewarding the party faithful and workers with government jobs or contracts |
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| a preliminary election held for the purpose of choosing a party's final candidate |
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| the politcal party that has more members in the legislature than the opposing party |
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| the political party that has more members in the legislature than the opposing party |
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Definition
| an alliance of individuals or groups with a variety of interests and opinions who join together to support all or part of a political partys platform |
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| in the US any party other than one of the two major parties |
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| a local unit of a political party's organization, consisting of a division or district within a city |
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| a political district within a city or a portion of a rural county; the smallest voting district at the local level |
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| the meeting held by each major party every four years to select presidential and vice presidential candidates |
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| a list of a political partys candidates for various offices |
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| the distribution of house seats among the states on the basis of their respective populations |
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| the geographic area that is served by one member in the house of reps |
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| a condition that results when, based on population and representation, the voting power of citizens in one district becomes more powerful than that of another district |
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| a rule or principle requiring that congressional districts have equal populations so that one persons vote counts as much as anothers vote |
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Definition
| the drawing of legislative districts boundaries in such a way as to maximize the influence of a certain group or political party |
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| minority majority district |
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| a district whose boundaries are drawn so as to maximize the voting power of minority groups |
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| representatives should serve the broad interests of the entire society |
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| reps should mirror the views of their constituents |
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| cheif among the leaders of the house of reps |
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| the party leader elected by the majority party in the house or in the senate |
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| the party leader elected by the minority party in the house or in the senate |
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| a member of the congress who assists the majority or minority leader in the house or in the senate in managing the partys legislative preferences |
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| a permenant committee in congress that deals with legislation concerning a particular area such as agriculture or foriegn relations |
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| a division of a larger committee that deals with a particular part of the committees policy area. most of the standing committees in congress have several subcommittees |
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makes rules on how bills will be considered and debated by the house |
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| the senate tradition of unlimited debate undertaken for the purpose of preventing action on a bill. |
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| a method of ending debate in the senate and brining the matter under consideration to a vote by the entire chamber |
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| a meeting held be a congressional committee or subcommittee to approve amend or redraft a bill |
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| a part of the congressional budgeting process that involves the creation of the legal basis for government prgrms |
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| a part of the congressional budgeting process that involves determining how many dollars will be spent in a given year on a particualr set of government activities |
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| october 1 through september 30 |
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| budget set in may for the next fiscal year |
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| budget set in september for the next fiscal yearsets binding limits on taxes and spending for the next fiscal year |
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