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| A centralized government system in which localor subdivisinoal governments exercise only those powers given to them by the central government |
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| A system of government consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. The central government created by such a league has only limited powers over the states. |
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| powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution. The first seventeen clauses of Article I, Section 8, specify most of the enumerated powers of Congress. |
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| elastic clause, or necessary and proper clause |
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| The clause in Article I, Section 8, that grants Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers. |
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| The authority to legislate for the protection of the health, morals, safety, and welfare of the people. In the United States, most police power is a reserved power of the states |
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| Powers held jointly by the national and state governments |
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| The constitutional provision that makes the Constituion and federl laws superior to all conflicting state and local news |
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| activities, problems, and policies that require state governments to intereact with one another |
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| An agreement between two or more states. Agreements on minor matters are made without congressional consent, but any compact that tends to increase the power of the contracting states relative to other states or relative to the national government generally required the consent of Congress. Such compacts serve as a means by which states can solve regional problems. |
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| The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries |
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| an order issued by a court to compel or restrain the performance of an act by an individual or entity |
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| The act of nullifying, or rendering void. Prior to the Civil War, southern supporters of states' rights claimed that a state had the right to declare a nationsl law to be null and void and therefore not binding on its citizens, on the assumption that ultimate sovereign authority rested with the several states |
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| The act of formally withdrawing from membership in an alliance; the withdrawl of a state from the federal union |
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| A system of government in which the states and the national government each remain supreme within their own sphere. The doctrine looks on nation and state as coequal sovereign powers. It holds that acts of states within their reserv ed powers are legitimate limitations on the powers of the national government |
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| The theory that the states and the national government should cooperate in solving problems |
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| a model of federalism in which specific programs and policies (depicted as vertical pickets in a picket fence) involve all levels of government - national, state, and local (depicted by the horizontal board in a picket fence) |
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| categorical grants-in-aid |
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| Federal grants-in-aid to states or local governments that are for very specific programs or projects |
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| for many categorical grant programs, money that the state must provide to "match" the federal funds. Some programs require the states to raise on 10% of the funds, whereas other approach an even share |
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| A method for adjusting the amount of money that a state must provide to receive federal funds. The formula used takes into account the wealth of the state or its ability to tax its citizens |
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| A plan both to limit the national government's power to regulate and to restore power to state governments. Essentially, the new federalism is designed to give the states greater ability to decide for themselves how government revenues should be spent |
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| federal programs that provide funds to state and local governments for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mental-health programs |
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| a requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply with certain rules |
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