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| -A system in which each branch of government has some power over the others. |
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| Collective action/collective action problems |
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| Situations in which the members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate reaping benefits from those who do work. |
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| Form of government where all citizens participate equally, either directly or through elected officials |
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| where the people themselves get together and all vote to make decisions |
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| The autonomy of individuals to manage their own financial decisions without government interference. |
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| Groups of like-minded people who try to influence the government. American gov. is setup to avoid domination by any of these groups |
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| -The division of power across the local, state, and national levels of government. |
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| An economic system based on competition among businesses without government interference |
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| Free riders/Free rider problems |
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| The incentive to benefit from others’ work without making a contribution, which leads individuals in a collective action situation to refuse to work together. |
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-System for implementing decisions made through the political process.
and governments (what, types, what it does, ideas about, etc) |
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| A cohesive set of ideas and beliefs used to organize and evaluate the political world |
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| Citizens elect people to represent them |
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| The process that determines what government does. |
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| conflict and compromise are natural parts of politics, e.g. national debate in ‘09/’10 over health care reform |
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| Political Process matters |
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| how political conflicts are resolved is important, e.g. 2012 presidential election, determining candidates etc. |
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| what happens in government affects our lives in countless ways, e.g. national arguments over gay marriage/gun control, etc. |
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| Services or actions (such as protecting the environment) that, once provided to one person, become available to everyone. Government is typically needed to provide public goods because they will be underproduced by the free market. |
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| A system of government that allows indirect representation of the popular will. |
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| The division of government power across the judicial, executive, and legislative branches |
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| 5 big ideas that shape Texas politics and government - individualism, liberty, constitutionalism, equality, democracy |
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| depletion of a shared resource by people acting for their own self interests |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Sent to the states for ratification in 1777, these were the first attempt at a new American government. |
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| Articles of confederation |
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| It was later decided that these restricted national government too much, and they were replaced by the Constitution. |
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| Type of legislature with 2 houses |
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| The first 10 amendments to the Constitution; they protect individual rights and liberties. |
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| Constitutional Amendments and process |
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Definition
2 ways to add amendment
1st way: national convention called by Congress by request of state legislators (never used…ever)
2nd way: proposal for change by 2/3 vote in both houses of congress then ratification by states:
2 options… 1) vote in ¾ of state legislators (most common)
2) vote by special ratifying conventions in ¾ of the states (only used for the 21st amendment
(repealing Prohibition)) |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| Occurred because of Shay’s Rebellion; ripped the Articles to shreds and started over |
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| the institution that officially elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. The President and Vice President are not elected directly by the voters. Instead, they are elected by "electors" who are chosen by popular vote on a state-by-state basis. |
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| explicitly granted to Congress, the president, or the Supreme Court in the first 3 articles of the Constitution, e.g. Congress to “raise and support armies,” or president as commander in chief. |
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| When a new law is introduced, it cannot punish a person who has violated the law before it was approved. |
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| Part of Article I Section 8 that grants Congress power to pass all laws related to one of its expressed powers. Also known as necessary and proper clause |
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| a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. |
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| A series of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that sought to sway public opinion toward the Federalists’ position. |
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| Described the central problem for government as the need to control factions; an essay written by James Madison and the tenth of the Federalist Papers, a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. It was published on November 22, 1787 under the pseudonym, Publius, the name under which all of the Federalist Papers were published. is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings. |
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| Those at the Constitutional Convention who favored a strong national government and a system of separated powers. |
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| Those at the Constitutional Convention who favored strong state governments and feared that a strong national government would be a threat to individual rights. |
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| Formal method of amending the United States Constitution: |
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Definition
Article V creates a two-stage process for amending the Constitution: proposal and ratification.
An amendment can be proposed by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or...
By two-thirds of state legislatures requesting Congress to call a national convention to propose amendments.
An amendment can be ratified by a favorable vote in three-fourths of all state legislatures or by such a vote in specially called ratifying conventions called in three-fourths of the states. |
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| Informal method of amending the United States Constitution |
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Definition
By judicial interpretation (in Marbury v. Madison-1803- the Supreme Court declared that the federal courts had the power to nullify actions of the national government if found to be in conflict with the Constitution.
Social, cultural and legal change. |
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| Full faith and credit clause |
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| Other states must respect, recognize and acknowledge the legal judgments and public records of people from other states. ( like marriage, divorce, etc) |
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| A compromise between large and small states, proposed by Connecticut, in which Congress would have two houses: a Senate with two legislators per state and a House of Representatives in which each state’s representation would be based on population (aka “Connecticut Compromise”). |
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| A negative or checking power over the other branches that allows Congress to remove the president, vice president, or other “officers of the US” for abuses of power. |
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| Powers supported by the Constitution that are not expressly stated in it. |
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| Majority vs. Minority Rights |
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| Madison argued factions must be set against one another to counter on another’s ambitions and prevent the tyranny of any single majority faction. The new nation would be large and diverse in which majority interest would be less likely to organize and therefore less able to dominate. This insight provides the basis for modern pluralism. |
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| -Also known as “unalienable rights,” the Declaration of Independence defines them as “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.” |
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| Smaller states at the Constitutional Convention proposed that each state should receive equal representation in the national legislature, regardless of size, in response to Virginia Plan. |
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| The idea that having a variety of parties and interest within a government will strengthen the system, ensuring that no group possesses total control. |
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| colony in which one or two individuals, usually land owners, remaining subject to their parent state's sanctions, retained rights that are today regarded as the privilege of the state, and in all cases eventually became so. |
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| A form of government in which the interests of the people are represented through elected leaders. |
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| The belief that a form of government in which the interests of the people are represented through elected leaders is the best form of government. |
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| powers--As defined in the Tenth Amendment, powers that are not given to the national government by the Constitution, or not prohibited to the states, are reserved by the states or the people. |
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| Group of farmers that were being taxed for the revolutionary war. Massachusetts was trying to pay the debt, but they were taxing the farmers a lot. No other states would help the. Direct result from the articles of confederation and catalyzed the creation of the constitution. |
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| The states’ decision during the Constitutional Convention to count each slave as three-fifths of a person in a state’s population for the purposes of determining the number of House members and the distribution of taxes. |
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| plan proposed by the larger states during the Constitutional Convention that based representation in the national legislature on population. The plan also included a variety of other proposals to strengthen the national government. |
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| A form of federalism in which states compete to attract businesses and jobs through the policies they adopt. |
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| Ensures that all powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people |
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| was intended to give the national government control over the potentially discriminatory laws of southern states after the Civil War. Section 1 guarantees that no state shall make or enforce any law depriving any person of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,” or denying any person the “equal protection of the laws.” Section 5 empowers Congress “to enforce” those guarantees by “appropriate legislation.” |
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| Federal aid to state or local governments that is provided for a specific purpose, such as mass transit programs within the transportation budget or a school lunch program within the education budget |
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| Federal aid provided to state government to be spent within a certain policy area,but state can decide how to spend money within that area |
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Definition
13th-Abolish slavery
14th- Due process clause of 14th, equal protection clause, – Remedial legislation comes from Section 5 of 14th. National law can address discriminatory state law |
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| A type of government which centralizes on certain fiscal impact within the government. Issues under it are federal income tax provisions and regulatory delays and nonenforcement. |
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| states that the United States Congress shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." |
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| form of government in which states hold power over a limited national government |
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| Form of federalism in which national and state governments work together to provide services efficiently. Emerged in 1930's, representing a profound shift towards less concrete boundaries of responsibility in nation-state relations. Also known as "marble cake" federalism |
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| The form of federalism favored by chief justice Roger Taney in which national and state government are seen as distinct entities providing separate services. This model limits the power of the national government |
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Definition
| Form of government that divides sovereign power across at least two political units / The division of power across local, state, and national government |
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| Form of federalism in which federal funds are allocated to lower levels of government through transfer payments or grants |
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| A landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. |
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| Good things about federalism |
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Definition
| Diverse for a population, Minimizes policy conflict,Interstate Compacts,Closer to people… ,Healthy dispersion of power creates more opportunities for participation… ,Policy innovation at state levels… ,States can try out new ideas as "Laboratories", State and local levels good training ground,Privileges and immunities clause |
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| Federalism where all levels of government work together in carrying their duties to administer programs and policies that is the national state and local. |
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