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| Helped businessmen travel inside of the newly-built taller buildings |
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| Allowed people to live outside of the inner city while still working and pursuing leisure activities within it |
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| Wrote books that exposed immigrant conditions; thanks to him, New York passed laws to improve tenements |
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| Opened in 1892 as an immigration center/checkpoint; Immigrants were physically examined before they could enter the US and many were turned away |
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| What immigrants experienced when they left their common community and moved to an area with many cultures, religions, and backgrounds |
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| Houses in poor immigrant neighborhoods where social activists would provide assistance and resources |
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| "The Mother of Social Work"; Opened Hull House, a settlement house for immigrants; part of the Social Gospel |
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| Small, overcrowded apartments where large families (or multiple families) lived; unsanitary and unsafe |
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| 1882; Prohibited Chinese from immigrating; was not repealed until 1943 |
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| Invented by Alexander Graham Bell; Improved communication |
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| Increased the rate at which letters and documents could be written and exchanged |
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| Makeshift factories opened in small buildings; poorly lit and ventilated; dangerous |
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| Places in cities that families could go for leisure time; ex. Coney Island |
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| Boxing, baseball, and horse racing; People in cities began to come watch for leisure |
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| A cheap and efficient way of manufacturing steel, created by Henry Bessemer, and revolutionized the steel industry |
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| Created Carnegie Steel Co., which became a monopoly and later merged with J.P. Morgan to form US Steel; donated over $500 million to charity and the community |
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| Created a monopoly called Standard Oil, which provided fuel and other petroleum products to companies and people |
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| Involved in finances and steel; owned J.P. Morgan & Co.; Bought Carnegie's steel company and exercised control over many financial companies |
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| Owned the New York Central Railroad; basically controlled trade since he controlled the railroad and shipping |
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| 1859; first struck oil and began to drill for it in western Pennsylvania |
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| John Rockefeller's monopoly and oil empire |
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| Carnegie and Morgan's steel monopoly |
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| Founded Westinghouse Electric; invented an electrical transformer |
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| Believed in by Carnegie; stated that the wealthy had a responsibility to help others |
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| Wrote children's books in which the characters went from poverty to wealth through hard work and diligence, rather than inherited social status |
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| The belief from Herbert Spencer that life and business is a battle for "survival of the fittest" |
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| A business arrangement where a number of companies unite into one system |
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| Exclusive control over all aspects of a business and companies that provide for that business in order to eliminate competition |
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| Term dubbed by Mark Twain that referred to a thin layer of prosperity covering the poverty and corruption in society |
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| Horrible. Unsanitary, unsafe, low wages, long hours, poor light and ventilation |
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| Children as young as 5 had to work for a living instead of attend school |
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| Labor unions for skilled workers of a craft; ex. Printers |
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| Labor unions for "unskilled" workers who made their money in a trade; ex. Masons, bricklayers |
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| Formed in 1869; aimed to unite all men and women into one union; included women and African Americans; a series of failed strikes led to its decline in the 1890's |
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| Haymarket Square, Chicago; May 4, 1886: Union members were doing a demonstration on 8-hr workdays when a bomb went off, killing police officers. A violent gunfight ensued that killed many. |
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| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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| Craft union led by Samuel Gompers that relied on economic pressure like strikes and boycotts to fight for wages, hours, and working conditions |
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| Proposed a new industrial union for all railway workers to protect wages and rights; Wanted to clean up corruption in unions (no violence in strikes) |
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| Refusal of employees to work until their demands were met |
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| Working to make an acceptable compromise |
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| A neutral third party gives advice so a solution is found |
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| 1890: Passed by Benjamin Harrison; said trusts were illegal and broke up Standard Oil |
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| Established a civil service commission that required applicants for office to pass a civil service exam before being accepted into a political position; tried to break up the spoils system |
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| Led by a boss, who used graft (using a position to gain wealth). Politicians awarded their followers like a bribe. |
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| Stole $100 million from the city treasury; a large political machine that was eventually brought down by the help of Thomas Nast's political cartoons |
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| Boss Tweed's political club that controlled the Democratic party in the city |
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| Made political cartoons that helped bring down Boss Tweed |
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| A scandal that involved government officials and stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad |
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| The use of one's political job or position to gain wealth |
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| Involved internal revenue collectors |
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| The political movement by the Populist Party |
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| Secret Ballot (Australian) |
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| A person's votes are kept secret |
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| People could force a vote on an issue if they got a large petition |
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| Citizens can directly vote on issues rather than trusting their votes through elected officials |
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| People have the power to remove corrupt political officials from office before their term expired |
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| 1884: Republicans who switched sides in the election and voted for Dem. candidate Grover Cleveland |
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