Term
|
Definition
•The War of 1812 cut off British manufactured goods & forced the US to industrialize. Advances in technology and improvements in transportation made the Industrial Revolution possible, and the federal government sought to aid manufacturing in the United States
•Advanced Technology – Industrial Revolution – Market Revolution |
|
|
Term
| Bringing Factories to America |
|
Definition
•Slater brought British technology to the US & built the first water powered textile mill in Rhode Island. “Father of the Factory System”
•Lowell built a factory in Massachusetts that produced cloth and employed young women |
|
|
Term
| Advances in Transportation |
|
Definition
•Improved Roads
–Toll Roads and Turnpikes
–National Road (Maryland to Ohio) paid for by the federal government
Improved Water Transportation
Steamboat (Robert Fulton)
Erie Canal (1825, Hudson River to Lake Erie, made NYC the commercial capital of the US)
Railroads – faster & carried more weight than ships, cheaper to build than canals |
|
|
Term
| Advances in Transportation |
|
Definition
•Improved Roads
–Toll Roads and Turnpikes
–National Road (Maryland to Ohio) paid for by the federal government
Improved Water Transportation
Steamboat (Robert Fulton)
Erie Canal (1825, Hudson River to Lake Erie, made NYC the commercial capital of the US)
Railroads – faster & carried more weight than ships, cheaper to build than canals |
|
|
Term
Technological Advances
Eli Whitney |
|
Definition
•First used INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS, which made mass production possible
•Cotton gin helped cause the Cotton Boom of the South and led to a need for more slaves to harvest cotton |
|
|
Term
echnological Advances
Samuel Morse & I.M. Singer |
|
Definition
•Morse invented the telegraph in 1837. It revolutionized communication across the nation
•Singer improved upon the sewing machine invented by Elias Howe, which decreased the cost of manufacturing clothing, making it available to more consumers |
|
|
Term
Technological Advances
John Deere & Cyrus McCormick |
|
Definition
•John Deere developed the steel plow, which improved planting methods on farms
•Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper to harvest grain, which was more efficient and required less man-power than reaping manually. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Created by Henry Clay
•Nationalist economic program that included:
–Tariff of 1816: protective tariff to boost American manufacturing by taxing British imports
–Internal Improvements: Federal government would finance new roads and infrastructure
–National Bank: Would allow federal government to control the money supply & banking practices
–Southerners opposed the American System due to the Tariff. Others opposed it because they thought states should pay for internal improvements |
|
|
Term
| Sectional Differences Develop |
|
Definition
•North industrialized
•South remained agrarian
–Access to capital –Invested in slaveryrather than machinery
–Access to workers –Cotton gin improved cotton production-”King Cotton”
–Access to rivers –More slaves were needed free
workers did not migrate to the
south
–Protected by tariffs |
|
|
Term
“Era of Good Feelings”
1816-1824 |
|
Definition
•Following the end of the War of 1812, only the Democratic-Republican party remained in the US.
•James Monroe was elected president in 1816 and presided over the so-called “Era of Good Feelings”
•Many issues that caused tension existed during the Era of Good Feelings (slavery, expansion, tariff) despite the general peaceful time |
|
|
Term
| Nationalist Policy Under President Monroe |
|
Definition
•American System
•Adams-Onis Treaty-1821 treaty made by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spain that sold Florida to the US. Spain also gave up any claim to the Oregon territory in the Pacific Northwest
•Monroe Doctrine-Policy issued by the US in 1823 that warned European nations from interfering in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, specifically Latin America |
|
|
Term
| Sectional Tension During Monroe’s Presidency |
|
Definition
•Missouri Compromise 1820: admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Established boundary at 36-30 parallel – slavery could exist below the line, not above
•Maintained balance of slave and free states in Congress
•Written by Henry Clay
•Temporarily settled the question of slavery |
|
|
Term
Presidential Election of 1824 |
|
Definition
John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson
Democratic-Republican From Massachusetts
Secretary of State Democratic-Republican
Son of Pres. John Adams General
Senator from Tennessee
“Old Hickory”
William Crawford Henry Clay
Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican
Secretary of Treasury Speaker of the House
From Georgia “Great Compromiser”
From Kentucky |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Jackson won the most popular votes and electoral votes, but did not win a MAJORITY of electoral votes
•Election was decided by the House of Representatives between Jackson and Adams
•Henry Clay was Speaker of the House and supported John Quincy Adams
•Adams was chosen by the House of Representatives to be president over the protests of Jackson and his followers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Shortly after Adams was elected President, he appointed Henry Clay to be his Secretary of State
•Jackson and his supporters thought this was proof of an unethical agreement between Adams and Clay to help elect Adams as president
•This was known as the “Corrupt Bargain” |
|
|
Term
| John Quincy Adams as President |
|
Definition
•Jackson & his supporters blocked virtually everything Adams wanted to pass through Congress
•Adams was a nationalist who favored the Bank, the tariff, internal improvements by the federal government, a strong central government, and wanted new educational and scientific programs in America
•The “Corrupt Bargain” hurt both Adams and Henry Clay politically
•Adams loses to Jackson in the Election of 1828
•Like his father, he was elected to only 1 term |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Andrews
Jackson as
President
1828-1836 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Jackson began the Spoils System in Washington politics – this is the practice of rewarding political supporters and friends with government jobs
•Jackson claimed this made government more democratic and open to the “common man”, who otherwise would not have the chance to hold such positions
•Often led to inefficiency and corruption since appointees weren’t always qualified or honest
•“To the Victor Go The Spoils” |
|
|
Term
| Jackson & Native Americans |
|
Definition
•Worcester vs. Georgia 1832-Cherokee appealed to the US Supreme Court to keep their lands. John Marshall ruled that the federal government could not seize Native American lands
•Jackson refused to enforce the decision
•“Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
•1830-Indian Removal Act passed. It forced Native American tribes of the American southeast to vacate their lands and move west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory (modern day Oklahoma) |
|
|
Term
| South Carolina Nullification Crisis |
|
Definition
•Congress increased the Tariff of 1828.
•“Tariff of Abominations”
•Southern states were outraged, and South Carolina led the charge to nullify the tariff
President Jackson didn’t like the tariff, but refused to allow a state to ignore a federal law |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jackson’s Vice President, John C.
Calhoun of S.C. anonymously wrote
The South Carolina Exposition that
encouraged nullification. Calhoun
later resigned as vice president. |
|
|
Term
| South Carolina Nullification Crisiscontinued |
|
Definition
•Jackson threatened to use federal troops to enforce the tariff in South Carolina (Force Bill gave Jackson authority to do so).
•South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union if Jackson used military force.
•South Carolina thought other southern states would join them, but none did.
•Neither Jackson nor S.C. wanted to back down and end the crisis |
|
|
Term
| Tariff Compromise of 1833 |
|
Definition
•Both Jackson and South Carolina were allowed to back down when Henry Clay drafted a compromise tariff in 1833 that gradually reduced the tariff over the next 10 years. |
|
|
Term
| Jackson Dismissed His Cabinet |
|
Definition
•Jackson fired his entire Cabinet except for Martin Van Buren because the wives of cabinet members would not socialize with a “scandalous” woman – Margaret “Peggy” Eaton
•This demonstrates Jackson’s inflexibility |
|
|
Term
| Jackson Vows to Destroy the National Bank |
|
Definition
•In 1832, Jackson vetoed the re-charter of the Bank of the United States
•He felt the bank was corrupt and catered to the needs of the wealthy, not the common man, and was unconstitutional
•Congress over-rode the veto and the Bank was re-chartered
•Jackson withdrew all federal monies from the BUS and placed it in state “pet” banks
•This destabilized the value of money, caused inflation, and hurt the economy overall
•Jackson also required all federal land purchased to be made with gold or silver rather than paper currency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•After Jackson’s veto of the Bank, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed the Whig Party to oppose Jackson’s policies
•Whigs were much like the Federalists of old
•They claimed Jackson abused his power and behaved much like a king, not a president
•Henry Clay ran as a Whig against Jackson in 1832 for president, but lost
•The introduction of the Whig Party renewed the Two-Party System in the US |
|
|
Term
| Democracy Grew During the Age of Jackson |
|
Definition
•Land requirements for voting disappeared creating universal white male suffrage
•National nominating conventions replaced caucuses for selecting political candidates
•The Spoils System opened government positions to segments of society who never before had the opportunity to serve in government |
|
|
