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| the application of information to a general situation that has been acquired from a specific instance (research study). |
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| outcome or the presumed effect that varies with a change in the independent variable |
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| view of the person experiencing the phenomenon that reflects his/her culture, values, beliefs, and experiences |
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| Qualitative studies involve |
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| Understanding the meaning of a human experience such as grief, hope, or loss |
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| an organized critique of the scholarly literature that supports a study. |
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| Individuals who have special knowledge, status, or communication skills and who are willing to teach about the phenomenon |
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| Does a fully developed research question always have a clear answer? |
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| the aims or goals the investigator hopes to achieve with the research |
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| 3 parts of a true experimental design |
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| randomization, control, manipulation |
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| outcome you are trying to measure |
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| Describes new situations, events, or concepts |
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| 4 types of quantitative research |
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-Descriptive
-Correlational
-quasi-experimental
-Experimental |
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| When is descriptive research conducted? |
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| when there isn't enough info on how often, if, or to what extent something occurs |
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-Exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations
-New meaning is discovered and the description of concepts is accomplished
-It helps to identify relationships |
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| What does correlational research test? |
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| the strength of the statistical relationship between or among variables, usually as they exist in a natural setting, not a research lab. Variables are measured, and then calculations are performed to demonstrate whether variables are correlated and how strong that relationship is |
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-looks at the relationship between 2 or more variables
-explains what is seen
-NO CAUSE AND EFFECT
-determines strength/type of relationship |
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| quasi-experimental research |
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-cause and effect relationships
-less control than experimental
-samples not randomly selected
-all variables cannot be controlled |
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| What do quasi-experimental studies lack that experimental studies have? |
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-a control group that is distinct and separate from the experimental group
-randomly assigned subjects to either treatment or control group |
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| True or false: quasi-experimental research looks like experimental search but lacks randomly assigned control group |
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-looks at cause and effect relationships
-highly controlled
-involves measurement of independent and dependent variables |
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| 3 things common to all experimental studies |
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-control group
-randomly assigned subjects
-intervention to only experimental group |
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| gold standard of research designs |
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| randomized controlled trial |
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| True or false: Experimental studies have controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable |
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| people with a disease are matched with people who do not have the disease (look for other characteristics as well- such as hx of smoking) |
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-prospective
-subjects who presently have a certain condition and/or receive a particular treatment are followed over time and compared with another group who are not affected by the condition |
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| exposure and outcome are evaluated at the same time |
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-prospective
-collection of data at multiple time points
-repeated observations of same data over long periods of time |
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| Knowledge applied directly in the actual setting in which the study was conducted |
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| Striving for excellence in research and adherence to detail |
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| the process of assigning subjects to either experimental or control group |
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| the process of selecting the total sample from a larger population (ex: selecting only every third person who comes into an emergency room) |
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-occur in all research studies
-may interfere with the stated relationships between variables
-can be decreased through sample selection and the use of defined research settings |
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| Studies with small sample sizes often done to test the feasibility of the intervention that will be used in a larger follow up study |
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-describe life experiences and give them meaning
-narrative that describes what is happening |
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| qualitative research data is |
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| 5 approaches to qualitative research |
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-phenomenology
-grounded theory
-ethnographic
-historical research
-case study |
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| Purpose is to describe and capture the “lived experience” of study participants |
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-uses textual analysis
-exposes hidden meanings
-helps to understand human nature
-based on heidiggers philosophy |
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| grounded theory is based on |
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| symbolic interaction theory |
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| grounded theory is similar to |
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| how people define reality and how their beliefs are related to their actions |
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| humans who interact with one another over time develop certain shared meanings represented as symbols, which represent common thoughts, beliefs, and values |
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-for studying cultures
-seeks to understand people's beliefs, ways of living, etc. |
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| study from within a culture |
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| study from outside the culture |
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| historical research is based on |
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| narrative report of one or more research subjects or families in a given setting |
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| Area of concern; gap in knowledge needed for practice |
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-Goal, aim, focus, or objective of study
-Includes variables, population, and setting |
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| interrogative statements that focus on what variables or concepts are to be described and what relationships might exist among them |
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| Relationship between variables |
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| cause and effect relationship between variables |
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| non directional hypotheses |
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| Relationship exists between variables, but hypothesis does not predict nature of relationship |
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| Nature (positive or negative) of interaction between two or more variables is stated |
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| States there is no difference or relationship between variables |
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-States what researcher thinks is true
-There is a relationship between two or more variables |
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| the variable is not recognized until the study is in process or cannot be controlled |
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| Contain sample characteristics of subjects |
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| Abstract meaning of a variable that usually is based on theory |
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| Way of defining a variable that makes it measurable or manipulable in real world |
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