What you observe in the client

A pattern of observable behaviors that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion). Common examples of affect are sadness, elation, and anger. In contrast to mood, which refers to a more pervasive and sustained emotional "climate," affect refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional "weather." What is considered the normal range of the expression of affect varies considerably, both within and among different cultures. Disturbances in affect include

Significant reduction in the intensity of emotional expression.

Absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression.

Discordance between affective expression and the content of speech or ideation.

Abnormal variability in affect with repeated, rapid, and abrupt shifts in affective expression.

Mild reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression.

Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious and consists of such behavior as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still

Agitation is a motor activity

Anxiety is an internal state of being 

Produces a reaction or effect otn eh central nervous system. 
--all fo the substances of abuse are agonists

A chemical entity extrinsic to endogenously produced substances that acts on a receptor and is capable of producing the maximal effect that can be produced by stimulating that receptor. A partial agonist is capable only of producing less than the maximal effect even when given in a concentration sufficient to bind with all available receptors.

has an effect on teh central nervous system, and blocks the effects of another substance.

A chemical entity extrinsic to endogenously produced substances that acts on a family of receptors (such as mu, delta, and kappa opiate receptors) in such a fashion that it is an agonist or partial agonist on one type of receptor and an antagonist on another.

impoverished thinking, which can be manifested through:
--poverty of speech: talk little or none and say little or nothing
--poverty of content: talk a lot but say little or nothing.

An impoverishment in thinking that is inferred from observing speech and language behavior. There may be brief and concrete replies to questions and restriction in the amount of spontaneous speech (poverty of speech). Sometimes the speech is adequate in amount but conveys little information because it is overconcrete, overabstract, repetitive, or stereotyped (poverty of content).

Loss of memory of events that occur after the onset of the etiological condition or agent.

Loss of memory of events that occurred before the onset of the etiological condition or agent.

can be focused (phobia) or free-floating (everything else)

The apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension. The focus of anticipated danger may be internal or external.

problem in understanding communications or being able to communicate because of damage to the brain

--frequently seen in dementias.

An impairment in the understanding or transmission of ideas by language in any of its forms—reading, writing, or speaking—that is due to injury or disease of the brain centers involved in language.

loss of voice resulting form disease or injury to the larynx.

An inability to produce speech sounds that require the use of the larynx that is not due to a lesion in the central nervous system.

Partial or complete loss of coordination of voluntary muscular movement.

The ability to focus in a sustained manner on a particular stimulus or activity. A disturbance in attention may be manifested by easy distractibility or difficulty in finishing tasks or in concentrating on work.

An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. When severe enough to be considered pathological, avolition is pervasive and prevents the person from completing many different types of activities (e.g., work, intellectual pursuits, self-care).

Waxy flexibility—rigid maintenance of a body position over an extended period of time.

"swooning"
DirectTV commercial: customer faints when he hears everything he's getting

Episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone resulting in the individual collapsing, often in association with intense emotions such as laughter, anger, fear, or surprise. 

a number of different marked motor abnormalities

--catalepsy is one type of catatonic behavior

--know other types presented int eh definition

Marked motor abnormalities including motoric immobility (i.e., catalepsy or stupor), certain types ofexcessive motor activity (apparently purposeless agitation not influenced by external stimuli),extreme negativism (apparent motiveless resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved) ormutism, posturing or stereotyped movements, and echolalia or echopraxia.

A loss of, or alteration in, voluntary motor or sensory functioning suggesting a neurological or general medical condition. Psychological factors are judged to be associated with the development of the symptom, and the symptom is not fully explained by a neurological or general medical condition or the direct effects of a substance. The symptom is not intentionally produced or feigned and is not culturally sanctioned.

Automatic psychological process that protects the individual against anxiety and from awareness of internal or external stressors or dangers. Defense mechanisms mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, and acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others, such as suppression and denial, may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur. Definitions of specific defense mechanisms and how they would be recorded using the Defensive Functioning Scale are presented in Defensive Functioning Scale.

false beliefs that are well-defined and fixed

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (e.g., it is not an article of religious faith). When a false belief involves a value judgment, it is regarded as a delusion only when the judgment is so extreme as to defy credibility. Delusional conviction occurs on a continuum and can sometimes be inferred from an individual's behavior. It is often difficult to distinguish between a delusion and an overvalued idea (in which case the individual has an unreasonable belief or idea but does not hold it as firmly as is the case with a delusion). Delusions are subdivided according to their content. Some of the more common types are listed below: Bizarre, Delusional Jealousy, Erotomanic, Grandiose, mood-congruent, mood-incongruent, of being controlled, of reference, persecutory, somatic, thought broadcasting, thought insertion.

A delusion that involves a phenomenon that the person's culture would regard as totally implausible.

The delusion that one's sexual partner is unfaithful.

A delusion that another person, usually of higher status, is in love with the individual.

A delusion of inflated worth, power, knowledge, identity, or special relationship to a deity or famous person.

A delusion in which feelings, impulses, thoughts, or actions are experienced as being under the control of some external force rather than being under one's own control. 

A delusion whose theme is that events, objects, or other persons in one's immediate environment have a particular and unusual significance. These delusions are usually of a negative or pejorative nature, but also may be grandiose in content. This differs from an idea of reference, in which the false belief is not as firmly held nor as fully organized into a true belief.

The delusion that certain of one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather are inserted into one's mind.

loose thought associations

flight of ideas is derailment with accelerated (pressured) speech

("loosening of associations") A pattern of speech in which a person's ideas slip off one track onto another that is completely unrelated or only obliquely related. In moving from one sentence or clause to another, the person shifts the topic idiosyncratically from one frame of reference to another and things may be said in juxtaposition that lack a meaningful relationship. This disturbance occurs between clauses, in contrast to incoherence, in which the disturbance is within clauses. An occasional change of topic without warning or obvious connection does not constitute derailment

attention shifts from one thing to another

in avolition, on the other hand, attention does not shift, it just stops

The inability to maintain attention, that is, the shifting from one area or topic to another with minimal provocation, or attention being drawn too frequently to unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli.

involuntary movements accompanied by distortions in voluntary movmeents

ataxia does not have the involuntary movements

Distortion of voluntary movements with involuntary muscular activity.

Sustained emotional state

NOT AFFECT

you need to know the types of moods

A pervasive and sustained emotion that colors the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional "weather," mood refers to a more pervasive and sustained emotional "climate."Types of mood include: dysphoric, elevated, euthymic, expansive, irritable

Objective manifestation of a disorder

for example, flat affect may be a sign of depression

An objective manifestation of a pathological condition. Signs are observed by the examiner rather than reported by the affected individual.

subjective manifestation of a disorder

for example, feelign sad may be a symptom of depression

A subjective manifestation of a pathological condition. Symptoms are reported by the affected individual rather than observed by the examiner.

a grouping of signs and symptoms

the diagnostic criteria for each disorder is a syndrome

A grouping of signs and symptoms, based on their frequent co-occurrence, that may suggest a common underlying pathogenesis, course, familial pattern, or treatment selection.