1)Geocentric Model

1) Theory of the universe that states the eath is the center, and that the sun revolves around it

2) Heliocentric Model

2) (1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of the founders of Europe's scientific revolution, one of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct.

3) Scientific Revolution

3) An offshoot of the Renaissance in which scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method. The Scientific Method uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works.

4) Cultural Diffusion

4) The spreading of ideas through contact such as trade or war.

5) Scientific Method

5) Uses observation and experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe.

6) Galileo Galilei

6) 1564–1642, Italian physicist and astronomer.

7) Isaac Newton

7) 1642–1727, English philosopher and mathematician: formulator of the law of gravitation.

8) Causes of Scientific Revolution

8) revolutions are messy. there are constant shifts and changes throughout a revolution itself

Week 2

1) John Locke

1) 1632–1704, English philosopher.

2) The Enlightment

2) the act of enlightening.

3) Thomas Hobbes

3) English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

4) Natural Rights

4) Concept of John Locke’s that states all people have the right to life, liberty, and property.

5) Social Contract

5) Theory of Thomas Hobbes that states the people form a social contract with government where they give up all rights for protection from other citizens

6) Jacobins

6) A radical or extreme leftist.

7) Estates Gerneral

7) The legislative body of France. Composed of representatives from the three estates which are Clergy in the First Estate, Nobles in the Second Estate, and peasants in the Third Estate. Each Estate is entitled to one vote on legislative matters. The Estates General was never as strong as the British Parliament of the American Congress.

8) Bourgeoisie

8) Term given to the middle class people in society.

9) Creoles

9) In colonial Latin America, American born Spanish gentry, They owned most of the land but were treated like second class citizens, and were denied political rights.

10) Peninsulares

10) In colonial Latin America, Spanish official sent to govern Latin American colonies. They controlled government completely.

11) Jose San Martin

11) Joined forces to defeat Spanish Army

12) Voltaire

12) (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

13) Montesquieu

13) (1689-1755) Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. In his book, Montesquieu describes what he considers to be the best government. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Montesquieu explained that under this system each branch would Check and Balance the others, which would help protect the people's liberty.

14) Rousseau

14) (1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the cause of most problems. Rousseau believed that government should be run according to the will of the majority, which he called the General Will. He claimed that the General Will would always act in the best interest of the people.

15) Salons

15) an assembly of guests in such a room, esp. an assembly, common during th 17th and 18th centuries, consising of the leaders in scciety, art, politics, etc.

16) Enlightened Despot

16) A monarch who retains absolute control of their country while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas.

17) Nationalism

17) Pride in one’s country or culture, often excessive in nature.

18) Limited Monarchy

18) (1689) A Bill of Rights written after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 which placed William and Mary on the throne of England. The bill created a limited monarchy and established Parliament as the ruling body of the nation.

19) Napolenonic Code

20) Congress of Vienna

20) Meeting of European political leaders to reestablish former territorial borders after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the fall of Napoleon. The Congress was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815, and was dominated by Prince Metternich of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

21) Balance of Power

21) A political policy in which countries attempt to preserve peace by keeping an equal military and economic status.

22) Miguel Hidalgo

22)

23) Revolution

23) an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

24) Causes of French Revolution

24) causes : denial rights, economic debt, enlightenment ideas, and impact of American and English Revolutions

25) Estates 1st, 2nd, 3rd

25) 1st estate - clergy / church officials

2nd estate - titled nobility

3rd estate - poor workers and rural peasants

26) Louis XVI

26) (1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded.

27) Maximilien Robespierre

27)wanted to erase France`s past. Jacobin leader

28) National Assembly

28) First new government during the first stage of the French Revolution.

29) Reign of Terror

29) a period of the French Revolution, from about March, 1793, to July, 1794, during which many persons were ruthlessly executed by the ruling faction.

30) Concordat

30) an agreement between the pope and a secular government regarding the regulation of church matters.

31) Napoleon`s impact on Europe

31) four powers meet to achieve peace and sability in Europe. Great Britain, Prussia, Austria,and Russia with France

32) Simon Bolivar

32) Surprise attack on Spanish Army.

33) Toussaint de L`Ouvertune

33) 100,000 revolt, the first black colony to be independent

week 3

1)capital

1) Money that is used for investment.

2) Factories

2) a building or group of buildings with facilities for the manufacture of goods.

3) Corporation

3) an association of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous existence independent of the existences of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from those of its members.

4) Conservatism

4) the disposition to preserve or restore what is established and traditional and to limit change.

5) Mass Production

5) The manufacturing of products on a large scale, usually through the use of machines.

6) Socialism

6)  A political system where the means of production are controlled by the workers and all things are shared evenly. Socialist policies provide for government funding of many basic needs such as food, shelter, and medical care.

7) Friedrich Engels

7)

8) Utopians

8) often Utopian Of, relating to, describing or having the characteristics of a Utopia

9) Giuseppe Garibaldi

9) Italian general and nationalist who led 1,000 volunteers in the capture of Sicily and Naples (1860). His conquest led to the formation of the kingdom of Italy (1861).

10) Realpolitik

10) political realism or practical politics, esp. policy based on power rather than on ideals.

11) Horace Mann

11) 1796–1859, U.S. educational reformer: instrumental in establishing the first normal school in the U.S. 1839.

12) Agrarian Revolution

12) A change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers. The result of this revolution was a population explosion due to the higher availability of food. It was one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.

13) Laissez-faire

13) This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic system dominated most of the Industrial Revolution.

14) Urbanization

14) to make or cause to become urban, as a locality.

15) Social Darwinism

15) A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background

16) Capitalism

16) An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand.

17) Unions

17) The act of uniting or the state of being united.

18) Proletariat

18) Term given to the working class people in society.

19) Camillo di Cavour

19)

20) Junkers

20) 1859–1935, German aircraft designer and builder.

21) Kaiser

21) (1859-1941) King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany whose political policies led his country into World War I. He was forced from power when Germany lost the war.

22) Industrial Revolution

22) In the second half of the 19th century, it was the fundamental change in the way goods were produced through the use of machines, capital, and the centralization of work forces in factories. It completely altered the social, economic, and political structure of most of Europe, Japan, and the United States.

23) Adam Smith

23) 1723–90, Scottish economist.

24) Liberalism

24) the quality or state of being liberal, as in behavior or attitude.

25) Domestic System

25) a manufacturing system whereby workers make products in their own homes with materials supplied by entrepreneurs.

26) Entrepreneur

26) an employer of productive labor; contractor.

27) Karl Marx

27) 1818–83, German economist, philosopher, and socialist.

28) Communist Menifesto

28)  A book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that describes the new political system of scientific socialism, which becomes the basis for communism. The book states that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class), and predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.

29) Giuseppe Mazzini

29) 1805–72, Italian patriot and revolutionary.

30) Otto Von Bismarck

30) 1815–98, German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871–90.

31) Factors of production

31) a collection of various resources which contribute to producing goods or services

Week 4

1) Berlin Conference

1) (1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

2) Sepoy Mutiny

2) (1857-1859) A revolt by the hired Hindu and Muslim soldiers of the British East India Company. It began as a result of the rifle cartridges that were distributed to the Sepoys had to be bitten to remove a cover before being inserted into a gun. Rumors circulated among the Sepoys that this cover had been greased with beef and pork fat. This angered Muslim Sepoys who were not supposed to consume pork, and the Hindu Sepoys who were not supposed to eat beef. Thus, the Sepoys revolted against the British army, which eventually ended the conflict through use of force. This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony.

3) Emilio Aguinaldo

3) 1869–1964, Filipino leader during the Spanish-American war: opposed to U.S. occupation.

4) Open Door Policy

4) A policy of the United States that stated China should be open to all nations that which to trade with them. This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism.

5) Matthew Perry

5)

6) Causes of WWI

6)

7) Militarism

7) Political policy that is dominated by the military and the competitive buildup of arms.

8) Fourteen Points

8) An address given to the United States’ Congress by President Woodrow Wilson concerning the end of World War I and the treatment of all concerned with the war. The speech outlines the League of Nations and the ideas of self determination for different ethnic groups.

9) Triple Alliance

9) An alliance that was made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy during World War I.

10) Allies

10) (in World War I) the powers of the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia), with the nations allied with them (Belgium, Serbia, Japan, Italy, etc., not including the United States), or, loosely, with all the nations (including the United States) allied or associated with them as opposed to the Central Powers.

11) Armistice

11) A truce during wartime.

12) Vladimir Lenin

12) Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

13) Great Purge

13) The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

14) Kulaks

14) A prosperous landed peasant in czarist Russia, characterized by the Communists during the October Revolution as an exploiter.

15) Imperialism

15)  The complete control of a weaker nation’s social, economic, and political life by a stronger nation.

16) Boers

16) Dutch descended colonist living in South Africa. Also called Afrikaners.

17) Opium War

17) In the early 19th century, Great Britain began importing opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars. Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties.

18) Boxer Rebellion

18) a member of a Chinese secret society that carried on an unsuccessful uprising, 1898–1900 (Boxer Rebellion), principally against foreigners, culminating in a siege of foreign legations in Peking that was put down by an international expeditionary force.

19) Meiji Restoration

19)  The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.

20) Alliance System

20)

21) Trench warfare

21) A form of combat where armies fight each other from opposing fortified positions, usually consisting of long, dugout holes or trenches.

22) Monroe Doctrine

22) (1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference.

23) Triple Entente

23) An alliance that was made up of France, Russia, and Great Britain during World War I.

24) Total War

24) a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted

25) League of Nations

25) A multinational peace keeping organization which began as an idea of United States President Woodrow Wilson following the first World War. The Treaty of Versailles created a League with over 40 different countries joining. The United States was not one of them. The League of Nations was to be an international body that would settle future problems through negotiations instead of warfare. The member nations were to work cooperatively through economic and military means to enforce its decisions. However, since the United States did not join, the League never achieved its intentions. While the League did attempt to halt the aggressiveness of Hitler's Germany, their inherent weakness prevented them from stopping World War II.

26) Joseph Stalin

26) The successor of Lenin, he was general secretary of the Communist Party (1922-1953) and premier (1941-1953) of the USSR. His rule was marked by the exile of Trotsky (1929), a purge of the government and military, the forced collectivization of agriculture, a policy of industrialization, and a victorious but devastating role for the Soviets in World War II.

27) Command Economy

27) An economic system controlled by strong, centralized government, which usually focuses on industrial goods. With little attention paid to agriculture and consumer goods.

28) "White man`s burden"

28)  A poem by Rudyard Kipling written in 1899. It is also the name given to the idea that the culture of the native populations where European imperialism was occurring were inferior to western nations. Some interpreted Kipling’s poem to mean that it was the duty of imperializing nations to bring western culture and sensibility to the savage native populations that were encountered in far off lands.

29) Boer War

29) (1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.

30) Gulags

30) A network of forced labor camps in the former Soviet Union.

31) Spheres of influence

31) An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

32) "Scramble for Africa"

32) Term given for the rapid invasion of Africa by the various European powers. This began imperialism in Africa.

33) Archduke Francis Ferdinand

33)

34) Tready of Versailles (1919)

34) Treaty ending World War I. It was extremely unfair to Germany, forcing them to accept all of the blame for the war. It is a major cause of World War II.

35) Roosevelt Corollary

35) a corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country.

36) Central Powers

36)

37) Propaganda

37) information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.

38) Bolsheviks

38) Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

39) Totalitarianism

39) An ideology where all social, economic, and political powers are centered in the government completely.

40) Five Year Plan

40) Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after World War II. Included massive industrialization and farm collectivization, where peasants lived collectively on government owned farms, often resulted in widespread famine as many peasants resisted this policy.

Week 5

1) Fascism

1) A system of government that promotes extreme nationalism, repression, anticommunism, and is ruled by a dictator.

2) Weimar Republic

2) the German republic (1919–33), founded at Weimar.

3) Nazism

3) the principles or methods of the Nazis.

4) Appeasement

4) The policy of pacifying an aggressive nation in the hopes of avoiding further conflict.

5) Battle of Britain

5) The massive air war against Great Britain by the Nazi war machine in Germany. Nearly nightly bombings occurred between summer of 1940 and summer of 1941 before German withdrew. Great Britain fought alone during this year and never gave up.

6) Pearl Harbor

6) a harbor near Honolulu, on S Oahu, in Hawaii: surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. naval base and other military installations December 7, 1941.

7) D-Day

7) Military. the day, usually unspecified, set for the beginning of a planned attack.

8) Dictatorships

8) A system of government in which a country is ruled by a single person with absolute power.

9) De - colonization

9)

10) Salt March

10) (1930) Passive resistance campaign of Mohandas Gandhi where many Indians protested the British tax on salt by marching to the sea to make their own salt.

11) "Master Race"

11) a race, people, or nation, as the Germans during the Nazi period, whose members consider themselves superior to all others and therefore justified in conquering and ruling them.

12) Yalta Conference

12) a conference held in Yalta in February 1945 where Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill planned the final stages of World War II and agreed to the territorial division of Europe

13) Anti-Semitism

13) The hatred of people of Jewish descent.

14) Benito Mussolini

14) (1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

15) Mein Kampf

15) the autobiography (1925–27) of Adolf Hitler, setting forth his political philosophy and his plan for German conquest

16) Winston Churchill

16) 1871–1947, U.S. novelist.

17) Holocaust

17) The attempted genocide of European Jews, Gypsies, mentally retarded, homosexuals, and others by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.

18) Axis Powers

18) Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

19) Nuremberg Trials

19) War crime trials held in Nuremburg after World War II to try the surviving Nazis concerning the Holocaust, aggressive war making, mistreatment of prisoners among other things.

20) United Nations

20) An international body composed of many countries that seeks to promote peace, prosperity, and cooperation around the world. It was formed in 1945 at the end of World War II.

21) Mohandas Gandhi

21) (1869-1948) Nationalist leader in India, who called for a non violent revolution to gain his country’s freedom from the British Empire.

22) Partition

22) a division into or distribution in portions or shares.

23) Munich Conference

23)

24) The Great Depression

24) (1929-1939) The dramatic decline in the world’s economy due to the United State’s stock market crash of 1929, the overproduction of goods from World War I, and decline in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations. Results in millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. Many people were reduced to homelessness, and had to rely on government sponsored soup kitchens to eat. World trade also declined as many countries imposed protective tariffs in an attempt to restore their economies.

25) Adolf Hitler

25) (1889-1945) Austrian-born leader of Germany. He co-founded the Nazi Party in Germany, and gained control of the country as chancellor in 1933. Hitler started World War II with the invasion of Poland. He was responsible for the Holocaust.

26) Third Reich

26) Germany during the Nazi regime 1933–45.

27) Blitzkrieg

27) German word meaning lightning war. It was a German army tactic during World War II which called for quick moving, hard hitting drives into enemy territory.

28) Genocide

28) The killing of all the people from a ethnic group, religious group, or people from a specific nation

29) Allied Powers

29) Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

30) Atomic Bomb

30) a bomb whose potency is derived from nuclear fission of atoms of fissionable material with the consequent conversion of part of their mass into energy.

31) Superpowers

31) Term given to the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

32) passive resistance

32) opposition to a government or to specific governmental laws by the use of noncooperation and other nonviolent methods, as economic boycotts and protest marches

33) Gestapo

33) the German state secret police during the Nazi regime, organized in 1933 and notorious for its brutal methods and operations.

34) Final Solution

34) the Nazi program of annihilating the Jews of Europe during the Third Reich.

Week 6

1) Mao Zedong

1)  (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People’s Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

2) Iron Curtain

2) a barrier to understanding and the exchange of information and ideas created by ideological, political, and military hostility of one country toward another, esp. such a barrier between the Soviet Union and its allies and other countries.

3) Marshall Plan

3)  Economic aid from the United States used to rebuild Europe after World War II. Named after United States Secretary of State George Marshall.

4) Great Leap Forward

4) The economic program designed to increase farm and industrial output though the creation of communes. Communes are similar to Soviet collectives in that groups of people live and work together on government owned farms and in government owned industry.

5) Domino Theory

5) The idea that countries bordering communist countries were in more danger of falling to communism unless the United States and other western nations worked to prevent it.

6) Khmer Rouge

6) A group of communist guerillas in Cambodia during the late 20th century, led by Pol Pot, that gained control of Cambodia after the withdrawal of American troops from the Vietnam War. The initiated a reign of terror, killing over a million people to remove all western influence from the country. This gross violation of human rights ended when Vietnam invaded and occupied the country in 1979. In the 1990s, the United Nations negotiated a peace settlement, and began the democratic process in Cambodia.

7) Nikita Khrushchev

7) Soviet statesman and premier who denounced Stalin (1894-1971)

8) Detente

8) A policy during the Cold War which was aimed at relaxing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The policy calls for increase diplomatic and commercial activity.

9) PLO

9)

10) Intifada

10) a revolt begun in December 1987 by Palestinian Arabs to protest Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

11) Jiang Jieshi

11) (1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

12) Containment

12) A cold war policy that called for containing communism to areas already under its influence. This policy was proposed by U.S. President Harry Truman.

13) NATO

13) North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an international defense alliance between the United States, Great Britain, and others formed in 1949 as a response to the spread of communism.

14) 38th Parallel

14) Line of latitude which divided North and South Korea

15) Ngo Dinh Diem

15)

16) Fidel Castro

16) born 1927, Cuban revolutionary and political leader: prime minister 1959–76 and president since 1976.

17) Leonid Brezhnev

17) (1906-1982) Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. During his control of the Soviet Union, relations with the West, as well as the Soviet economy, experienced a long period of stagnation.

18) Salt Treaty

18)

19) Yasir Arafat

19) (1929- ) President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority to speak for the Palestinians. His goals is to create a homeland for the displaced Palestinians.

20) Apartheid

20) A political policy in South Africa where black South Africans could only live in certain areas, were required to use separate trains, beaches, restaurants, and schools, and could not enter into an interracial marriage.

21) Long March

21) March the Mao Zedong and his Communist Party underwent to avoid being captured and killed by China’s Nationalist Party.

22) Truman Doctrine

22) A policy if the Truman presidency that called for supporting any nation resisting communism.

23) Warsaw Pact

23) An international defense alliance between the Soviet Union and many of its Eastern European satellite states as a response to NATO. Formed in 1955.

24) Ho Chi Minh

24) (1890-1969) Vietnamese leader who is responsible for ousting first the French, then the United States from his country. Supported by both communist China and the Soviet Union, he guided Vietnam through decades long warfare to emerge as a communist nation.

25) Vietcong

25) a Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

26) Ayatollah Khomeini

26) (1900?-1989) Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989.

27) Cuban Missile Crisis

27) (1961) Crises that developed as a result of Cuban dictator Fidel Castro’s decision to allow the Soviet Union to base nuclear missiles in Cuba. Upon discovery, the United States confronted the Soviet Union and demanded the missiles be removed. For nearly two weeks, nuclear war was imminent. Fortunately, diplomacy succeeded and crisis was averted.

28) Anwar Sedat

28)

29) Camp David Accords

29) a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt issuing from talks at Camp David between Egyptian President Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Begin, and the host, U.S. President Carter: signed in 1979.

30) Nelson Mandela

30) (1918 - )A black South African leader who protested the policy of Apartheid and spent over thirty years in prison before becoming the first black president of South Africa.

31) Milkhail Gorbachev

31)  (1931- ), leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost, which aimed at revitalizing the Soviet Union contributed to the downfall of communism.

32) Boris Yeltsin

32) (1931- ) President of Russia. He was elected before the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. He served until 1999. Yeltsin was instrumental in keeping a cout d’etat from occurring which would have returned hard line communists to power in Russia.

33) Bay of Pigs

33) An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

34) Ethnic Cleansing

34) The removal of people of a specific ethnic group by means of genocide, terror, or forced expulsion.

35) Glasnost

35) A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry

36) Deng Xiaoping

36) (1904-1997) Chinese Communist leader. Ruled from 1978 until 1997.

37) Balfour Declaration

37) A promise made by British Prime Minister Balfour to create a homeland for the Jewish people.

38) Perestroika

38)  A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to revitalize the Soviet economy by opening it up to more free enterprise.

39) Four Modernizations

39) An economic and social program that called for limited privatization of agriculture and industry, encouraged foreign investment and foreign trade, and resulted in a boost for the Chinese economy. Unlike the Great Leap Forward, the Four Modernizations was an economic success.

40) Theodore Herzl

40) (1860-1904) Leader of Zionist movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.