Term
| William H. McNeill, “A Short History of Humanity” |
|
Definition
| Humans’ ability to create shared feelings and symbols, first through rhythmic voicing and dance, and later through language, allows effective cooperation as well as a way to express themselves and strengthen social bonds. This human communication has been propelled through civilization clashes, overland travel, writing, caravans, military, and other concepts and has been becoming more instant. All of these have turned us into a globally interacting whole, rejecting old ideas for newer, better methods of survival. These methods of connection reflect Wolf’s theory that the world cannot be divided into countries and terms like “The West”. |
|
|
Term
| Eric J. Wolf, “Introduction” to Europe and the People Without History" |
|
Definition
| Humankind is one system of interconnected processes with bundles of relationships, and by breaking down its totality, a false reality is created. However, scholars tend to divide the world for a multitude of reasons: if mutual separation was apparent, we would find it among primitives, which we don’t, and furthermore we have continuously been taught a static, disconnected history with terms like “the West”. This turns history into a moral success story instead of the result of social and cultural process working at their present time to shape a true reality, unfolding in a timeless essence. This introduction rivals Mckay’s analysis of different countries and civilizations of Africa. |
|
|
Term
| Marshall G.S. Hodgson, “In the Center of the Map” |
|
Definition
| Upon the discoveries of new land in the sixteenth century, China’s picture of the world was altered from the assumption that they were the center of the globe even during their strong empire was the wealthiest, most populous and cultivated and powerful in the world. However, once civilizations started to decline, Muslims, Christians and Hindus saw their religious centers as the center of the world, or based it on climate. Furthermore, different maps show different proportions, and the status of Europe as a “continent” is something to be debated. This is similar to Bulliet’s comparison of the Roman and Han empires, and their struggles with power and authority. |
|
|
Term
| Marshall G.S. Hodgson, “In the Center of the Map” |
|
Definition
| Upon the discoveries of new land in the sixteenth century, China’s picture of the world was altered from the assumption that they were the center of the globe even during their strong empire was the wealthiest, most populous and cultivated and powerful in the world. However, once civilizations started to decline, Muslims, Christians and Hindus saw their religious centers as the center of the world, or based it on climate. Furthermore, different maps show different proportions, and the status of Europe as a “continent” is something to be debated. This is similar to Bulliet’s comparison of the Roman and Han empires, and their struggles with power and authority. |
|
|
Term
| Richard Bulliet, “An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China, 753 B.C.E. - 330 C.E.” |
|
Definition
| Comparing the Roman and Han Empires shows that they continuously both controlled large amounts of land and people, the people adopted the rulers’ language, and high standards of living. Their differences can be linked to the long term effects of their failed central authorities- for example, China’s imperial structure allowed it to revive, while the Roman Empire has not. They also differ in the importance of the individual, with Rome opposing China’s larger social groups by providing more economic and social mobility to it individuals. Finally, the two differentiate in their political and religious ideology, with China’s emperors being sons of the divine, and Christianity and Buddhism being the respective religions of choice. Mckay analyzed a continent in similar ways in his paper, comparing the gain and loss of power in civilizations and people. |
|
|
Term
| John P. Mckay, on the Ghana and Mali Empires in Africa |
|
Definition
| Africa’s beginnings are characterized by the development of highly sophisticated, extremely diverse civilizations, such as the early societies of the Bantu people and in Sudan where people began using agriculture as opposed to nomadic hunting. Its growth was shaped by the continent’s geography and weather, and boomed with the Trans-Saharan trade of widespread commodities such as gold and slaves. The identity of the continent still struggles with the melting pot of Egypt, however, and its connection with the rest of Africa as a whole. Wolf’s theory of communication and interconnectedness is reflected in the presence of trade in Africa, because trade facilitates shared feelings and symbols. |
|
|
Term
| Giles Gunn, “Introduction” |
|
Definition
| Global Studies analyzes the growing interconnectedness of the world, while taking into account the perspective from which it is being analyzed as well as the categorization that has shaped it up to this point. Different perspectives include “hyperglobalists”, who believe that most human interaction revolves around the global marketplace, “transformationalists”, who say that global change is not just economic and nation-states are losing power, and “skeptics”, who believe that blocs of tradition and civilizations will come into conflict, and that first world countries are dominating third world countries. This reading also covers six issues with past analyses of the world: the separation of humanities and social sciences, thinking that things like traditions, periods, genres, etc. are stable ideas and ignoring the “butterfly effect”, seeing things such as cultures, identities, etc. as homogenous and easily discriminable, categorizing history by centuries or blocks of time, not acknowledging “place” as elastic, and finally not seeing the large role that imagination plays in social construction. This section has myriad parallels with Held’s own “Introduction”. |
|
|
Term
| David Held, “Introduction [to Global Transformations]” |
|
Definition
| Held answers many central questions about globalization, defining it as the “widening, deepening, and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, the financial to the spiritual” then goes on to define hyperglobalists, skeptics, and transformationalists. Hyperglobalists speak of the denationalization of economies in favor of a single global market and an emerging global civil society, while skeptics maintain that today’s economic interdependence is nothing new, and that this increased internationalization actually depends on national governments for regulation. Transformationalists say that globalization is in fact the force behind these unprecedented rapid changes that are shaping modern societies and world order, but make no prediction about the future trajectory of this growth, only to say that the power of national governments is being reconstituted in favor of international law. The author’s ‘skeptics’ could fall into the category of people that are ‘dismissing [globalization] as a myth’ as Axford says in “Globalization” |
|
|
Term
| Barrie Axford, “Globalization” |
|
Definition
| Globalization is a new, potentially revolutionist idea to the social sciences that stresses that the world is becoming a single place with systemic properties, with either local variation meeting individual needs, or a loss of culture and identity altogether. It requires viewing the totality of the world system and its articulation of economic, political, and cultural domains, as well as the interconnectedness of it all across and despite boundaries. Many people are put off by globalization, dismissing it as a myth and relying on the previous historical understandings of the world. Axford’s view is not very compliant with the varying views on globalization outlined in Held’s and Gunn’s “Introduction”s, instead pushing one understanding. |
|
|
Term
| J.M. Roberts, “The Mongols” |
|
Definition
| The nomadic Mongols terrified half a dozen civilizations. China’s role drove a young Chinghis Khan (Arabic translation: Genghis Khan) to control central Asia and become a great conquerer. After his death, his son completed the conquest of northern China, Russia, and Catholic Europe before patrollers were recalled after the khan’s death, returning to take advantage of disorderly countries with small, effective Mongol forces. Their invincibility ended once their unity was shattered and legacy divided, but their success can be attributed to communication, not taking on any single great power, having divided enemies, tolerating religious diversity, terrorizing people into submission, simple military skill, and recruiting other cultural and technological influences. Khan’s control of civilizations reflects Bulliet’s article on the power of Han China. |
|
|
Term
| Mark Juergensmeyer, “Thinking Globally about Religion” |
|
Definition
| The study of the evolution and adaptation of religion. The world is not certain of its religious identity, so fluid interaction causes religions to pick up other elements through permeable boundaries, moving as people move. Religion is ultimately the cultural expression of a people’s sense of ultimate significance, and is spread in three different forms: diasporas, where people “scatter” and take their old religion with them (sometimes causes hostility); transnational religion, where religion has global ambitions and is universally applicable, but is often used to spread state power; and the religion of plural societies, where within multiple ethnic groups, new religions are formed, like Christianity despite its defensive institutions today. This shows the possibility of a universal, global religion, and stresses the positive role of religion, despite recent religious violence, being a cultural basis for international order. Religion is similar to McNeill’s stressing of common symbols and communication across humanity. |
|
|
Term
| Clifford Geertz, “The Struggle for the Real” |
|
Definition
| What is our view of religion? We are not looking for the metaphysical heaven and hell, but for a perspective of the world that grounds one’s values in the reality of life. It is a question of justifying our ‘ethos’: the way we do things and like to see things done. Simply defining religion and the folklore that surrounds it is not enough for the ‘systems of significance’ that we strive to uphold. Juergensmeyer’s ways of analyzing global religion has multiple parallels to Geertz’s search for meaning. |
|
|
Term
| Dennis O. Glynn and Arturo Giraldez, “Born with a ‘Silver Spoon’: The Origin of World Trade” |
|
Definition
| The origin of world trade can be attributed to China and silver: Silver was produced through cheap, smart technologies for profit in Japan and America, and sold for high prices in China because of their recent conversion from paper money to silver. This drove the silver trade, and the birth of world trade, until a worldwide decline in the value of silver and resulting global price inflation. Furthermore, the African continent traded slaves with Latin America for world silver market labor. China’s demand had an economic impact worldwide, more than the Europeans as has been recorded in history. The ‘Silver Spoon’ fails to mention the larger slave trade outlined by Conniff and Davis. |
|
|
Term
| Michael L. Conniff and Thomas J. Davis, “The Slave Trade and Slavery in the America,” from Africans in the Americas |
|
Definition
| The major differentiator in slavery was location. The density of the African population decided how much ‘africanization’ occurred, while some areas such as Spain hardly imported slaves at all due to economic, spatial, and ecological factors. Four regional patterns emerging depending on location, proportion of blacks, and type of labor, but conditions varied within regions as well. This also determined how well African-Americans were living: urban settings provided more opportunities, while others prevented identity completely. Each geographic route to the Americas varied the amount of disease and death, as well as sheer psychological distress from homesickness. Many authors, such as Glynn and Giraldez, and McKay, tend to sanitize or ignore slavery’s role in globalization completely. |
|
|
Term
| Olaudah Equiano, “Kidnapped, Enslaved, and Sold Away, ca 1756m,” from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. |
|
Definition
| The author retells the story of his personal experience with slavery. He and his sister were kidnapped and separated before being taken across the continent, where Equiano learned many different languages and also survived an apparent attempted escape. He and his sister were then reunited for a few precious months under a generous master until he was shipped off again with rogue people to the coast and later on a cargo ship to his destination. The horrors of the ship were overwhelming, but Equiano was also amused by the “magical” tools of his captors. The narrative ends with Equiano on the selling block, like an animal no different from the rest. This is a more personal variation of Conniff and Davis’ article on slavery. |
|
|
Term
| Thomas Bender, “The Ocean World and the Beginnings of American History, from A Nation among Nations: America’s Place in World History” |
|
Definition
| The “oceanic revolution” not only proved that the global world is one and whole, but also provided a novel form of power. American history normally skips over this important discovery as a precursor for later developments, but realistically the ocean redefined space and had a greater impact than the exploration of land masses, being as significant as the invention of agriculture or cities. Before, it was a kind of terrifying “anti-world”, but with this it was proven that the world is an ocean with continents as islands, and history cannot have the U.S. in no broader context. We commend Columbus and Vespucci for land, but Da Gama’s oceanic exploration has a huge importance for the world and for commerce. This article is like an extension of many of the “Introduction” pieces that simply touch on the many variances of retelling world history. |
|
|
Term
| Peter N. Stearns, “The Industrial Revolution in World History” |
|
Definition
| The industrial revolution is basically a history of the modern world, uniting and dividing its advantages and disadvantages. It has involved a series of human changes, including size, entrepreneurs, workers (sometimes children and women) being replaced with machines, organizational facets, and technology, like steam engines. Nonetheless, the interpretation of when it ends and what exactly qualifies as a revolution is very difficult. The revolution ends when most of the economy uses these new industrial procedures and organization, but is generally long, recurrent, and hard to pinpoint. Also, true revolutions differ from changes in manufacturing, having fundamental alterations over time. The Tartarus of Maids is an example of women working in factories and the many disadvantages of industrialization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A purchaser of paper envelopes makes a journey across the mountains to the ‘Devil’s Dungeon paper-mill’, chosen for its economical value. He has trouble even finding the huge mill among the mountains and nature surrounding it, later commenting on the hum of “iron animals”, and lack of human voice, which could be in reference to workers being replaced by machinery during the revolution as talked about in Sterns’ article. It is only unmarried girls working inside the very harsh working conditions for half a day, and cocky men in charge of the large machine that they take great pride in. The buyer is spellbound by the mighty machine and its unvarying punctuality, precision, and lack of room for error. |
|
|
Term
| David J. Hess, “The Origins of Western Science: Technototems in the Scientific Revolution” |
|
Definition
| The scientific revolution, or evolution, is studied to understand western science and its origin. Ancient science often starts with the Greeks, with Earth as the center of the universe until planets’ trajectories said otherwise. We then transitioned to Copernican theory and ellipses instead of epicycles, where Galileo tested his theories, Newton explained centrifugal forces, and studies of blood flow and the scientific method occurred. The scientific revolution narrative is often told in intellectual, not social terms; focuses on Old versus New Europe; and is told as a dramatic event, not a gradual evolution. These ideas move easily across cultural boundaries, allowing a multicultural, international perspective, and encourages the recognition of others’ achievements, such as the Muslims’ medicine and physics, and how the Egyptians’ mathematics influenced Greeks. This article recalls the events in history that lead up to Marx’s time, when capitalism took technology one step past feudalism, incorporating it into economy. |
|
|
Term
| Karl Marx, “ The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism” |
|
Definition
| The dissolution of feudal society allowed the economic structure of capitalism to emerge. Marx speaks of the establishment of capitalism in a bitter tone, blaming capitalists for displacing feudal lords and the disappearance of serfdom at the end of the 14th century. In the Revolution at the end of the 15th, the churches lost power, had their property taken and turned into private property along with other common and feudal property. They accumulated land for “capitalistic agriculture”, making soil capital and creating industries for the town. How did this all start? It has many factors, like the discovery of gold and silver in America and slavery, allowing capitalist production and accumulation and therefore distributing its effects across the world, sometimes using the power of the state and society to speed the transformation. Holland and the English East India Company in particular showed this capitalist ‘takeover’. Marx only seems to see the disadvantages of the results of the industrial revolution, one aspect that Sterns mentions. |
|
|
Term
| Amartya Sen, “Human Rights and Asian Values” |
|
Definition
| Asia has often been described as not appreciating freedom, and pushing order and discipline instead, while Sen analyses whether an authoritarian government is actually more effective when traded for many freedoms. Asian values are often misunderstood, especially Confucianism in East Asia, and vary throughout the continent despite the presence of authoritarianism. India, on the other hand, shows a fondness for lengthy discussions, Ashoka’s universalism, Kautilya’s focus on freedom, and Buddhism’s tolerance, as well as why these are the right choices. Finally, Sen rejects the idea of Asian resistance of Western leadership. The Tartarus of Maids also shows that the battle for human rights is difficult when they are working hand in hand, and sometimes replaced with machines. |
|
|
Term
| J. Salwyn Schapiro, “The Making of the Liberal Mind” |
|
Definition
| [1] Liberalism started as a movement in France during the Enlightenment, stressing the ideas of nature, reason, goodness of man, progress, secularism, toleration, intellectual freedom, education, economics, and government. It was formed by the ideas of John Locke’s natural rights, Montesquieu’s separation of powers and check and balance systems, and Rousseau’s popular sovereignty. [2] It focused on more scientific methods for discovering truth, and followed Adam Smith’s economic theory of the “invisible hand”. [3] This analysis of liberalism shows the importance of re-evaluating traditional values, such as Hewlett’s observation of democracy. |
|
|
Term
| Henri Christophe, “Manifesto, 1814” |
|
Definition
| [1] This article recounts Toussaint Louverture’s struggle for liberty in “Hayti” (Haiti in today’s world) and the injustices committed against them by Napoleon Bonaparte, France, and white colonists in general. [2] These included reestablishing slavery, seizing Toussaint and countless men, and implanting their own ideals. [3] While Haiti was recalling the injustices, the French wrote their own declaration of human rights in the “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen”. |
|
|
Term
| “Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen” |
|
Definition
| [1] The National Assembly of France sets forth the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of all of their citizens, trying to resolve many of their government’s corruptions. [2] This includes the ideas that everyone is born free and with these rights, and restricts the power of the government revoke property, liberty, innocence, and free communication. It also grants citizens the power to express their opinions, including those about religion and public tax. [3] In lecture on April 28, Jerryson stressed the importance of the individual role in liberalism, which is reflected in most of these human rights and freedoms. |
|
|
Term
| Nick Hewlett: Democracy: Liberal and Direct |
|
Definition
| [1] Democracy is normally seen as progressive in modernity, and by looking at its effect on current trends, liberal democracy in particular is an improvement on other forms of government. Nonetheless, it is not perfect, especially in participation and the power held by big businesses, politicians, and the media. [2] Many groups see other faults, especially Marxists and feminists. Also, note the distinction between the Athens-originated direct democracy where officials strictly rule their citizens, and the more current liberal democracy. [3] While the idea of democracy has no literal definition according to lecture, the effects of direct democracy were there from the beginning. |
|
|
Term
| Benedict Anderson, “Introduction” to Imagined Communities |
|
Definition
| [1] As the theory of nationalism spreads, the need for a more definitive definition of the term has become apparent. The author offers an “imagined political community” that is inherently limited and sovereign. [2] Issues include objective vs. subjective analysis, the fact that nationality is not concrete, and the lack of philosophers of nationalism. Members of a nation don’t know most other members, communities’ imaginations characterize them, no nation can engulf everyone, its roots are in the God-centric Enlightenment, and its sense of community creates identity. [3] This basic root of nationalism parallels Liah Greenfeld’s further observation of the term as a word and a concept. |
|
|
Term
| Liah Greenfeld, from Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity |
|
Definition
| [1] ‘Nation’ is analyzed, as a literary word itself as well as a concept. It varies in meaning depending on its observer, and comes from a rich background of changing definitions and implications. [2] The word itself was originally derogatory, meant for foreigners, until university students started to further alter its meaning through situational semantic change. It is also important to observe the distinction between nationality, sovereignty, democracy, and particularism. [3] Another significant factor in nationalism is the power of association, which really decides what is seen as derogatory, violent, etc. This was displayed by Jerryson’s map exercise in lecture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. to show interlinked system of processes, relationships, and changes. 2. to explore the ways this has worked on different levels of experience. 3. To think outside the box. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. greater interest in world affairs. 2. the ability to see from others' viewpoints (miliary- cannot fight unless you understand enemy's viewpoint). 3. assess events in a global context, understanding their transnational, economic, social, and political ramifications. 4. evaluate the impact of HISTORY, CULTURE, and IDEOLOGY in the process of globalization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. a construction based on evidence/human mind. takes form of a narrative. 2. often moral success story with developmental theme (ex. crusades). 3. see selective principles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. a construction based on evidence/human mind. takes form of a narrative. 2. often moral success story with developmental theme (ex. crusades). 3. see selective principles. |
|
|
Term
| Selective Principles of History |
|
Definition
| 1. conceptualization (up to 50 yrs ago, half of human race(women) ignored in history, exclusion) 2. causation:what is pushing history forward? greed? sex? 3. periodization: how is history organized? year 2007, 2552 thai calendar. 4. impacts: intended/unintended consequences? in terms of econ, enviro,etc. 5. trajectories: where are we going? influences on how historians write. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. meaning making: (middle finger, derogatory). a reason to learn about other cultures- avoid clashes. no universal meanings of symbols, differ according to culture. define how we interpret things. 2. bluepring of the world with webs of significance- flag burning, makes sense emotionally of things. composite culture, building others on it (american + ucsb+ iv, etc). makes it comprehensible, popular/modern culture. 3. how to evaluate and live in our environment and act effectively. information system. not just blueprints, but also tool kits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (religion). subcomponent of culture. ex: ideas, beliefs, values, world views, political philosophies, ethical systems, etc. often beneath level of conscious thought. used to justify, rationalize, and legitimate practices. normalize things (which is why they are often subconscious. chaos (9/11) usually influences amount of person's religion. |
|
|
Term
| Global Images and Merchandise |
|
Definition
| ex: mcdonalds, malboro, around the world. always slight variation- GLOBAL ELEMENT as well as LOCAL VARIANCE. (selling alcohol, "McTurkey", expresso bar at mcdonalds) |
|
|
Term
| Internationalist (Realist) Perspective (aka Westphalia) |
|
Definition
| no set view- competing perspectives. 1. World Order- geopolitical. politics about space, spacial/political nature. the states and institutions that maintain relationships among them. definable alliances, etc. 2. Feudal- Monarchical. derived from aristocratic, absolute monarchies, ruled by democracies and armies (england, holland). grew through merchants that wanted class of own as they gained money. NOT JUST nobles with land. emerging burgeoise. 3. Paradigm: treaty of Westphalia. SEE CARD. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1648!!! Eurasian wars. Drew a global architecture. established three political ideologies: 1. recognize king/emperor for each realm. 2. king determines religion. 3. power between states is balanced- if not balanced, war would rectify this or structure would prevent this. |
|
|
Term
| Internationalist Perspective: Principles of the Westphalian Model |
|
Definition
| 1. territorially bounded STATES. 2. states with authority over place (sovereignty, right to protect selves, status). 3. cross-border aggression handled by states. changed- affected everyone. 4. opens possibility of diplomacy- recognized power, authority, kings. |
|
|
Term
| Problems with the Westphalian Model |
|
Definition
| 1. systems are inherently unstable (any system is unstable at some point. while they are territorially bound, are always seeking to expand) 2. model doesn't acknowledge asymmetries of power (new forms of power emerge). 3. new forms of coercing legitimacy emerge (overlooks culture, ideology. new forms of politics emerge). 4. in 17th/18th centuries, other systems emerge. |
|
|
Term
| General Agreements of the Globalist Perspective |
|
Definition
| 1. globalization is the widening, deepening, speeding up and growing impact of worldwide interconnectedness. 2. interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary life: social, spiritual, political, cultural, military, criminal. |
|
|
Term
| Frequent Disagreements of the Globalist Perspective |
|
Definition
| 1. How is globalization best conceptualized? 2. when did it begin (some maintain it didn't start until 18th century). 3. Its causal dynamics? 4. its consequences? (good or bad, what are they, how did it come about, OVER globalization, stretching of activities, intensity/magnitude) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly significant global consequences of LOCAL issues (Butterfly Effect) |
|
|
Term
| Debates: What to do about growing global inequalities? |
|
Definition
| for/against globalization? erasing local culture differences? "The American Agenda"? degradation of environment- who is responsible? man made or not? military/ethnic/degradation of women and children? |
|
|
Term
| Competing Historiographies of Globalization |
|
Definition
| 1. Postmodernist: technologies compress time and space. 1945. 2. Modernist: industrial capitalism. 1850's. 3. early modernist: formation of world capitalism system. 1500's. 4. ancient view (CLASS TAKES THIS VIEW). formation of African-Eurasian zone. 2000+ BCE. |
|
|
Term
| Purposes of setting view of history of globalization |
|
Definition
| 1. how people divide up globalization history. 2. WHEN you think it began helps define WHAT it is. 3. many ways of categorizing. |
|
|
Term
| See table on David Held's GLOBAL CAMPS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barrie Axford's "Strong Globalism" Thesis |
|
Definition
| The world is being made into one place with systemic properties. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Axford's "Strong Globalism" |
|
Definition
1. multidimensional: can't JUST look at culture, or econ. must look at all aspects. meaning attached to new transnational boundaries, connections, interrelations.
2. complex: interplay between local and international. stretching of interpersonal relationships (what do people in india think of me? -did not have to do this 40 years ago. )
3. contradictory
4. unpredictable: different trajectories, velocities, cannot pin it down this way. |
|
|
Term
| Axford's "Strong Globalism" is similar to which group in Held? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. believe in globalization, but consider it unhealthy. 2. diverse movement of many groups protesting many specific practices: INGO's (amnesty international), political activist groups, transnational organizations, free trade, sweatshops. 3. restructure world- humane governments, humanize practices linked to globalization. 4. irony: many anti-globalists are global/international organizations that are anti-some forms of globalization. 5. humanitarian/environmental effort. |
|
|
Term
| Other: A Contemporary Globalist Perspective. |
|
Definition
| Globalization Via Above: trickles down from above (rich to poor/lower class) like reaganomics 1. economic (corporate: WTO, WB, IMF, OPEC) 2. political (imperialist: new USian empire). 3. religious (apocalyptic: islamic, hindu, christianity, jewish, etc. ) Globalization Via Below: lower class works and rises to top. 1. regional groups to offset the 'Above': EU, ASEAN, Middle Eastern, communist bloc. counterbalance. transfer of ideas, people to people. sharing of culture without institutions. 2. EU meant to counter the unilateral power of the US. 3. Civic forms: UN, NGOs. CAN ONLY be anti-globalization from above OR from below. not anti ALL globalization. |
|
|
Term
| Global History: written vs. spoken word; problems with oral history. |
|
Definition
| changing written vs spoken up to interpretation. ex: rosetta stone, 196 BCE; hindu sama priests chanting. Also: HOW you say words bears power (OM in hindu). preserve knowledge in oral form. PROBLEMS with oral history: 1. problems integrating oral history into master copy narrative. (solutions: controlled school knowledge, religious info/histories). 2. who has information to learn? who is writing these histories? from what perspective? |
|
|
Term
| Wolf: Challenges to Viewing History Globally |
|
Definition
| 1. if world is a totality of interconnected processes, then disassembling its totality falsifies reality (japanese saying american culture is liek the hamburger). 2. turns interconnected processes into static things, names. (ex: female mutilation- why? tradition!) 3. demographics, politics, etc. all change- names, thought of as static/fixed are always changing. |
|
|
Term
| Obstructions to Viewing a Global History |
|
Definition
| 1. usually result of how you're taught history (school textbooks, western POV). 2. "Western" developmental history privileges Europe and US, places them in foreground, others in background. 3. identifies history with civilization, begins in "East" (iran, iraq, egypt), passes to greece, rome, then christian europe. |
|
|
Term
| Problems with our world histories |
|
Definition
| 1. leaves out islamic countries' role in advancing science/technology (aristotle's ideas recorded in arabic before latin, lead to current industrial might.)2. where are african,asian ancient civilizations? (mayans not part of Euro tradition, african/asian countries' contributions isolated from mainstream history). 3. false sense of civilizational genealogy (leaves out many. not complete. ) |
|
|
Term
| Assumptions of Developmental Schemes |
|
Definition
| 1. complete (accounting for crusades). excludes byzantines, arabs, etc. even though more advanced than eurasians but left out bc dont fit into schemes. 2. terminologies (civilization- the orient, orientals). all assumptions (the west/western medicines/ideas) |
|
|
Term
| Problems with Developmental Schemes |
|
Definition
| 1. turns history into moral success story. 2. everything before moral developments treated as precursor. 3. not included? irrelevant (africa, latin america, central america and 100s of languages spoken there. |
|
|
Term
| Developmental Model Problems Mirrored on Maps |
|
Definition
| 1. Why is Europe its own continent? (culturally separate, drew maps with power as continental status, mountains as geographical marker. ..but: why isn't south asia its own continent? india: different culture, himalayan mountains?) 2. Thomas Paine: why should a continent be ruled by an island? power in status- why not claim it? 3. Dutch Waldseemuller's mapping in 1507- Christopher vs. Vespucci: vespucci may have fabricated reaching S. America, naming after himself. |
|
|
Term
| The Mercator Projection 1538 |
|
Definition
| 1. World as cone vs. globe. 2. good for nautical navigation, but distorts size and shape of entities they demarcate. 3. exaggerations of Europe but all types of maps can alter persuation. 4. Crone revised Mercator wth CA as an island, then as asian peninsula. 1569 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. maps are ways to express our feelings. 2. desire to place oneself at center of map indigenous not only to eurasians. we all want to see selves at center of map. just like all of history. |
|
|
Term
| Envisioning a Global History: goals |
|
Definition
| 1. include alternative narratives. 2. de-center ourselves from narrative (why are we making ourselves so important despite who audience is?) 3. focus on processes that interlink places and people (change, movement) |
|
|
Term
| Global History: Anthrocentric Linkages |
|
Definition
| 1. biases- focus on people. 2. anthrocentric notion of history is part of many traditions. 3. ancient migrations- trade, slaves, migrants. 4. dispersion of religions and practices, traditions. 5. transmissions micro-organisms/disease. 6. antiquity of interpenetration of peoples and cultures: better understand ourselves IN the world. |
|
|
Term
| Contemporary Interconnected Processes |
|
Definition
| 1. Ecological: diseases spread over world (West Nile Virus). 2. Demographic: changes (chinese-> singapore, vietnamese to la, US demographics' "global braindrain"- only taking doctors, highly trained)3. Economic: transfer of dollar (60% owned outside US) 4. Military. 5. Criminal (illegal drugs- $4 billion, one of largest consumer bases in world, arms- $8 bil enterprise.) human traffiking has largest net profit, owning humans is cheaper than ever. example of transnational processes. 6. Ideological: Buddhism in Eurasia. 7. Role of Historical: witnessing all of the above's interconnections. shows GLOBAL AFFECTS AND EFFECTS through narratives. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 civilizations: 1. Chinese: technology, inventions (earthquake detector, compass) 2. Arabian: trade, middlemen. 3. Indian: Hinduism, Buddhism. 4. Japanese: Literature, refinement. 5. Eurasian: pagans, christianity. Fragmented, broken Eurasians in comparison with others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empire: political marker. most urbanized, innovative socio-political centers. comes from a land in the interim. world empire: multiplicity of societies unified under domination of a single government. ex: egyptians, mayans, aztecs, feudal Russia. unifies large networks of groups (soviet union). a system of government based on CONQUEST, exploitation of resources and people. use political justification to subjectify people, expand rule. lots of violence backing it up. |
|
|
Term
| The Politics of Geography: Are Egypt's kingdoms and early empires part of Africa or not? |
|
Definition
| no, because of culture issues, skin color, race. exclusion of Egypt is only due to racism based on the mentality of people. |
|
|
Term
| Motifs of Early Empire Expansion: the longue duree |
|
Definition
| no empire was built overnight. unifies previously divided groups (through fragmentation comes unification), corrects fractious political environment. struggle over man-power (usually displaced peasants. slavery: indispensable resource for the structure of Rome and China. "trans-saharan route"- huge slave trade. constant absence of female voice, but part of cultural/agricultural prodution), lack of acknowledgement for female involvement/participation. ex: ghana: created by capturing divided kingdoms. Language: trade made it necessary. one unifying language. |
|
|
Term
| Motifs of Early Empire Expansion: Agriculture |
|
Definition
| 1. Rome's "A Republic of Farmers" (753-31 BCE). 2. Agriculture communities provide wealth/taxes to state. 3. Rivers are key location: assist in irrigation, enable transportation/trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began: 33rd c. BCE. River: Indus (Hindu term comes from Indus River, which comes from Sanskrit). Technology: Infrastructure, sewage system, monitoring horizons. Language: home to 40,000, near Mesopotamians. communication between them necessary. |
|
|
Term
| Early Empires: Akkadian/Agade |
|
Definition
| Began: 24th c. BCE. River: Euphrates. Technology: postal service. Language: Lingua franca |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began: 18th c. BCE. River: Unumacinta in Guatemala. 7th largest in world. Technology: the 'zero' (eurasian didn't find until centuries later), the telescope. Language: only known American writing system prior to Colombus. exceeded population capacity of area, so expanded and interacted. only known writing system pre-columbus. |
|
|
Term
| Early Empires: Early Sudanese |
|
Definition
| Began: 10th c. BCE. River: Senegal. Kingdom of Ghana: king sacralized, most muslim, king according to local indiginous religions. |
|
|
Term
| Early Empires: Early Roman |
|
Definition
| Began: 10th c. BCE. River: Tiber (Italy). Technology: Engineering, aquiducts, dams, bridges, concrete, cranes, indoor plumbing. Language: Latin. Religion: Polytheism- Christianity, Paul- Constantine, converted to christianity at 40, used roman roads protected by citizenship, advocated religion, spoke to diverse groups, opened path for use of christianity within state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Began: 3rd c. BCE. River: Yangzi "Yellow River" bodyline between N an S China. Technology: Steelwork, census, seismograph, hydraulics. Language: Hanyu. controlled over 55 million people. writing existed before this. Hanyu: basis for Mandarin. Religion: Mandate of Heaven, Kung Fu Tzu, Lao Tzu, Buddhism/Daoism present in life and state. |
|
|
Term
| Religion as a Global Factor |
|
Definition
| 1. What is religion? (social set of beliefs, moral standards, system of shared meanings). 2. Reductionist ( reduce down to core elements, what makes it tick) versus phenomenological (lose essence by breaking down, must describe by POV and interpret). 3. Parameters: could include only institutional forms (Durkheim), or social forms, individual interpretation, nationalism? following sports? |
|
|
Term
| Religion as a Social Force |
|
Definition
| Freud: illusion of protector, father figure. Berger: audacious attempt to make universe humanly significant (does science do this?) Geertz: metaphysic and ethos, how world hangs together, moral code, not one view is correct, how you see world and how you will act within it. Jerryson: lived and idealized, things we read are static view, remembered, imagined, idealized past. does this represent how religion is played out in reality? (accusations of not being "Christian" or "buddhist" enough. |
|
|
Term
| What makes Religions Global? |
|
Definition
| 1. religions generate creativity, conflict, dissent. 2. often evolve out of each other (judaism to Christianity to islam to hinduism to buddhism. 3. depends on the creation of a trans-local sense of personal/social identity. hundreds, organized or not. |
|
|
Term
| The Nature of Global Religions |
|
Definition
| 1. reach out from basis and embrace/conquer other cultures/faiths. 2. many are missionary, wanting converts- spread as empires do. 3. link to military and cultural power. 4. ability to absorb indigenous faiths within their own borders. 5. occurred principally between 600 BCE and 700 CE !!!!! thousands of religions, important gestation period for hinduism, judaism, etc. this time especially fertile. |
|
|
Term
| Types of Global Religions (Juergensmeyer) |
|
Definition
| Diasporic: spread out, spurting outside of home. displaced from homeland, but a community nonetheless (jews, hindus). Transnational: goes beyond borders, universal intentions, BRIDGE SPACE to acquire more converts to become global. Cosmopolitan- "cosmos"- big entity, world like. "citizen of the world"- many things from around the world, can be city, person, religion. (ex. christianity- borrowed concepts from all over world). TYPES ARE NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 21 different provinces/aimags, 3 million people. more mongols live outside mongolia than in it. Political antagonism: 2 great giants: China and Russia. Mongolia is "buffer state". 1991: free from soviet union. many changes, but still signs of past: statues of Lenin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise of urbanization and technology. a city with modernized roads, japanese or korean buses and russian buildings (nice ones with opportunity/potential for growth). 1991- soviet union policies, association. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| altitude of Denver, landlocked, desert, very clear skies, mostly live off of meat, little vegetables. info/culture travels (mike tyson) |
|
|
Term
| Historical Snapshot of Mongols |
|
Definition
| 13th century: small country created the largest regional empire the world has ever seen |
|
|
Term
| History of Mongolia's Takeover: The Rise of Chinggis |
|
Definition
| mongols originate from "Blue Wolf". nomadic life, warring clans. 1206: Temujin the celestial ruler AKA CHINGGIS QAAN (now a national symbol for Mongols). before dealth in 1227, armies reached Iran and Russia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Three Great emperors (Qaan= emperor, Qan=king): 1. Chinggis Qaan. 2. Ogedei Qaan: expanded into Eastern Eurasia in 1241. Chinggis's son, died leading all troops to withdraw- if not, we may be speaking Mongolian now. 3. Qubilai Qaan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Base of operations moved, Mongols controlled parts of Armenia, all of Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Iran. Empire became so large, had to be sub-divided into states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mongols that conquered the Russians. leader: Bhatu. aka plundering. Il-Khan empire: middle east, flourishing Islamic empire. but: Mongols could not penetrate India- COULD get past mountains, but not hot,humid climate. horses died out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Mongols that conquered the Islamic rulers in the Middle East. Mongol Empire stretched from Korea to Poland, from Siberia to Burma. Mongol Empire by 1250 CE stretched across Europe/Middle East. |
|
|
Term
| History of Central Asia's Reign by Mongols |
|
Definition
| 1206: Temujin chosen as Chinggis Qaan of the Mongols. 1221-3: mongol attacks on Iran (Il-Qan) and Russia (Golden Horde). 1227: Death of Chinggis Qaan and anointment of his son, Ogedei. 1241: Death of Ogedei, prompting withdrawl of all Mongol troops. 1258: Il-Qan Mongols take Baghdad, kill last Abbasid caliph. 1260: Qubilai, the son of Ogedei, becomes next great Qaan. also: first war between Mongol kingdoms (Il-Qans and Golden Horde, based on religion). 1295-1304: Reign of Ghazan Qan of the Il-Qan in Iran. 1370-1405: Rule of Timur in Central Asia. |
|
|
Term
| G-Factors (Globalization Factors): Demographics |
|
Definition
| improved trade routes, and unity, product demand grew, goods, ideas, skills, people moved via silk route from one side to next. Military: scare tactic: total destruction, kill all of small village but one to share story, most others surrendered. misnomers: the destruction of Baghdad (center of learning): alternate story: heard Mongols approaching, freaked out, aqueducts flooded, destroyed by water alone. Cavalry: special breed of horses (to handle cold, dry climate, took small quick steps (Darwinian) but could not survive India), mongol archers (could shoot 30% further, man and beast were one bc of specialization of horses and archers, chariots became obsolete. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spread of Manichaeism, Judaism, Christianity and Buddhism across continent. spread of ideas. picture of Mongolian Buddhism. Golden Horde's official religion was Buddhism until 1260, Il-Qan's until the end of the 13th century (but some were also Christian- spread of this as well.) (suspicion of Il-Qaan's blood- wrapped in rug then killed to protect others. killed sacred figure.) |
|
|
Term
| Religion: The Spread of Islam |
|
Definition
| New leader of Golden Horde in 1260 became Muslim. Il-Qan Ghazan became Muslim in 1295. resolved inner-mongol strike. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| todays marmot was yesterday's rat. mongol troops provided means for flea-infested rats to cross the mediterranean. europe was free of bubonic plague until mongols brought rats/marmots and infected again. plague still exists in Mongolia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Il-Qan used paper money, sank the Middle Eastern economy into a depression: need confidence in currency for it to survive, had none, bad. Also: Qans of the Golden Horde used paper currency in Russia, starved their economy. also because of flow of silver and gold into Mongols. |
|
|
Term
| Review of Mongol G-Factors |
|
Definition
| 1. United Eurasia and its fractious countries. 2. increased commerce and the spread of ideas. 3. military revolutionized warfare (end of chariots). 4. stabilization and spread of islam. 5. re-emergence of bubonic plague due to rats. 6. destabilization of economies due to currencies (russia and middle east). note: empires did not end with mongol- how they help with globalization, and links expansion of empires to more wars/warfare. |
|
|
Term
| Michael Mann's The Ideology of Empires |
|
Definition
| up to 1945, Euro states very warlike. interstate warfare lower in other areas since 1800s. Macrosociology on Empires. Europe undergoes three phases (SEE SLIDE), economic motivations for empire building (See Slide) |
|
|
Term
| Michael Mann: Europe's Three Phases |
|
Definition
| 1. feudal society: control of peasants, free manpower, must protect land. motion of property laws and labor. 2. single system of fife-dom. 3. quantum periphery, 950 CE onward. core of empires is all about conquering and colonizing- "inner wars", gain at the expense of small states. "scramble" for Africa. |
|
|
Term
| Michael Mann's Economic Motivations for Empire-Building |
|
Definition
| 1. profitable: make money through warfare and empires. 2. peace of Westphalia allowed for Empire-building. 3. if you fought and lost, still gained, just not as much. |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of Empire Building: Informal Empires |
|
Definition
| Not interested in gaining permanent countries. end of formal empires/colonies, but not end of informal ones. "mini empires": israel, gaza strip, india, rise of peasant movements. US as an empire? wars declined because empires declined. are we in an Age of Empires? at soviet union collapse, what did we do with our armies? - US is pretty militaristic country. since 1990's, US has launched 4 wars/military involvements adjacent to middle east. religions are spread by empires- what is US empire spreading? capitalism, christianity, democracy. |
|
|
Term
| Precursors of Early World Trade |
|
Definition
| 1400 BCE: Egyptians;500 BCE Phoenicians; 300 BCE Greeks and Alexander; 110 BCE Shang Qian; 100 BCE Roman Empire. Mediterranean explored 2000 years before Eurasia. examine direction/developments of this region of the world. |
|
|
Term
| Early Arab & Chinese Achievements |
|
Definition
| Arab: al-Idrisi's Book of Roger 1154: surveys all lands known to Muslims. Explorer Ibn Batuta 1350. Chinese: Zheng He 1405-1433: india/e. Africa explorations. transversed world more than any other person. if he hadn't stopped, we might be speaking Mandarin. |
|
|
Term
| Video: Millenium Series on Zheng He: Pearl Divers in China find Treasures |
|
Definition
| brought animals back from Africa (giraffes, impressive). reached Zanzibar in West, Mecca in North. huge ships powered by bamboo sails, 500 years ahead of west, technology used for titanic. measured location by sun/stars, understood diff. between true/magnetic north. calculated speed, chinese fishing nets still present. marked start and end of china's imperial exploration- outside world had nothing to offer china. records of zhang he burned, not recognized. |
|
|
Term
| Early World Trade and Colonism (Mercantilism) |
|
Definition
| Mercantilism: low bulk, high value merchandise. Mediteranean to China, Muslims middlemen. stimulated need for oceanic routes to asia, navigation/maps, naval gunnery, caravel combined square and triangular sails. 1. Early interregional exchange limited means of transportation. 2. longest overland trade routes controlled by Muslims. 3. Growth of Eurasian Seaboard Trade. 4. Early Eurasian Explorers (See Slide) |
|
|
Term
| Early Eurasian Explorers in World Trade and Colonialism |
|
Definition
| discovery/rediscovery of Indes. Vespucci: probably fabricated discovery of Americas. Columbus: discovered Island. exploration redefined perspectives on oceanic space - vast ignorance of land masses. |
|
|
Term
| Re-Conceptualizing the Globe (Bender) |
|
Definition
| 1. oceanic seafaring connects all the continents. 2. redefines local perspectives on oceanic space. 3. connecting the continents helps create shared history of the world's peoples. 4. re-discovery of the americas reinvents Eurasian world. "transcontinental history" made possible, and waterways in relation to one another. rediscovery of americas= rethinking of world perspective. revolutionized diets/food (gastronomic), potatoes from americas, chilis, tomatoes. all changed other cultures' foods. |
|
|
Term
| Eurasian Explorations to Colonial Empires |
|
Definition
| 1. Colonialism: rule of people by foreign power (spread). 2. Purpose: capital, industry, reputation, military, idealogy/culture, econ. 3. Kinds of colonies: of trade (spread/collect goods of native people/harvesters), of occupation (US in Iraq), plantation (huge industry crops), of settlement (comes w/removal/displacement of native people). |
|
|
Term
| Portugal and the Role of Spices |
|
Definition
| Eurasians ignorant of spices pre-exploration, where Arabs/chinese had them. used for preservation as well as flavor, anti-cancer. India's Pepper, Sri Lanka's cinnamon, and Indonesia's nutmeg are most desired spices needed to trade. Spice trade via Chinese, Arabs, Gujaratis & Venetians 16th century. Europeans motivated in 1453 to find spice route. , Dutch captured Portuguese control of routes 16th/17th century. "Dutch East India Company"- company but entwined in state/cultural interests. |
|
|
Term
| Birth of Global Trade: Spanish Empire |
|
Definition
| Spanish Empire: Columbus' voyages in 1492, 1500s. 1494: spain vs. portugal. conquistadors: s/central america. based on acquisition of colonies. |
|
|
Term
| Birth of Global Trade: Flinn & Giraldez's Theory |
|
Definition
| global trade began in 1571!!!!! why was it global/what makes it global? -affects everyone around them, civilizations on 3 different continents affected (americas, eurasia & africa) in exchange of 1 commodity: silver (spain had it, china wanted it). 2 ports: seville & manilla. china: exchange of currency. spanish did not do mining: enslaved Africans, did in the Americas. --> creation/product of global trade. |
|
|
Term
| Global "Commondity": Enslaved Africans |
|
Definition
| Market of Sugar- Slavery. Cane native to SE Asia, S Iberia, Atlantic Islands. Enslaved Africans first used by Portuguese on Atlantic Islands 1450. why Africans to Americas? Africans didn't know land/friends, nowhere to run or hide. easily enslaved. mostly from w. africa. huge escalation in slave trade at this time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| W. Africa--> slaves to caribbean/America--> raw materials (sugar, rum,timber) --> Britain. manufactured goods to w. africa. promoted industrial revolution in britain, strengthened through slavery. massive enslavement of people across continents. |
|
|
Term
| Global Institution of Slavery |
|
Definition
| origins in every organized society (not demonizing eurasians- buddhists indifferent about it). not an invented, but evolved practice (developed over long period of time). slavery crucial aspect of recreating americas. legal aspect: slave is "extention of master's legal self", commodity for exchange. |
|
|
Term
| African Bodies as Global Commodity (Slavery Statistics) |
|
Definition
| Involved all five continents, UK and US have most at 6 Million, then Dutch West Indies, Portugal, Brazil, Brit.West and spanish empire. |
|
|
Term
| Slavery statistics continued |
|
Definition
| largest Demographic shift ever: 12-14 million people, many millions more died in "middle passage"- shift from africa to americas. Effects on Africa as continent- population, able-bodied people. whole populations of young and healthy withdrawn, impeded economic development, intertribal/interstate hostility. Decline of African kingdoms- 4 centuries of war. set africans against one another and led to rise of white prejudices. |
|
|
Term
| So What? Why look backwards on Slavery? Personal and Global Significance |
|
Definition
| not to define who we were, but were we come from, to unravel processes that ended in the constitution of us and our society. effort to provide you with a different orientation of our own past and what helped to constitute our society today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| violence often sanitized, shows horrors that come with truth. |
|
|
Term
| Troubling Facts about European Slavery |
|
Definition
| 1. natally alienates (upon birth) and permanently dishonors people to render them socially dead. 2. white slavery condemned as morally repugnant by same eurasian nations that became leaders in slave trade. 3. after 1815 legal status of slaves became worse in US than anywhere else0 masters could not legally free own slaves. Emancipation blocked many rights/steps forward. 4. in US, racism grew w/ spread of democracy. slaves outnumbered Eurasians. |
|
|
Term
| Troubling Questions about Slavery |
|
Definition
| Why did so few religious reps not have objections? (Sepulveda: took years for church to go anti slavery), ridiculed anti-slavery people- slavery necessary to gain power to spread religion. How to explain diffusion of slavery into regions not organized agriculturally around plantations (new england, new york, french canada)? psychological influence on slaves on further construction of white identity (john adams complaining in 1765 that england treated americans like blacks). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (european white men- certain types of people) revolution: 360 degree turn (so not really revolution, more of an evolution). Western Eurasian Scientific paradigm shift in the 1500s- altered views of humanity, universe, and scientific methods (and development of the scientific method). why such drastic changes? mostly bc eurasia was behind rest of world. Geertz: ethos and world view (environmentalism, code of conduct). changed empirical view of inquiry, acquiring knowledge. |
|
|
Term
| Revolution as Evolution: advancements of ancient empires |
|
Definition
| Egyptian: geometry, property lines, pyramids. Babylonian: mathematics, time, counting in terms of 60, fractions. Chinese: math & medicine, acupuncture. Indian (south asian): surgery, math, numerals, plastic surgery. American indian: astronomy, systems. Greeks: hippocraties, medicine, aristotle, classifications, reasoning, ptolemy. Arabic: physics, biology, medicine. |
|
|
Term
| Early landmarks of scientific revolution: contributors |
|
Definition
| Copernicus replaces Ptolemy's geo-centric, Galileo stresses experimentation, testing process, newton explains unity of copernican universe, used galileo's theories to construct unity of the universe/universal gravitation. all bodies adhere to same law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| problem: speak of break of religion from people. science separate from religion. but: copernicus was part of roman catholic church, pope approved ideas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early scientists were deities, nationalized, sanctified. |
|
|
Term
| impact for judeo-christians |
|
Definition
| changed eurasia's conception of universe: larger than ever imagined by religions. change in eurasia's sense of humanity's place in universe. change in eurasia's self-understanding: belief that planets impacted us (saturn= bad luck). so: knew of planets long ago. world/universal view at odds with religious view. soul is less important, who we are in relation to rest of nature. biological buildup, importance. |
|
|
Term
| Rene Descartes (1596-1650) |
|
Definition
| moved away from institutional (catholic) religion. "doubt is the key of knowledge". opposite of "fate". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experience as the source of knowledge. get experience through doubt, also known as curiosity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| challenged, if not refuted all christian dogma not in accordance with reason, aka all catholic/christian orthodox. important scientific/technological advances. |
|
|
Term
| Scientific to Technological Evolution |
|
Definition
| technology is a scientific method. Early important contributions: mesopotamians, greeks (irrigation, pressing grapes for wine, chinese (gunpowder, paper), arabs, indians, eurasians (printing press) |
|
|
Term
| Eurasian Technological Developments |
|
Definition
| used to fix practical problems (start a car, sew button, etc. ) first surge in the wake of industrial revolution (1760s- steam, steel, prime movers instead of humans/animals). second surge started in 1870s onwards (steel, aluminum connected by glue, early airplanes. turbines, internal combustion engines, fiberoptic, hydropower). developmental process. idea, invention, innovation- why it is important, what does it change? rise of research/development institutions, inventions turned into professions, world pushed forward by inventions, advancement in technology. |
|
|
Term
| Re-examining Eurasian Narratives: The Enlightenment Project |
|
Definition
| Definition: illuminate darkness, question authority along two poles: positively (to assimilate 17th century heritage, add to it), negatively (to attack christian orthodoxy/nonsense). trying to liberate criticism, marked europe's departure from roman catholocism. jump started technological revolution. sources, philosophes: mostly french, english, stormed metaphysics, popularized enlightenment. |
|
|
Term
| Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
|
Definition
| motto of the enlightenment (enlightenment attributed to him): "Dare to know". "Copernican Revolution": the human mind is crucial to understanding (more so than God or holy texts) |
|
|
Term
| Principle components of the Enlightenment Project: Central Clusters of Ideas |
|
Definition
| 1. Reason: turn not to faith but the mind. tools. 2. experience: the material on which reason works, material beneath corruptions, nature, the past. 3. Progress: critical use of reason to advance toward more humane conditions. benchmark for ideas, political theories. |
|
|
Term
| Principle Components of the Enlightenment Project: Representatives |
|
Definition
| 1. Voltaire: to criticize is to dignify, "those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities". 2. Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers, republic, elected leaders. exec, legis, jud. 3. jean jacques rousseau: social contract, built on locke and hobbes. all human beings born free and equal. 4. thomas jefferson: hostile to tyranny over mind. try to restrict ability to think, criticize, explore. the uniformity of opinion is the enemy of truth. 5. benjamin franklin: individual ahead of authority, person of many sorts: vicious actions are hurtful. |
|
|
Term
| Principle Components of the Enlightenment Project: Representatives |
|
Definition
| 1. Voltaire: to criticize is to dignify, "those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities". 2. Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers, republic, elected leaders. exec, legis, jud. 3. jean jacques rousseau: social contract, built on locke and hobbes. all human beings born free and equal. 4. thomas jefferson: hostile to tyranny over mind. try to restrict ability to think, criticize, explore. the uniformity of opinion is the enemy of truth. 5. benjamin franklin: individual ahead of authority, person of many sorts: vicious actions are hurtful. |
|
|
Term
| Christian survivalism: post project |
|
Definition
| 1. wide spectrum of christian belief untouched- god was never really separated from ideology, just adopted and redefined. still seen throughout surroundings. 2. deistic god affirmed. 3. god in the newtonian world. 4. god may never interfere with the world but guarantees it wont run down. |
|
|
Term
| Enlightenment Aspirations |
|
Definition
| 1. overcome ignorance, intolerance, parochialism. 2. creation of new cosmopolitanism, ethic of worldliness. 3. construction of new kind of "worldly" self: the intellectual (experience-> ideas). which of these goals are still present today? how many shape lives around experience, progress, reason? |
|
|
Term
| Enlightenment's Eurocentricism (Sen) |
|
Definition
| 1. overcoming intolerance existed before europeans. 2. south asian mauryan emperor Ashoka, 3rd century BCE, edits of toleration. largest empire in all of S. Asia until British. religious tolerance. |
|
|
Term
| Asia's Tolerance continued: Emperor Akbar |
|
Definition
| reign 1556-1605 during Elizabeth I of england, who had almost no tolerance in comparison, advocated human rights esp. freedom of worship. Asian traditions reflect much theorizing about tolerance and freedom. meaning of tolerance? why work on tolerance when we could work on acceptance? |
|
|
Term
| Political Freedom Origins |
|
Definition
| 1. India's Buddhist Sangha: alternative to hobbes Leviathan, political theory applied within religion. 2. Middle Eastern Sunni Islam: democratically chosen leaders, not based on legacy or blood. 3. real issue: not whether "democracy" and "freedom" championed before enlightenment but whether components of these ideas were operative. 4. recognition of cultural diversity!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (US, Sweden, Japan, Britain, France) Reflects ideological preference for private property over communal ownership. capitalist societies reflect mixture of public and private enterprise. |
|
|
Term
| An Ideology Defined: Capitalism |
|
Definition
| Carl Marx (1818-1883) first to really look critically at it (not just talk about it) Capitalism: a mode of production. has a relaitonship between each of Three variables: Nature (when you produce something, take it from nature like timber, materials), Social Labor (things you do for other people), Social Organization (organization of labor, nature, etc). Develops in 1600s in Western Eurasia (bourgeoise). company has a monopoly in rights to naure, remaining people must sell their labor. to start company, must have rights to nature, must work to gain capital to gain means for production. different than feudalism. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Capitalism |
|
Definition
| 1. people forced to sell labor (human capital), create a surplus of goods (more than needed for themselves), capitalists take advantage of that. 2. system leads to ceaseless accumulation and advance in production, further distance of worker from production. 3. Protestant Work Ethic: constant labor is a sign of personal salvation. why some countries prospered (hard-working) and others didnt. but in protestant work ethic, no longer judged by god- judged by peers/neighbors. so: is christianity linked to capitalism? maybe, but buddhism/islam have same traits. |
|
|
Term
| precursor to capitalist mode: mercantilism (1400-1700) |
|
Definition
| mercantilism: system where governments regulate economic activity so exports exceed imports. impose tariffs, taxes. still happens today: gives financial aid to business to lower costs for local companies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many believe richest people come from Industrial Age. Rockefeller: oil; JP Morgan: general electric, steal, merged with edison; Collis P. huntington: built central pacific railroad, first trans-pacific; Stanford: gold rush, man of railroads; Carnegie: pittsburgh's steel company, gave most money to education, most rich were philanthropists, 7th richest in history. people today are not necessarily richest when compared in today's currency. Bill Gates: information revolution. capitalists well known for riches, but also for currency. |
|
|
Term
| Development of Capitalism: laissez faire |
|
Definition
| french economists urged govts to stop regulating (laissez faire, allow to do). Adam Smith, scottish philosopher and economist, govts should not interfere with economy, let individuals act as free agents pursuing their own self-interest. will bring about great benefits to society as a whole: "The invisible hand": something you need to believe in. nations will increase wealth by allowing free trade. |
|
|
Term
| Mercantilist to Entrenpreneurial Capitalism |
|
Definition
| 1500-1875, exploitation of colonial natural resources. initial control of supplier and consumer markets largely influenced by governments. lots of state sponsored/chartered companies (dutch east india company, hudson bay). finance house investments. |
|
|
Term
| International to Multinational Capitalism (1875-1970s) |
|
Definition
| rapid expansion of resource-based, market-seeking investments (BANKS & cliques of banks after WWI.) US domination of transnational development (US is richest country). expands as transnational power and TNC (transnational corporations)- coca cola, etc. originally didn't pay taxes. |
|
|
Term
| Global Capitalism (1970s-present) |
|
Definition
| shift from resource-based investment to spatial optimiation in production and profit (steel, but now: no major US steel companies. all created outside US, GE is only original member of DOW still remaining. still US steel, but produced elsewhere. ) growth of eurasian economies (asian tiger countries- S. Korea, Singapore). Increased outsourcing of manufacuring. New Transnational Currencies: many countries use $ instead of original currency ("air miles"). currency is a 1. medium of exchange, 2. store of value, 3. means/unit of account. expansion of inter-firm joint ventures. |
|
|
Term
| From Theory to Application: The industrial Revolution |
|
Definition
| begin: 1760s. end: hasn't, but changed in technological revolution- same thing? Start: England. why england? capitalists owned means of production, used to organize it all. |
|
|
Term
| Four Conditions for IR birth |
|
Definition
| 1. raw materials (nature). 2. colonialism (consumer base large). 3. labor: serfs set free, intense process of urbanization. 4. lots of money and capital to begin with because of slave trade. (manchester england: 24,000 to 240,000 in 75 years, now : China's intense urbanization. ABSTRACT CONDITION FOR IR: MOTIVATION: see slide. |
|
|
Term
| Abstract condition for IR: motivation |
|
Definition
| competing with dutch (skilled) and indians (natural resources) in textile industry. england only had wool, so had to buy elsewhere. what to do? cannot reduce cost of resources- no access. so: must reduce cost of labor: weeding machines, looms, steam engines. all done through technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what financed it? 1. manufacturing no longer home-based (creating CITIES). 2. power-driven machines replace handiwork. 3. private investors (banks provide capital for expansion, banks and investors became as important as industrialists themselves- decided WHAT would be produced. 4. concentrations of industry and population. 5. wealthy business leaders control manufacturing. |
|
|
Term
| Idealized/Realized aspects of IR |
|
Definition
| idealized/Romanticized: CEOS made 4-500 times what laborers did. Realized: children working barefoot all day, women. smokestacks of london, water important for steampower-> motif of rise of great power next to rivers, water sources. What is the face of industrialization? what is the cost? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early symbol of IR: railroad. brought new socio-economic features. globalization of IR features: 80% of all neckties in the world are in one town, 90% of all socks. do you know where your shirt is from? examples of globalization on our backs. once china met its quota, consumers looked to other places, then WTO took off quota rules- laissez faire!!!. capitalism (finance based) + industrialization = modernization. go from working class to bourgeoise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LA, SF, NYC. expansion of market bc of internationalization of commerce. transnational movement of capital and labor. increased importance of business services (FIRE- finance like hedge funds/banks, insurance, real estate). bifurcation of class structure and increased class segregation- bigger gaps between rich and poor. |
|
|
Term
| Features of Global Cities |
|
Definition
| Triadic Relation between Primary Global Cities: Tokyo(exporting capital), london (processing capital), NY (receiving capital). social aspects of the global city: 1. transformation to financial, business, service economy (marketing). 2. creation of international housing realtors. 3. larger migrant populations to support commerce: no help of wage increases or unions. have no voice. |
|
|
Term
| Competing Global Economic Mappings |
|
Definition
| 1. Modernization. 2. Dependency Theory. 3. World System's Theory. --> all theories have problems. SEE SLIDES. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder; truman. view: developed vs. underdeveloped countries. divides countries, traditional vs. modern, dual- one or the other. due to a deficiency, have modern inequalities/problem-solving abilities. lack of modern spirit. unidirectional, same for all countries. Problems: too abstract- modern? not modern? no space for localized relativity. underdeveloped: external factors unimportant, all based on own country. restricts aid- hesitant to help b/c of "underdeveloped" status. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder: frank. view: core vs. periphery, particularly to the americas (latin america). what was done TO them that forced underdevelopment (usually colonialism, would send profits to mother country, halted accumulation of wealth in colonies). core = mother, periphery = colony. focusing on external, not internal factors. Problems: the solutions? create greater economic self-sufficiency. form of socialist propaganda? too theorized/abstract/idealized? excludes internal. suggests that development isn't possible, yet asia shows it IS possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder: wallerstein. view: core, semi-periphery, periphery. historical system vs. country-analysis. early 16th century. emerged in new european world economy. larger than any 1 political unit- world becomes unit of analysis, series of linkages. based upon 3 zones: 1. core: state with strong govt structures (EU, Japan, US). 2. semi-periphery: dependent upon cores but not completely, one commodity (oil, etc. ) 3. periphery: newly industrialized Africa. longer term cycles/trends. unit of analysis: whole historical system itself. Problems: too economic, ignores cultural/enviro. abstract: what decides core vs. periphery? |
|
|
Term
| Talal Asad & Danish Cartoons |
|
Definition
| world union of muslim scholars issue boycott, raction analogous to that during Liberal Project in Western Eurasia. eurasian enlightenment- criticism encouraged, released 12 cartoons of prophet muhammad. Muslim scholars said were insulting.Talal Asad- got no apology, world boycott of danish/norwegian products. even in different country, still common worldwide identity of muslim- boycotts/strikes even in secular countries. free speech cannot be curtailed as long as it doesn't "defame the state". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muslims and Liberalists both retain a moral dimension that is exercised weakly and strongly. liberals: holding beliefs weakly, religion: holding beliefs strongly. but NOT mutually exclusive. can be a liberal muslim. |
|
|
Term
| Where did this come from? Liberalism and John Locke |
|
Definition
| Locke: 1637-1704. most relevant in eurasia. rethought bases of liberal society. sources: modern science, christianity, english legal tradition. Aim: secure/protect liberty and property. |
|
|
Term
| Locke's Political Philosophy |
|
Definition
| mind is tabula rasa: blank slate/tablet on which experience is written, no innate ideas, interpret experiences through logic. individual: free/equal in the state of nature. natural rights. nature converges this right on us- don't have to work/try for them. Man is endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and PROPERTY. government is there to protect natural rights, why we have government. when a ruler violates rights, people are free to overthrow the sovereign and reinstate a new one. |
|
|
Term
| Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations |
|
Definition
| individuals are "free agents", acting in own self-interest. will produce pubic good as if guided by "an invisible hand". part of economic liberalism. |
|
|
Term
| Classic Liberalism: Political and Economic |
|
Definition
| state= all individuals who belong to it. by doing what they are supposed to do, will help everyone out. responsible for selves. abolish all restraints to self-fulfillment, allow invisible hand to move forward. Implications to: (all from liberalism) 1. government (free speech, etc.) 2. economics: privitization. 3. morality: dignity of humanity, rights to express selves. when we think of liberalism, does it reflect this classical liberalism? |
|
|
Term
| Charles Taylor on Liberalism |
|
Definition
| still alive, huge player. Happiness is integral. (critiques from both left and right) |
|
|
Term
| Contemporary Criticisms of Liberalism (left and right) |
|
Definition
| Right: welfare state policies, equality at expense of individual liberties. Left: depredations of free market capitalism, self-aggrandizement at expense of commonwealth. different points of liberalism used at both points. |
|
|
Term
| Three Effects of Liberalism |
|
Definition
| 1. extended 18th century democratic revolutions (states protecting rights, laissez-faire). 2. encouraged constitutionalism and representative government. 3. hastened arrival of modernization and secularism (godless emerges out of liberalism, national unification, enhanced social mobility, industrialization). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of government and political philosophy. no agreed definition (attempts to make one is restricted from all sides). Liberal vs. Direct democracies- which came first? Direct (athens, greece 5th centure BCE. see slide! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political pluralism, equality before the law, the right to petition, due process, civil liberties, human rights. outside government. are these present in iraq? whole point of invasion was democracy- more than voting. act of voting vs. what voting is for. toting individual rights, government's responsibility to each person. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolutions: What is a Revolution? |
|
Definition
| dramatic change in structure, in ruling classes, methods of rules, beliefs and passions, what led to these, radical upheaval. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolutions: The American (1776-1791) |
|
Definition
| 1st dem. rev., but there are precursors: iroquois confederacy- had impact on framers of our constitution. Key arguments: Paine (reasons for becoming free: absurdity of being ruled by an island) Jefferson (ala locke, legitimacy of resisting tyranny to protect our natural rights. changed property to happiness). Founded on negatives: reactions to what they have been seeing, new morality: no established social stratification, no primogeniture, no collusion of church and state, no monarchy, no entrenched privilege, no governmental abuse. |
|
|
Term
| Global Effects of the North American Revolution |
|
Definition
| model of what could be actualized, mainly talked, this was real. provide momentum across world- produced revolts for rights all over Eurasia. altered attitude of states toward their colonies: mother countries and extensions: colonies became resistant, not in best interest for mother country & their economy. influenced the french revolution, constitution- more ideologically important, inspired their declaration of rights of man. |
|
|
Term
| global effects of the US constitution |
|
Definition
| from montesquieu, actualized here (Federalism). popular sovereignty- "we the people", similar to the nation. the people constitute the nation. powerful feeling of being part of nation. Republicanism. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolutions: The French (1789-1815) |
|
Definition
| influence of the enlightenment: human nature, society, authority. Produces the "declaration of rights of man and citizen" 1791 (born free and equal, rights to liberty, property, SECURITY, and RESISTANCE TO OPPRESSION, deserve freedom of thought, religion, due process, taxation by consent, separation of powers of govt) 4 years after USA. important: security not in ours- similar to ours nonetheless. no matter who you are, you have rights. fine line between individual rights, equality, and fraternity. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolution, Terror, and Dictatorship |
|
Definition
| peasants got govt power, then it turned on them. when revolution actualized, can have traumatic consequences. reign of terror to create "republic of virtue". terror due to pressure of war and economic crisis. 70% of 40000 killed were peasants, laborers. destroys illution that democratic change is peaceful, easy. order restored by means of dictatorship, not by constitutional rule. Napoleon. |
|
|
Term
| Global Spread of French Revolutionary Ideas |
|
Definition
| Three great principles: liberty, equality, fraternity. helped produce revolutions in Milan, Netherlands, Naples, Spain, Switzerland, Germanics. Many times fought in name of liberty, but often resulted in dictatorship. many times, VIOLENCE as a way of spreading ideologies. napoleon most responsible for spread of ideas- nationalist movements protest napoleonic rule. |
|
|
Term
| Idea of Revolution Naturalized/Normalized |
|
Definition
| old idea of revolution/breaking of continuity broken. new idea a radical upheaval- not so radical/unique. institutional change- not so much people/places. universal/continuous. generates enormous emotional appeal/fervor. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolution in the Caribbean/Haiti |
|
Definition
| descendants of enslaved africans: Toussaint L'Ouverture leads revolt (1793). shares land w/ dom. republic. rebelled for natural rights following US, french. 250 years of slave revolts earlier. asked french to do good of promise: if all men created equal, us too. 1796 Toussaint Lt. Gov.; by 1801 constitution. made constitution pertain to them. Toussaint welcomes napoleon's french in 1802, they bring over disease, toussaint believed Haiti's econ future was tied to french, but was betrayed, imprisoned, and died by French. @ same time french withdrew, haiti received independence. |
|
|
Term
| global effects of haitian revolution |
|
Definition
| first by former enslaved africans. ends napoleon's dream of american empire toussaint becomes symbol of liberator/hope. started a terror of slave revolts, rocking the americas. americas become restrictive- fear of what could be actualized. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolutions: Latin America 1808-1826 |
|
Definition
| precipitated by napoleon's invasion of spain & portugal. portugal and brazil relatively smooth because of fears of slave revolt. napoleon weakened mother countries. spain and its colonies are violent (jose de San Martin, Simon Bolivar). mexico frustrates social revolution & starts anti-revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what to do with indigenous people? include them into concept of new citizenship, brought them into fight for revolution, augmented forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two leaders who united a huge land mass. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolution: Japan 1889-1925 |
|
Definition
| 70 years after latin american. precursor: tokugawa isolation 1600-1853, had been for 250 years, ruled by lords using mercenaries to retain power. 1867- meiji restoration precipitated by arrival of Perry's "black ships" 1853. smaller lords and samurai revolt and restore emperor. restoration moves japan from feudal to modern nation in one generation. distinctive japanese social hierarchy that allows minority of enlightened leaders to modernize. shows turning fragmented parts/clans warring against each other to create one big empire. --> what provoked japanese out of isolation??? matthew perry's black ships!!! - shot at docks, forcing them to reckon with outside technologies, had to adapt to survive. had to sign free trade agreement. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic Revolutions: Japan: what makes japan unique? |
|
Definition
| paradox: ideological conservatism/traditionalism produced radical institution transformation. 1889: introduce western-type constitution but not popular govt- elite w/ power realized they had to change/reinvent selves. Power of Diet (congress)- douglas McArthur- rewrote constitution. now: feel constitution was imposed on them. many changes in < 100 years. All were unique and had ripple effects when actualized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rating emotional reaction with flag. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the creation of an emotional association. Aurbach says: must move past emotional association. |
|
|
Term
| Other definitions for Nationalism and interrelated terms |
|
Definition
| Hobsbawn: enotional identification of peoples w/ 'their nation' under a rubric. Anderson: an imagined political community. Weber: state: agency w/monopoly on use of legitimate use of violence. Juergensmeyer: nation-state: a modern form of nationhood authority systematically pervades and regulates. Nationalism: contingent on term "nation"- political and national identical? NO!. |
|
|
Term
| examples of a nation without a state |
|
Definition
| hmong: no state but nation of people. Tibet: there is no tibet, has not existed in 50 years. nation w/ no state, no land. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| USA, about 195 globally recognized states around the world. |
|
|
Term
| Etymology of Nation (Greenfeld): where it came from and evolved |
|
Definition
| power of language, was first derogatory for foreigners. evolved to mean a 'community of origin' for students attending University of Paris to identify geographic locator. then 'Community of opinion'- shared ways of thinking, then 'community of status'- delegate at church councils, representatives of a body of people, then 'community of the "people"'- meaning of "elite" applied in 16th century to population of a country. begin to draw boundaries/parameters. |
|
|
Term
| Implications of the term "nationalism" |
|
Definition
| People-> "We the People"- bearer of sovereignty, symbol of popular solidarity, object of supreme loyalty, state. "Uncle Sam" from 1813 to encourage solidarity and support for WAR. common basis of nationalism: territory, language, traditions, history, race, ethnicity. race vs. ethnicity: power and who has privileges vs. shared language, region. for nationalism to arise, other concepts must be weakened. nationalism vs. citizenship, dynasty from heaven/celestial mark must be weakened for nationalism to be felt/owned by people. institutional religion way of seeing time weakened so state can set time/own record of history. |
|
|
Term
| Nationalism as "imagined Political Communities" (Benedict Anderson) |
|
Definition
| 1. invisible: no one knows who all belongs to the collective identity that they call their own, idea. 2. limited- limits cannot be fully represented, but we do have parameters. 3. sovereign- cannot all be part bc we have rights/privileges. 4. communal sense of solidarity: commradeship, despite different opinions, religions, etc. -> 9/11- nationalism attacked as well as sense of community. |
|
|
Term
| Nationalism Produces Ideological Practices |
|
Definition
| 1. common history of nation. 2. define national character as historical, making them legendary, timeless. 3. new patterns of ritual/symbolism - flags, songs, pledge of allegiance (started during red scare), dates. 4. establish foundational myths that may become historical (doesn't necessarily mean false. just faith tied to it, like euros facing religious persecution and finding US). 5. promote ideas of common breeding. |
|
|
Term
| Whose "imagined community" is it? |
|
Definition
| non-european nationalist imaginary. figure out who you are by figuring out who you are OPPOSED to. for many formerly colonized people, national identity equals Western conceit and form of imperialism. under organized homogenization, boundaries set by westerners (ex. afghanistan, taliban, nigeria. huge problems from grouping different people, groups, languages, religions together) |
|
|
Term
| Greenfeld Taxonomy: Civic vs. Ethnic nationalism |
|
Definition
| Civis: subscribe to common creed/ideology (usa, legally). agree to our laws, history. race doesn't matter. problems: depends on influence of enlightenment. more than principles, gender,slaves usually excluded from citizenship and had to fight for it. does not solve all problems. Ethnic: not based upon shared rights. instead: shared CUSTOMS. (singapore, thailand, mother must be citizen for child to be automatic.) problems: ethnicity does not guarantee cohesion: iraq kurds and not kurds, idea of blood lineage for citizenship can breed authoritarianism- idea of ethnic majority/minority. spurs violence- find out who you are opposed to to see where you sit. idea of the "others" |
|
|
Term
| Taxonomy for Contemporary Nationalism |
|
Definition
| Religious Nationalism: contemporary attempt to link religion and the nation-state, efforts to make religion important, not say it is good/bad. Secular Nationalism (ala Hans Kohn)- the supreme loyalty of the individual is felt to be due to the nation-state: too secular? too hostile to religion? too global of an ambition? every nationalism had religion linked to it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| totalitarianism vs. absolutism. Nazis. TOTAL control, one party system. need to manipulate all aspects of life. Varieties: Rightist: Fascism: fear of social revolution. Leftist: Communism: in economically underdeveloped countries, maintained through terror/violence and secret police. |
|
|
Term
| Nationalism to Imperialism |
|
Definition
| political justification equals extension of state's power through subjugation and rule of other people and exploitation of their resources. political. contest between rival eurasian powers form 1880s to 1914: "age of imperialism". great powers justified policies by claiming them to extend benefits of "civilization". |
|
|
Term
| Joseph Conrad on Imperialism |
|
Definition
| the "idea at the back" of imperialization is only a rationalization. the idea is unselfish to make its worshipper look good, seem admirable. imperialism is designed to flatter the imperialist. |
|
|
Term
| Imperial Partition of Africa |
|
Definition
| in 1880s, few areas of continent ruled by Western Eurasians. by 1913, all but 4 of the 40 political units in Africa ruled by Western Eurasians. by 1930, 84.6% of world had lived under colonial rule. worst example: king leopold of belgium who in 20 years killed half the population of the congo. quest for resources/goods. huge globalism & effects. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. neo-imperialism: independent country suffers domination from foreign government which lacked colonial relationship with it (US in latin america, russia in eastern europe). 2. cultural imperialism: use of political/economic power to spread values of foreign culture at expense of native culture (american democracy in iraq) |
|
|
